Záparo
- Family
- Zaparoan
- Region
- South America
- ISO 639-3
- zro
- Location
- -2.00°, -76.36°
- Notes
- Features
-
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
- Data Sources
- Beier, Christine and Bowser, Brenda and Michael, Lev and Wauters, Vivian. 2011. Diccionario Záparo Trilingüe: Sápara-Castellano-Kichwa / Castellano-Sápara y Kichwa-Sápara. Quito: Abya-Yala.
Basic Vocabulary (191)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Etymology Notes | Source | Created By |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| above | encima, arriba | acima | location | wakamiryaha | wakamiɾjaha | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| and | y | e | grammar | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| ash | ceniza(s) | cinzas | environment | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| at | en, a | em, a | location | hinya (en), ma (a) | hinja (en), ma (a) | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| back | espalda | costas | body | ushiawku | uʃiawku | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| bad | mal | mal | quality | ts+raniaka (malo) | tsɨɾaniaka (malo) | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| belly | barriga | barriga | body | tawaka | tawaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| below | abajo, debajo | abaixo | location | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| big | grande | grande | quality | k+raka | kɨɾaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| black | negro | preto | colour | kak+ka | kakɨka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| blood | sangre | sangue | body | nanaka | nanaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| boil/pimple | espinilla, granos | espinha, borbulha | body | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| bone | hueso | osso | body | uku | uku | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| breast | pecho, seno | peito | body | nam+tu | namɨtu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| child | niño, niña | criança | human | m+aricha | mɨaɾiʧa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| cloud | nube | nuvem | environment | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| cold | frío | frio | quality | shinyaka | ʃinjaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| correct/true | verdad, de veras | verdade | quality | ityawraha | itjawɾaha | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| day | día | dia | time | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| dirty | sucio | sujo | quality | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| dingo/wolf | fauna | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||
| dry | seco | seco | quality | maawtɨnu (vb.) | maawtɨnu (vb.) | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| dull/blunt | sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo | maçante, desamolado, não afiado | quality | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| dust | polvo | poeira | environment | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| ear | oreja | orelha | body | taw+r+kaw | tawɨɾɨkaw | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| earth/soil | tierra | terra | environment | rapaka | ɾapaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| egg | huevo | ovo | fauna | iku | iku | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| eye | ojo | olho | body | namihya | namihja | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| far | lejos | longe | quality | taikwa | taikʷa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| fat/grease | grasa | gordura | body | k+raka (ɡordo/ɡorda) | kɨɾaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| father | padre, papá | pai | kinship | kumanu | kumanu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| feather | pluma | pena | fauna | kahaakwa | kahaːkʷa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| fire | fuego | fogo | environment | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| flower | flor | flor | environment | nukawiku | nukawiku | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| fog | niebla, neblina | nevoeira, bruma, neblina | environment | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| fruit | fruta | fruta | flora | tuicha | tuitʃa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| good | bueno | bom | quality | w+tsaka | wɨtsaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| hair (of head) | cabello | cabelo | body | anak+su | anakɨsu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| hand | mano | mão | body | kuruha | kuɾuha | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| 3sg | el/ella | ele/ela | grammar | na | na | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| head | cabeza | cabeça | body | anaka | anaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| heavy | pesado | pesado | quality | inyaka | injaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| how? | como | como | grammar | tiya | tija | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| 1sg | yo | eu | grammar | ku. | ku | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| if | si | se | grammar | ihya | ihja | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| in/inside | dentro, adentro | dentro | location | kwahi | kʷahi | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| intestines | intestinos | intestinos | body | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| lake | lago | lago | environment | nak+t+r+ka | nakɨtɨɾɨka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| leaf | hoja | folha | environment | u+m+ | uɨmɨ | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| left/left hand | izquierdo | esquerdo | location/body | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| leg/foot | pierna | perna | body | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| lightning | rayo, relámpago | relampago | environment | maharu | mahaɾu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| liver | hígado | figado | body | kawaha | kawaha | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| long | largo | comprido, longo | quality | saaka | saːka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| louse | piollo, piojo | piolho | fauna | sukanaka | sukanaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| man/male | hombre | homem | human | iryanaw, tawku | irjanaw, tawku | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| meat/flesh | carne | carne | fauna | ishu | iʃu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| moon | luna | lua | environment | kashiikwa | kaʃiːkʷa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| mother | madre, mamá | mãe | kinship | anu | anu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| mouth | boca | boca | body | atupama | atupama | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| name | nombre | nome | human | aychaw | ajʧaw | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| near/close | cerca de | perto | quality | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| nape | base del cuello, nuca | nuca | body | utuha | utuha | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| neck | cuello | pescoço | body | arichakwa, imanu | ariʧakʷa, imanu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| new | nuevo | novo | quality | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| night | noche | noite | time | ninya | ninja | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| no/not | no | não | grammar | taykwa | tajkʷa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| nose | nariz | nariz | body | nahuka | nahuka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| old | viejo | velho | quality | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| one | uno | um | number | nukak+ha | nukakɨha | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| other | otro | outro | grammar | taka | taka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| pain/painful/sick | dolor, doloroso, enfermo | dor, doloroso, doente | body | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| person/human being | persona | pessoa | human | kaya (nuestraˌ no ajena) | kaja | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| rain | lluvia | chuva | environment | umaru | umaɾu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| red | rojo | vermelho | colour | natuka | natuka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| right/right hand | derecha | direita | location/body | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| road/path | camino | caminho | manufacture | nu | nu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| root | raíz | raiz | flora | tapuka (of a tree) | tapuka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| rotten | podrido | podre | quality | mukaka | mukaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| sand | arena | areia | environment | ayawhwa | ajawhwa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| sharp | afilado, filudo, filoso | afiado | quality | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| short | corto | curto | quality | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| shoulder | hombro | ombro | body | kuchinyu | kuʧinju | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| shy/ashamed | tímido, vergonzoso | timido, com vergonha | mental | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| skin | piel | pele | body | ichawk+ | iʧawkɨ | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| sky | cielo | céu | environment | niya | nija | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| small | pequeño | pequeno | quality | niichakakihya | niːʧakakihja | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| smoke | humo | fumaça | environment | ahanaka | ahanaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| star | estrella | estrela | environment | naricha, narihya | naɾiʧa, naɾihja | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| stick/wood | palo | pau, vara | flora | amaka, nakuna | amaka, nakuna | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| stone | piedra | pedra | environment | naruka | naɾuka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| tail | cola, rabo | rabo | body | uhamaka | uhamaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| that | ese/esa | esse | grammar | nuka | nuka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| 3pl | ellos/ellas | eles/elas | grammar | nukwaka | nukʷaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| thick | grueso, gordo, espeso | grosso | quality | k+raka | kɨɾaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| thin | delgado | fino | quality | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| this | este/esta | este | grammar | niicha | niːʧa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| 2sg | xx | xx | grammar | cha= | ʧa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| throat | garganta | garganta | body | arishua | aɾiʃua | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| three | tres | tres | number | aymukumara | aʲmukumaɾa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| thunder | truenos | trovão | environment | maharu | mahaɾu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| bite | morder | morder | body | tsainyu | tsainju | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| blow | soplar | soprar | body | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| breathe | respirar | respirar | body | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| burn | quemar | queimar | environment | katawnu | katawnu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| chew | masticar, mascar | mastigar | body | atsanu (comida), sak+hawnu (cualquier cosa) | atsanu (comida), sakɨhawnu (cualquier cosa) | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| climb | subir | subir | motion | makanu | makanu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| come | venir | vir | motion | aninyu | aninju | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| cook | cocinar | cozinhar | impact | mahinyu (carne), ityawhunu (todo menos carne) | mahinju (carne), itjawhunu (todo menos carne) | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| count | contar | contar | mental | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| cry | llorar | chorar | mental | aynyunu | ajnjunu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| cut/hack | cortar | cortar | impact | mahaanu | mahaːnu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| die/be dead | morir | morrer | state | puk+nu | pukɨnu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| dig | cavar | cavar | impact | wityahunu | witjahunu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| dream | soñar | sonhar | mental | mak+hawnu | makɨhawnu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| drink | beber, tomar | beber | body | ratunu | ɾatunu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| eat | comer | comer | body | atsanu | atsanu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| fall | caer | cair | motion | ɨtɨkwanu | ɨtɨkwanu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| fear | miedo | medo | mental | p+r+nu (tener miedo) | pɨɾɨnu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| flow | fluir | fluir | motion | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| fly | volar | voar | motion | ahanu | ahanu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| grow | crecer | crescer | state | nishinyu | niʃinju | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| hear | oír | ouvir | mental | tahwinyu | tahʷinju | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| hide | esconder | esconder | motion | mashit+nu | maʃitɨnu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| hit | golpear, pegar | bater | impact | apinyu | apinju | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| hold | correr, asegurar, sostener | segurar | other | as+nu | asɨnu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| kill | matar | matar | impact | amunu | amunu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| know/be knowledgeable | saber, conecer | saber, conhecer | mental | ayt+nu | ajtɨnu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| laugh | reír | rir | mental | tsutanu | tsutanu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| lie down | acostarse, echarse | deitar | motion | amanu | amanu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| live/be alive | vivir | viver, morar | body | ikinyu | ikinju | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| open/uncover | abrir | abrir | other | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| pound/beat | machacar, golpear | bater | impact | ahiryasutanu | ahiɾjasutanu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| say | decir | dizer | mental | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| scratch | rascar | rasgar | impact | arishunu | aɾiʃunu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| see | ver | ver | mental | nukinyu | nukinju | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| shoot | tirar, disparar, balear | atirar | impact | imakanahunu | imakanahunu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| sit | sentar(se) | sentar | state | ikunu | ikunu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| sleep | dormir | dormir | body | mak+nu | makɨnu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| sniff/smell | olfatear, oler | cheirar | body | nahuunu | nahuːnu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| spit | escupir | cuspir | body | arukunu | aɾukunu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| split | partir, dividir | rachar, dividir, partir | impact | rawɨtɨnu (split wood) | rawɨtɨnu (split wood) | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| squeeze | estrujar, exprimir | espremer | impact | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| stab/pierce | apuñalar, acuchillar | apunhalar | impact | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| stand | estar de pié | ficar em pé | state | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| steal | robar | roubar | other | nawkanu | nawkanu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| suck | chupar | chupar | body | sup+nu | supɨnu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| swell | hincharse | inchar | body | muinyu | muinju | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| swim | nadar | nadar | motion | ukanu | ukanu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| think | pensar | pensar | mental | nishinyu | niʃinju | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| throw | tirar, lanzar | atirar, jogar | impact | ahityanu, ihyanu | ahitjanu, ihjanu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| tie up/fasten | atar, amarrar | amarrar | impact | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| turn | girar, volter, torcer | virar | other | tawhunu | tawhunu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| vomit | vomitar | vomitar | body | ik+ninyu | ikɨninju | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| walk | caminar, andar | andar | motion | awkunu | awkunu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| work | trabajar | trabalhar | other | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| yawn | bostezar | bocejar | body | akan+nu | akanɨnu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| tongue | lengua | lingua | body | riricha | ɾiɾiʧa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| tooth | diente | dente | body | ichar+ | iʧaɾɨ | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| two | dos | dois | number | amashaniki | amaʃaniki | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| water | agua | agua | environment | murichaha | muɾitʃaha | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| 1pl.incl | nosotros (inclusivo) | nós (inclusivo) | grammar | kana, kanaha, pa= | kana, kanaha, pa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| 1pl.excl | nosotros (exclusivo) | nós (exclusivo) | grammar | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| wet | mojado | molhado | quality | tsutuka | tsutuka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| what? | que, qué | que | grammar | katsaka | katsaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| when? | cuando | quando | grammar | tiyakari | tijakaɾi | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| where? | donde | onde | grammar | tayi | taji | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| white | blanco | branco | colour | ushicha | uʃiʧa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| who? | quien, quién | quem | grammar | kanat+ | kanatɨ | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| wife | esposa | esposa | kinship | irichanaw | iɾiʧanaw | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| wind | viento | vento | environment | paratu | paɾatu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| wing | ala | asa | body | kahaakwa | kahaːkʷa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| woman/female | mujer | mulher | human | irichanaw, ityumuka | iɾiʧanaw, itjumuka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| yellow | amarillo | amarelo | colour | t+k+r+ka | tɨkɨɾɨka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| 2pl | ustedes | vocês | grammar | kinya, kinyaha | kinja, kinjaha | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| foot | pie | pé | body | inyawka | injawka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| again | de nuevo, otra vez | de novo | grammar | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| all | todo | todos | other | kawiryaha | kawiɾjaha | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| ankle | tobillo | tornozelo | body | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| armpit | axila, sobaco | axila | body | n++kari | nɨːkaɾi | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| faeces | heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol | fezes | body | uyaka | ujaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| lung | pulmón | pulmão | body | suaka | suaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| sweat | sudar | suor, suar | body | upanashinyu | upanaʃinju | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| itch | hormiguear, sentir comezón | coçar | body | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| bark | corteza | casca | environment | nakuna ichawk+ | nakuna iʧawkɨ | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| fingernail | uña | unha | body | awashi | awaʃi | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| heart | corazón | coração | body | uihya | uihja | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| sun | sol | sol | time | yanawkwa | yanawkʷa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| mountain/hill | montaña, colina, loma, cerro | morro, serra | environment | tuanaha | tuanaha | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| green | verde | verde | quality | n++ka | nɨːka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||
| hot | caliente | quente | quality | upanaka | upanaka | See Language page | Becky Walker |
Flora Fauna Vocabulary (135)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Linnean Name | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Etymology Notes | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Range of Term | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | Classifier | Classifier Notes | Hypernym | Source | Association with Social Categories | Ritual/Mythologically Significant | Ritual Notes | Food Source | Food Notes | Medicinal | Medicinal Notes | How Collected | Who Collects | How Prepared | Psychotropic | Psychotropic Notes | Traded | Trade Notes | Distribution | Habitat | Dangerous | Ethnobiology Notes | Species Notes | General Notes | Created By |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| horse | caballo | cavalho | flora-fauna | Equus caballus | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| horse | caballo | cavalho | flora-fauna | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| horse | caballo | cavalho | flora-fauna | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bat | murciélago | morcego | flora-fauna | Chiroptera spp. | atari | atari | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bird | pajaro, ave | passaro | flora-fauna | pishaka | piʃaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| curassow | mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) | mutum | flora-fauna | Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. | iminichaw | iminitʃaw | See Language page | Amazonia | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| toucan | tucán, pinsha (Peru) | tucano | flora-fauna | Ramphastos sp. | chawk+ | tʃawkɨ (type) | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gray-winged trumpeter | Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris | jacamim | flora-fauna | Psophia crepitans | See Language page | Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| guan | pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) | jacu | flora-fauna | Penelope sp. | pawku | pawku | See Language page | Different types have different localized ranges | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tinamou | tinamu, perdiz, gallineta | inambu, inhambu | flora-fauna | family Tinamidae | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hummingbird | colibrí, picaflor (Peru) | beija-flor | flora-fauna | family Trochilidae | uihya | uihja | See Language page | Widespread | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kingfisher | martín pescador, catalan (Peru) | martim-pescador | flora-fauna | family Alcedinidae | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| owl (large) | búho, lechuza | corujão | flora-fauna | order Strigiformes | makawa (owl that eats snakes) | makawa | See Language page | Widespread | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| macaw | ara, guacamaya | Arara | flora-fauna | family Psittacidae; Ara sp. | suraka | suraka | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| parrot | loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) | papagaio | flora-fauna | Amazona amazonica | pikwar+ka (large parrot) | pikʷarɨka | See Language page | Widespread | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dove | paloma | pomba | flora-fauna | family Columbidae | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hawk | halcón, gavilán | gavião | flora-fauna | family Accipitridae | sɨsɨka | sɨsɨka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| vulture | buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) | urubu | flora-fauna | family Cathartidae | amuka | amuka | See Language page | Widespread South America | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| duck | pato | pato, marreco | flora-fauna | Anatidae family | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| great egret | Garza Blanca, Guyratî | Garça-Branca-Grande | flora-fauna | Ardea alba | masanaka | masanaka | See Language page | Widespread South America | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| woodpecker | pájaro carpintero, carpintero | pica-pau | flora-fauna | family Picidae | muhukuruka (large woodpecker) | muhukuruka | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dog (camp, domestic) | perro | cachorro | flora-fauna | Canis famililaris | aryawku | arjawku | See Language page | Not native; widespread | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dog (wild; bush dog) | sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta | cachorro-do-mato | flora-fauna | Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| anteater | oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus | tamanduá | flora-fauna | Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) | arawsu (tipo de) | aɾawsu | See Language page | Widespread Amazonian lowlands | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| armadillo | armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) | tatu | flora-fauna | family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri | muraka | muraka | See Language page | Widespread in Amazonia | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| sloth | pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) | macaco preguica | flora-fauna | Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. | s+kaka | sɨkaka | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| alligator, black caiman | babilla; cachirre | jacaré | flora-fauna | Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. | See Language page | Throughout Amazonia | Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| electric eel | anguila eléctrica | poraquê | flora-fauna | Electrophorus electricus | naha 'eel' | naha 'eel' | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fish (generic) | pez | peixe | flora-fauna | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pacu fish | palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) | pacu | flora-fauna | Mylossoma sp. | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pirana | piraña, caribe | piranha | flora-fauna | subfamily Serrasalmidae | nima | nima | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tigerfish | taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) | traíra | flora-fauna | Hoplias sp. | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mandi catfish | maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) | mandi | flora-fauna | Auchenipterus sp. | ashinya | aʃinja | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| speckled catfish | surubí, pintadillo | surubim, sorubim | flora-fauna | Pseudoplatystoma sp. | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| toad | sapo | sapo | flora-fauna | order Anura | puka, tawhwa (types of toads) | puka, tawhʷa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| iguana | iguana, garipiares (Colombia) | camaleão | flora-fauna | Iguana sp. | See Language page | iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| small lizard | lagartija | calango | flora-fauna | order Squamata | ayam+ (has skin that can be stretched on its neck, and can swim) | ajamɨ | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| stingray (generic) | rayas látigo, raya | arraia | flora-fauna | Potamotrygon sp. | sapi | sapi | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| crab | cangrejo | caranguejo | flora-fauna | infraorder Brachyura | turuk+naka (ravine crab? Cangrejo de quebrada) | turukɨnaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| anaconda | anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande | sucuri | flora-fauna | genus Eunectes | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| boa | boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura | jiboia | flora-fauna | family Boidae, subf. Boinae | saw+raw | sawɨraw | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| snake (generic) | culebra, serpiente | cobra | flora-fauna | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake | víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara | jararaca | flora-fauna | Bothrops jararaca/atrox | kawnu | kawnu | See Language page | Widespread South America | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) | tortuga, morrocoy, motelo | jabutí, tartaruga | flora-fauna | Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria | See Language page | Widespread | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amazon dolphin | bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) | boto cor-de-rosa | flora-fauna | Inia geoffrensis | See Language page | Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mushroom | champiñón, hongo | cogumelo | flora-fauna | (any edible generic) | See Language page | prioritize generic term that includes any edible species | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| black palm | bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá | bacaba | flora-fauna | Oenocarpus bacaba | See Language page | Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon | may be confused in some entries with O. bataua | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| açai palm | huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) | açaí | flora-fauna | Euterpe sp. | See Language page | floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| miriti palm | moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti | buriti | flora-fauna | Mauritia flexuosa | nushichaha | nuʃitʃaha | See Language page | Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps | trunks contain sago-like starch | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| palm for roof thatch | pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná | caraná | flora-fauna | Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana | See Language page | Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests | palm | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| paxiuba palm | pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba | paxiuba | flora-fauna | Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | palm | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| peach palm, pejibaye palm | chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) | pupunha | flora-fauna | Bactris gasipaes | amarihya | amari[hʲa] | chonta, pifayo, pihuayo | Lev Michael p.c. 20Sept2019; Beier et al. 2011:10 | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| seje palm | ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá | patoá, patuá | flora-fauna | Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua | tsakumaha (pipa del ungurahui) | tsakumaha | See Language page | mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia | may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| coca | coca | coca | flora-fauna | Erythroxylum coca | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes | plant | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cotton | algodón | algodão | flora-fauna | Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation | plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given') | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kapok | ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) | sumaumeira | flora-fauna | Ceiba pentandra | ashinyatu, sawanatu | aʃinjatu, sawanatu | See Language page | northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas | tree | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hot pepper | ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) | pimenta | flora-fauna | Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens | anakuka | anakuka | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden | plant | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| peanut | maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete | amendoim | flora-fauna | Arachis hypogaea | See Language page | plant | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pineapple | piña | abacaxi | flora-fauna | Ananas comosus | ts+raniaka [loan S. Arawak] | tsɨraniaka | See Language page | plant | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| arrow cane, wildcane | caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana | cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio | flora-fauna | Gynerium sagittatum | karawana | karawana | See Language page | tropical regions, especially river banks | plant | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| banana, plantain | banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano | banana | flora-fauna | Musa sp. | puhuyawka | puhujawka | See Language page | Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift. | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| beans | frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) | feijão | flora-fauna | Phaseolus spp. | See Language page | plant | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| grass | hierba, pasto | capim, grama | flora-fauna | (generic) | yawsuka | jawsuka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| maize, corn | mazorca, maiz | milho | flora-fauna | Zea mays | sawku | sawku | See Language page | widespread, esp. in river floodplains | plant | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tobacco | tabaco | tabaco | flora-fauna | Nicotiana tabacum | awn+ka | awnɨka | See Language page | plant | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tree | árbol | arvore | flora-fauna | nakuna | nakuna | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| achiote, anatto | achiote | urucum | flora-fauna | Bixa orellana | inyawhwa | injawhʷa | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens | shrub | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| inga | guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) | inga | flora-fauna | Inga spp. | See Language page | Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia) | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| avocado | palta, aguacate | abacate | flora-fauna | Persea americana | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens | tree | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bitterwood | tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) | envira | flora-fauna | Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala | apaka iyawka | apaka ijawka | See Language page | secondary forests, native to Brazil | tree | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| brazil nut | castaña | castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) | flora-fauna | Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] | See Language page | 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. | tree | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cashew | anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) | caju | flora-fauna | Anacardium occidentale / giganteum | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens | tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| genipap | jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico | genipapo, jenipapo | flora-fauna | Genipapa americana | sakwana | sakwana | See Language page | widespread lowland SA | shrub | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| japurá | oreja de murcielago | japurá | flora-fauna | Erisma japura | See Language page | large tree | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| rubber tree (sorva) | caucho, siringa, shiringa | seringa, borracha | flora-fauna | Hevea sp. | kutsatu | kutsatu | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | tree | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ucuqui | yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) | ucuqui | flora-fauna | Pouteria ucuqui | See Language page | native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions | other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amazon tree-grape | uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) | cucura | flora-fauna | Pourouma cecropiifolia | See Language page | grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times | a tree; not a true grape | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| manioc (bitter or generic) | yuca brava | mandioca | flora-fauna | Manihot esculenta | See Language page | not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. | Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| manioc (sweet) | yuca, caribe | macaxeira | flora-fauna | Manihot esculenta | mu+ha | muɨha | See Language page | Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere | No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| potato | papa | batata | flora-fauna | Solanum tuberosum | yawm+ka | yawmɨka | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation | compare entries for sweet potato | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| potato, sweet potato | camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara | batata-doce | flora-fauna | Ipomoea batatas | imatsaka (camote) | imatsaka | See Language page | plant | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cará tuber, purple or white | camote, sachapapa | cará roxo, branco | flora-fauna | Dioscorea sp. | imatsaka (camote) | imatsaka | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings | plant | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tannia, yautia | huitina (Peru), ñame | taioba branca | flora-fauna | Xanthosoma spp. | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) | calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara | cabaça | flora-fauna | Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) | See Language page | indigenous gardens | plant; tree | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| squash | calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) | abóbora | flora-fauna | Cucurbita sp. | See Language page | plant | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cipó vine | tamishi, bejuco, yare | cipó | flora-fauna | Heteropsis spp. | iyawka | ijawka | See Language page | secondary forest, floodplain | vine | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fish poison, barbasco | barbasco, matapez (Colombia) | timbó | flora-fauna | Lonchocarpus spp. | ityawryawka | itjawrjawka | See Language page | secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation | shrub/tree | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca | ayahuasca, yage | ayahuasca, caapi | flora-fauna | Banisteriopsis caapi | iyawna | ijawna | See Language page | semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW | vine | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hallucinogenic snuff | vilca, cebil, yopo | paricá, yopo | flora-fauna | Anadenanthera sp. or virola | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| insect (generic) | insecto | insecto | flora-fauna | generic | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ant (generic) | hormiga | formiga | flora-fauna | Formicidae | kwanahunu | kʷanahunu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant | conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro | tocandira | flora-fauna | Paraponera clavata | masawku | masawku | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| leaf-cutter ant | Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse | saúva | flora-fauna | Atta sp. | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| honeybee | abeja | abelha | flora-fauna | Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis | kar+ruana | karɨruana | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cockroach | cucaracha | barata-do-mato | flora-fauna | order Blattaria | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| firefly, lightning bug | lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) | vagalume | flora-fauna | fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| butterfly, moth | mariposa | borboleta | flora-fauna | order Lepidoptera | amanakaw [loan Kokama] | amanakaw | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| moth | mariposa nocturna, polilla | mariposa | flora-fauna | order Lepidoptera | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| angleworm | lombriz | minhoca | flora-fauna | order Opisthopora | tsarapicha (a kind used to fish) | tsarapiʧa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| centipede | ciempiés | centopéia | flora-fauna | class Chilopoda | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| scorpion | escorpión; alacran | escorpião | flora-fauna | order Scorpiones | shiriricha | ʃiriritʃa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cicada | cigarra, chicharra | cigarra | flora-fauna | super fam. Cicadoidea | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| flea | pulga | pulga | flora-fauna | order Siphonaptera | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| blowfly/housefly | mosca | mosca | flora-fauna | Diptera | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cricket | saltón, grillo | grilo | flora-fauna | family Gryllidae | chiriku (found in the house) | ʧiriku | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) | suri, mojojoy | larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá | flora-fauna | Rhynchophorus sp. | kawruka | kawruka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| praying mantis, stick insects | mantis religiosa | louva-a-deus | flora-fauna | order Mantodea, family Mantidae | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mosquito | mosquito, zancudo | mosquito, carapana | flora-fauna | Anopheles sp. | shinyaka | ʃinjaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| termites, white-ants | comején (Peru), termitas | cupim | flora-fauna | order Isoptera | anatuka | anatuka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tick | garrapata | carrapato | flora-fauna | superfam Ixodoidea | shimanaka | ʃimanaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wasp | avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa | caba | flora-fauna | order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita | ahapaka (wasp or bee) | ahapaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| snail | caracol, churo (Peru) | caracol | flora-fauna | class Gastropoda | maaha (also a word for an older woman) | maːha | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| spider | araña | aranha | flora-fauna | Arachnidae, Araneae | kawnunaka | kawnunaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| jaguar | yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) | onca | flora-fauna | Panthera onca | imatinya | imatinja | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| manatee | vaca marina, manatí | peixe-boi | flora-fauna | Trichechus sp. | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| brown woolly monkey | Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt | macaco barrigudo | flora-fauna | Lagothrix lagothricha | patawka | patawka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| howler monkey (red-handed) | mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) | guariba | flora-fauna | Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] | arityawkuka | aritjawkuka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tufted capuchin monkey | mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero | macaco prego | flora-fauna | Cebus apella | tsutsawka | tsutsawka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| white-fronted capuchin | Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) | Caiarara | flora-fauna | Cebus albifrons | kwat+ | kʷatɨ | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| white-fronted spider monkey | Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) | macaco aranha, coatá, quatá | flora-fauna | Ateles belzebuth/paniscus | saar+ha | saːrɨha | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| opossum | zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo | mucura | flora-fauna | family Didelphidae | sunaku / sunakaw | sunaku / sunakaw | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| giant otter | Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria | ariranha | flora-fauna | Pteronura brasiliensis | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| neotropical otter (small) | Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) | lontra | flora-fauna | Lontra longicaudis | anasuihya | anasuihja | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| collared peccary | sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar | caititu, caetitu | flora-fauna | Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu | kashi | kaʃi | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| white-lipped peccary | Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana | queixada | flora-fauna | Tayassu pecari | iyari | ijari | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| porcupine | puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) | cuandu, porco-espinho | flora-fauna | family Erethizontidae | munuri | munuri | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cotamundi, coatimundi | Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache | quati | flora-fauna | genus Nasua | uhu | uhu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) | Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado | cutia | flora-fauna | Dasyprocta spp. | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| capybara | Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco | capivara | flora-fauna | Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris | akaya | akaja | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| green acouchi | Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo | cutiara | flora-fauna | Myoprocta pratti | kashawkunu | kaʃawkunu | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| paca (lowland) | Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) | paca | flora-fauna | Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) | tawr+ya | tawrɨja | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mouse, rat | ratón | camundongo, rata | flora-fauna | Mus musculus | kash+richa | kaʃɨriʧa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| squirrel | ardilla, danta (Ven) | serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo | flora-fauna | family Sciuridae | kam+taka | kamɨtaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tapir | sachavaca, danta | anta | flora-fauna | Tapirus terrestris | yasuka / yasukwa | jasuka / jasukwa | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| deer | venado | veado, cariacu | flora-fauna | family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus | n+k+ru (colored deer) | nɨkɨru | See Language page | Becky Walker |
Cultural Vocabulary (97)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Etymology Notes | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | General Notes | Source | Created By |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| basket (general) | canasta, canasto, cesta | cesto | culture-material | apaka | apaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| basket, small | canasta, canasto, cesta | cesto pequeno, tampado | culture-material | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| bead | abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar | miçanga | culture-material | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| bed | cama | cama | culture-material | mas+k+ka | masɨkɨka | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| hammock | hamaca, chinchorro | rede | culture-material | kwaticha | kʷatiʧa | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| bench, seat | banco, silla, asiento | banco | culture-material | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| canoe | canoa | canoa | transport | kanawa | kanawa | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| drum (large signal) | tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) | tambor | culture | Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||
| drum | tambor | tambor | culture-mythology | kaha | kaha | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| shaman, healer | chamán, brujo | xaman, pajé, feiticeiro | culture-mythology | shimanaw | ʃimanaw | In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| healer | curandero | benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) | culture-mythology | Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||
| broom | escoba | vassoura | culture-material | nanawtu | nanawtu | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| clothing | ropa | roupa | culture-mythology | shiiryapicha | ʃiːrjapiʧa | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| fence, palisade | cerco | cerca | other | may be related to defense/warfare? | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||
| firewood | leña | lenha | other | ayshawka | ajʃawka | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| Curupira (spirit type) | Curupira, Madremonte | Curupira | culture-mythology | malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||
| ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit | espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio | espirito | culture-mythology | tsamaraw | tsamaraw | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| deity/powerful spirit/culture figure | dios(es), deidad | divinidade, figura mítica | culture-mythology | p+atsaw | pɨatsaw | In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| flute | flauta, quena (Peru) | flauta | culture-mythology | naahwa | naːhwa | multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| panpipe | carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora | caniço, flauta de pã | culture-mythology | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| hollow log/trough for beer-making | canoa para chicha | cocho de caxiri | narcotics | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) | kapiwaya | capiwaya | culture-mythology | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| knife | cuchillo | faca | culture-material | sapuka | sapuka | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| machete | machete | facão | culture-material | sahw+ri | sahwɨri | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| axe/stone axe | hacha (de piedra) | machado (de pedra) | subsistence tool | naruka kahicha | naruka kahiʧa | especially for clearing fields | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| arrow | flecha | flecha | subsistence tool | hunting, warfare | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||
| spear | lanza | lança | subsistence tool | akachinya | akatʃinja | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| bow | arco | arco | subsistence tool | rihwana | rihwana | arco | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| paddle/oar | remo | remo | transport | kawinya (kichwa loan) | kawinja | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| plate | plato | prato | culture-material | asahi (clay plate) | asahi (clay plate) | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| pot | olla, pote | panela, vasilha | subsistence tool | iatawku (clay pot) | iatawku | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| basin/bowl | tazón, plato hondo, taza | tijela | culture-material | uniha | uniha | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| griddle for cooking flatbread | tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) | forno para beiju | subsistence tool | kawshima paraka | kawʃima paraka | agriculture? | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| rattle | matraca, maraca | marico, chocalho | culture-mythology | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| resin | resina, brea, copal | resina, brea, breu | subsistence tool | iryawchi | irjawʧi | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| wax | cera | cera | other | tupaka | tupaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| honey | miel | mel | food | iwana (bee honey) | iwana | only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| stone for lighting fires | piedra para hacer fuego | pedra para acender fogo | culture-material | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| rope/string | mecate, cuerda, soga | corda | culture | iyawka | ijawka | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| tattoo | tatuaje, tatu | tatuagem | culture-mythology | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| thatch/roof | crisneja | palha, caraná | culture-material | pasaicha | pasaitʃa | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) | yurupari | jurupari | culture-mythology | a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||
