Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

canoe

Semantic Field
transport
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
canoa
Meaning Portuguese
canoa

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source Created By
Cahuilla missing missing Jane Hill
Cupeño missing missing Jane Hill
Luiseño pawxit yellow pine, dugout canoe semantic shift *woNko Uto-Aztecan pine tree plus pa-, either water or big, this is actually sewn plank canoe, not dugout, but given word must have been dugout at some point other complex Elliott 1999 Jane Hill
Gabrielino ti7aat sewn-plank canoe inheritance Meroz 2011 has Gab-Cup ti7aa- 'to stack', seems good; should be added to Stubbs 2011:1745a other complex Jane Hill
Serrano missing missing Jane Hill
Kitanemuk kwiakt boat (gen.) unique other complex Anderton 1988 Jane Hill
Tübatulabal missing missing Jane Hill
Bankalachi Toloim missing missing Jane Hill
Kawaiisu missing missing Jane Hill
Chemehuevi missing missing Jane Hill
Southern Paiute missing missing Jane Hill
Southern Ute missing missing Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone missing missing Jane Hill
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone missing missing Jane Hill
Comanche sahKi canoe inheritance *saCki Numic See N. Paiute 'tule boat, raft' simplex Robinson & Armagost 1990 Jane Hill
Western Mono missing missing Jane Hill
Northern Paiute saki boat inheritance *saCki Numic see Comanche Liljeblad et al. 2012:429 Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok missing missing Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok missing missing Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok missing missing Jane Hill
Plains Miwok kano:wa- trough, canoe loan Spanish simplex Callaghan 1984 Jane Hill
Lake Miwok missing missing Jane Hill
Maidu yah-gah' jak'á 'bridge' dugout canoe unique simplex Merriam 41:277 Jane Hill
Nisenan missing missing Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawelmani missing missing Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi missing missing Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami missing missing Jane Hill
Washo t'á7nïp canoe loan Miwokan WW %nuh derived t- nominalizer Washo Project Dictionary Jane Hill
Wintu kenu: canoe, boat loan English canoe WW simplex Schlichter 1981 Jane Hill
Yuki utatumol boat unknown could this possibly be a blend of uta plus Chumash tomol, maybe by way of Spanish???? Or the source of tomol?? compound Elmendorf 1993 Jane Hill
Wappo khéye boat unknown simplex Elmendorf 1993 Jane Hill
Mutsun ko-no'-nah log dugout unknown simplex Merriam 39:101 Jane Hill
Esselen ualkošex dugout canoe unknown Pinart other complex ncs -shax Heizer 1952 Jane Hill
Salinan A missing missing Jane Hill
Salinan M missing missing Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno tomololo (check Jones & Klar) inheritance Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno tomol sewn-plank canoe inheritance *tomolo Proto-Central Chumash Klar 1977:76 simplex Applegate 1972 Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno tom'ol sewn-plank canoe inheritance *tomolo Proto-Central Chumash simplex Klar 1977 Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno tomol canoe inheritance Proto-Central Chumash simplex Mamet 2008 Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa missing missing Jane Hill
Cocopa knYxu basket, canoe (probably not dugout, I don't know style of boats) unknown derived Crawford 1989 Jane Hill
Mojave kulho boat, wooden box inheritance Proto-Yuman Yavapai khlo/ 'boat' of course possibly a loan; Langdon 1979 says metathesis with /h/ is common in Yuman. I think it's good because of Kiliwa kul7suuw 'large water jar, bottle' derived Munro et al. 1992 Jane Hill
Yavapai khló boat, canoe inheritance Proto-Yuman see discussion with Mojave derived Shaterian 1983 Jane Hill
Kiliwa missing missing Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) canóaa boat loan Spanish WW %canoa simplex Moser & Marlett 2005 Jane Hill
Kakua hãʔ-ʧû hãʔ-ʧû [lie.flat.on.water/to.cover-cl.cover/skin] unique Compare Puinave haʔ Derived lie.flat.on.water-cl.cover/skin See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Nheengatu igara (canoe); uba (C11) igara (canoe); uba (C11) inheritance *ɨar Proto-Tupi-Guarani Alternate: uba Simplex See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin, PLE, Alyssa Wadley
Waorani wi-po unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hodï maluhke / bo unique Also: bo; compare Warekena muɺupewe See Language page Brittany Weinstein