| fetish, charm | fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga | feitiço, puçanga | culture-mythology | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| feather headdress | plumaje, corona de plumas | enfeite/capacete de penas | culture-mythology | nukityaru (hat, headdress) | nukitjaru (hat, headdress) | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| paint body, body paint | pintura corporal | pintura corporal | culture-mythology | rapaka | rapaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| afterworld, land of dead, Heaven | tierra do los muertos | terra dos mortos | culture-mythology | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| school | escuela | escola | acculturation | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| bottle | botella | garrafa | acculturation | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| paper | papel | papel | acculturation | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| dream | sueño, soñar | sonho, sonhar | culture-mythology | mak+nu | makɨnu | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| chicken | gallina | galinha | acculturation | atawari | atawari | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| grave | tumba, sepultura, sepulcro | sepultura, sepulcro, cova | culture-mythology | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| pipe for tobacco | pipa | cachimbo | other | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| sugarcane/sugar | azúcar, caña de azúcar | açucar (de cana) | acculturation | ichawkanaka | itʃawkanaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| skirt | falda, saya, fustan, pollera | saia | culture-material | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| shoes | zapatos | sapatos | dress | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| policeman | polícia | policía | acculturation | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| soldier | soldado | soldado | acculturation | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| cat | gato | gato | acculturation | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| gun | arma, escopeta | espingarda, fusil | acculturation | imakanaha | imakanaha | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| hat | sombero | chapéu | dress | nukityaru | nukitjaru | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| chief/leader | jefe, cacique | chefe | culture-mythology | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| club | garrote, cachiporra | clava, porrete | subsistence tool | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| loincloth | taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla | tanga, tapa-sexo | dress | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| fireplace | hogar | lareira | other | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| fishing line | cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze | linha de pesca | subsistence tool | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| salt | sal | sal | food | ichahwa | iʧahwa | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| song (generic) | canción, canto | canção | culture-mythology | uranu ('sing') | uranu ('sing') | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| blowgun | cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) | zarabatana | subsistence tool | numanuka | numanuka | currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| dart (blowgun) | dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) | dardo, seta | subsistence tool | hunting and warfare | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||
| fan | abanico | abanador, abano | subsistence tool | apityu (feather fan) | apitju (feather fan) | esp. for fanning a cooking fire | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| fish (with line) | anzuelear, pescar con linea | pescar (com linha) | food | suyawnu | sujawnu | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| fish (with fish-poison) | pescar con barbasco, barbasquear | pescar com timbó; tinguijar | food | shityawnu | ʃitjawnu | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| hunt | cazar | caçar | food | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| game animal | caza, animal de caza | caça, animal de caça | food | Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||
| gourd (dipper/bowl) | cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo | cuia | subsistence tool | tsamar+kaw | tsamarɨkaw | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| grater | rallador, rallo | ralador, ralo | subsistence tool | esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||
| grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) | barbacoa | jirau | subsistence tool | machicha | maʧiʧa | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| mortar | mortero | pilão | subsistence tool | ahiryasutaka | ahirjasutaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| pestle | pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor | mão de pilão | subsistence tool | ahiryasutaka | ahirjasutaka | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| fermented drink | masato, chicha | caxiri, chicha | culture | kasuma (generic) | kasuma (generic) | prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| flour/meal from manioc | fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina | farinha | food | agriculture | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||
| flat bread, cassava bread | pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe | beiju | food | usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||
| starch (tapioca, other) | almidón | goma de tapioca | food | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||
| tapioca drink, mingau | cahuana, caguana | mingau | food | agriculture | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||
| tipiti (manioc squeezer) | tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca | tipiti | food | word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||
| tripod for washing manioc | trípode | tripé | subsistence tool | agriculture | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||
| venom for darts, poison | veneno | curare | subsistence tool | numanaka | numanaka | hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| woven strainer/sieve | colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) | peneira, cumatá | subsistence tool | agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||
| bait for fishing | cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) | isca | subsistence tool | ityawru | itjawru | can refer to worms; more generic | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||
| fishtrap | trampa de peces, trampa | matapi, cacuri | subsistence tool | utana (generic, not just for fish) | utana (generic, not just for fish) | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||
| bottom grinding stone | manufacture | if different word from top grinding stone | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||||
| digging stick | subsistence tool | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||
| top grinding stone | metate, mano; piedra de moler | metate, mano | manufacture | use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone | See Language page | Becky Walker | |||||||||||||
| boomerang/throwing stick (generic) | subsistence tool | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||
| spearthrower | subsistence tool | See Language page | Becky Walker | ||||||||||||||||
| house | other | itya | itja | See Language page | Becky Walker |