Yanomami kanawa kanawa loan - WW Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam? %kanawa Could be loan into protolanguage. WW occurs in e.g. Wapishana, khanawa; various Carib (kanau, kanawa, kanowa, kanáw); Guayabero, kanáw; Candoshi, kánó; Jivaro, kán; Matses, cano; Napo Lowland Quichua, kanu; Siriano, cũma; Yanomam (kanaw, kanae). Ultimate WW %kanawa Simplex See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomam kanawa kanawa loan - WW Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam? %kanawa Could be loan into protolanguage. WW occurs in e.g. Wapishana, khanawa; various Carib (kanau, kanawa, kanowa, kanáw); Guayabero, kanáw; Candoshi, kánó; Jivaro, kán; Matses, cano; Napo Lowland Quichua, kanu; Siriano, cũma; Yanomam (kanaw, kanae). Ultimate WW %kanawa Simplex See Language page Kelsey Neely
Ninam kanawe kanawe loan - WW %kanawa Could be loan into protolanguage. WW occurs in e.g. Wapishana, khanawa; various Carib (kanau, kanawa, kanowa, kanáw); Guayabero, kanáw; Candoshi, kánó; Jivaro, kán; Matses, cano; Napo Lowland Quichua, kanu; Siriano, cũma; Yanomam (kanaw, kanae). Ultimate WW %kanawa Simplex See Language page Kelsey Neely
Kotiria bʉso bʉso unique Simplex See Language page Tanja Baeuerlein
Cubeo ejecuicũ, jiaðocũ ɛhɛkuikũ, hiaðo-kũ unique Chacon states that hiaðo is a tree sp. Also: ɛhɛkuikũ Derived Classifier -kũ See Language page Tanja Baeuerlein; Alyssa Wadley
Tukano yukɨ̂sɨ jukɨ-̂sɨ inheritance? sem shift? Derived from 'tree', but similar forms in Piratapuyo and Tuyuca - calquing, inheritance, or parallel innovation? Derived jukɨ, “wood” See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Desano gasiru gasiru unique may be related to 'bark' (tree) Simplex See Language page Addison M; Tanja Baeuerlein
Maihiki you ja jou xã inheritance Proto-West Tukanoan Simplex agɨ/ago M/F animate CL See Language page Daniel Valle
Hup hɔh=těg hɔh=těg inheritance Proto-Nadahup Compare Puinave ha:ʔ Derived smoke-log See Language page Pattie Epps
Dâw xoò xɔ̂ inheritance Proto-Nadahup Compare Puinave ha:ʔ Simplex See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Sikuani jera (2) héra doubtful loan (into protolg?) Arawak: Achagua húnaa compare Cuiva héra See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Brittany Weinstein
Macaguan kaná kaná loan - WW %kanawa WW %kanawa Simplex See Language page Ana Paula B., Brittany Weinstein
Guayabero kanáw kanáw loan - WW %kanawa ############################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################### WW %kanawa Simplex See Language page Ana Paula B.
Pemon kanau (E1980) kanaʊ (E1980) doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW %kanawa WW occurs in e.g. Wapishana, khanawa; various Carib (kanau, kanawa, kanowa, kanáw); Guayabero, kanáw; Candoshi, kánó; Jivaro, kán; Matses, cano; Napo Lowland Quichua, kanu; Siriano, cũma; Yanomam (kanaw, kanae). Ultimate source sometimes claimed to be Car WW %kanawa See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza; Alyssa Wadley
Akawaio kanau kanaʊ doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW %kanawa WW occurs in e.g. Wapishana, khanawa; various Carib (kanau, kanawa, kanowa, kanáw); Guayabero, kanáw; Candoshi, kánó; Jivaro, kán; Matses, cano; Napo Lowland Quichua, kanu; Siriano, cũma; Yanomam (kanaw, kanae). Ultimate source sometimes claimed to be Car WW %kanawa See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Makushi kanáwa kanáwa doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW %kanawa WW occurs in e.g. Wapishana, khanawa; various Carib (kanau, kanawa, kanowa, kanáw); Guayabero, kanáw; Candoshi, kánó; Jivaro, kán; Matses, cano; Napo Lowland Quichua, kanu; Siriano, cũma; Yanomam (kanaw, kanae). Ultimate source sometimes claimed to be Car WW %kanawa See Language page Melody Ann Ross; Alyssa Wadley
Eñepa kanawa, iyekasa' kanawa, iyekasa' doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW; unknown %kanawa See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin; Alyssa Wadley
Yukuna jita hita inheritance Proto North Arawak Simplex See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Tariana íta, itá-whya íta, itá-whya inheritance Proto North Arawak Alternate: íta Simplex See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wapishana kʰanawa kʰanawa loan - WW %kanawa WW occurs in various Carib (kanau, kanawa, kanowa, kanáw); Guayabero, kanáw; Candoshi, kánó; Jivaro, kán; Matses, cano; Napo Lowland Quichua, kanu; Siriano, cũma; Yanomam (kanaw, kanae). Ultimate source sometimes claimed to be Carib, but Taylor 1957 argue WW %kanawa Simplex See Language page Ana Paula B.
Baniwa íita íita inheritance Proto North Arawak Simplex See Language page Ana Paula B.
Resígaro hiítú hiítú inheritance Proto North Arawak Simplex See Language page Ana Paula B.
Nimanburru barawar doubtful loan Worrorran Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu barrawu loan Makassar Claire Bowern
Djinang barrawu' loan Makassar Claire Bowern
Dhay’yi dhamam unique Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu dyirparri unique Claire Bowern
Gumatj gapala(') unique Claire Bowern
Nyikina kalpaya inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl <kalwa> semantic shift Claire Bowern
Yawuru karrwa unique Claire Bowern
Warrwa kulbia inheritance Claire Bowern
Mangala manytyarta loan direction unknown Kurrama with semantic shift? Also used for coolamon for carrying water Claire Bowern
Ngarluma maŋarr unique Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu mityiyaŋ loan Makassar is this a loan from Makassar too? Claire Bowern
Dhuwal mityiyaŋ loan Makassar Claire Bowern
Burarra mityiyaŋ loan Makassar Claire Bowern
Dhangu ṉaku(') inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul yanjelbarra loan Bardi WW %yandilybara Claire Bowern
Bardi yantilypara loan Worrorran WW %yandilybara Claire Bowern
Karajarri yantyilyparra loan Nyulnyulan cf yandilybar WW %yandilybara cf yandilybar Claire Bowern
Walmajarri paranu unknown not in dict not in dict Patrick McConvell
Mudburra kartiyi inheritance large coolamon; kuntu 'log boat' -single log, not dugout large coolamon; kuntu 'log boat' -single log, not dugout Patrick McConvell
Gurindji kartiyi inheritance lalso large coolamon; Warlpiri kartiji lalso large coolamon; Warlpiri kartiji Patrick McConvell
Gooniyandi kalwaya loan Nyikina Patrick McConvell
Bunuba kalwaya loan Nyikina double log raft WW %kalpiya double log raft Patrick McConvell
Djapu lipalipa inheritance Claire Bowern
Miriwung malampeng unknown log for swimming, boat Patrick McConvell
Wardaman korlun semantic shift <coolamon Patrick McConvell
Achagua í:da, húnaa í:da, húnaa inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco ída ída See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari híita híita See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero ku'aľ̥a ku'aľ̥a See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Bare isa isa See Language page Ana Paula B.
Mandawaka í:ta í:ta See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu anuwa Used for all water vessels. Related to Span. 'canoa', from Taino, also of the Arawakan family. See Language page PLE
Paresi kanowa kanowa loan - WW %kanawa See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano ičape pakure See Language page PLE
Baure ya'šoṛ̌; pkore ja'ʃoṛ̌; pkore unknown See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá ic̷a i¢a inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE
Cha'palaa ['baaku] From Span. 'barco'. See Language page PLE
Bora mɨɨ́ne mɨɨ́nɛ inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane mééne-ga {canoe-long} mέέne-ga {canoe-long} See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Apalai kanawa, naxikahpyry kanawa, naxikahpɨrɨ doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW %kanawa See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana kanawa kanawa doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW %kanawa See Language page PLE
Carijona kanawa doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW %kanawa See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Tiriyó kanawa kanawa doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW %kanawa See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare [kanowa] (IDS) (From 'canoa' (canoe). Also kudiyāda) kanowa doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW %kanawa See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza; Alyssa Wadley
Mapoyo kuryara kuryara See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai kanawa kanawa doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW %kanawa See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Waimiri Atroari kanuwa kanuwa See Language page Melody Ann Ross, PLE
Yabarana ku'jara See Language page Ana Paula B., John Blaha
Yukpa kanova kanova See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Northern Emberá hãmbá hãmbá See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Cuiva héra (CM72) See Language page
Cofán shago ʃaɣo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page Daniel Valle
Candoshi-Shapra kánó kánó loan - WW %kanawa See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro tenente tɨnɨntɨ See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez [kanu'e] [kanu'e] See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna nawexũ naweʔɨ̃ unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina enanihja enanihja unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Andoke púkə̃ púkə̃ unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé čara See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave ha-pidik ha-pidik unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Máku kudyálu See Language page
Warao wahibaka wahibaka See Language page John Blaha
Ashuar kánu kanu See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa kanu kanu See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna kánu kánu loan - WW %kanawa See Language page Daniel Valle
Nukak tɨnaʔaa; ha (Cab et al) unique See Language page
Yuhup hɔ̂h See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Nadëb/Roçado dialect ho̰ːh inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect ho̰ːh See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses cano kano loan - WW %kanawa See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Katukina nõ-ti Cf. 'float' 10.340. See Language page PLE
Yaminahua [moti] See Language page PLE
Chácobo noti; kora noti noti; kora noti inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua caritye karitje unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua canwa kanwa See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua canua kanua See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano wamp'u (CP94) wamp'u See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa wOik'a' wɤikɁaɁ unknown See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva wechuju weʧuhu unknown See Language page Becky Walker
Bará kũ'bũã See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano kūbu; kũbũ-ã (H&R) kūbu; kũbũ-ã (H&R) See Language page Addison Martinez, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana wai puarique; 'kũbũ-ã (H&R) wai puaɾikɛ; 'kũbũ-ã (H&R) See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna cũma kũma loan - WW %kumu See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Yuruti kũũbũ-ã kũũbũ-ã See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana ju'kɨsa ju'kɨsa See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano cũmá kũmá See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tanimuca kũ'bũã kũ'bũã loan - WW %kumu See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo kũ'bũ-'ã kũ'bũ-'ã See Language page
Tuyuka yuku'soro juku'soro See Language page D. Jagannathan, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja kʰúmṹã́ kʰúmṹã́ See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje choovʉ dʒoobʉ inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona yo, yogu jo, jogu inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya yohuë yɔwɨ See Language page Amanda Novak
Karitiana gojo gojo unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama ɨara ɨaɾa inheritance See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi ɨa (G89) ɨa (G89) inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché wɨra kara inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní ɨɣa See Language page PLE
Sirionó kanõã (P85) kanõã loan - WW %kanawa See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá ɨat ɨat inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina hõɸã́ã́ʔï hõɸã́ã́ʔɯ unique See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Nɨpode Witoto nókae nókaɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto nokáe nokáɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto noka.e noka.ɛ inheritance/Witoto See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Sanumá kutiata kutiata unknown maybe %kanawa See Language page Kelsey Neely
Iquito iímina iímina unknown See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo kanawa kanawa See Language page Becky Walker
Wari manorohowa (Sousa2009) manorohowa (Sousa2009) See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo bi'še bi'še See Language page Joyce McCormick
Cavineña kʷaba kʷaba inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara wampu; yampu See Language page PLE
Cayuvava [lãča] From Span. 'lancha'. See Language page PLE
Kwazá kanwã kanwã See Language page Joyce McCormick
Movima huβe xuβe See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai si si unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang kãkènh, kãnva kãkɛɲ; kãnwa See Language page PLE
Suyá ywĩ-ŋɔ jwĩ-ŋɔ See Language page Rebekah Evans
Djeoromitxi kuäkä kuǝkǝ See Language page PLE
Chipaya warku See Language page PLE
Mocoví ḳom l-ahiʔ waʁayaḳ-se Lit. 'people 3p possessor-container water-obj (fem)'. See Language page PLE
Pilagá li-likot-a Lit. '3pp-row-fem. thing'. See Language page PLE
Toba l-lʸikot-a; n-pedaʁanaʁa The latter is a dugout, made from the bottle tree. See Language page PLE
Lengua yant-ak-paihe See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité yantakmomiyok See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet [warko] See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay [c̷ala'na] From Span. 'chalana'. See Language page PLE
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja akoye (f.) See Language page PLE
Maca tokoyey (m.) A motorboat. See Language page PLE
Nivaclé #NAME? See Language page PLE
Ayoreo kuu'koi See Language page PLE
Mapudungun [fote] From Span. 'bote'. Ranquel form is [vote]. See Language page PLE
Qawasqar yemase Cf. 'white man' yema; and 'go' as 10.470. See Language page PLE
Tehuelche 'yeney See Language page PLE
Lokono jolhadoa-koana(-ha) joɽadoa-koana(-ha) canoe Pet 1987:352 Camille Unger
Kariña kurijara kurijara canoe Yamada 2010:755 Camille Unger