Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

head

Semantic Field
body
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
cabeza
Meaning Portuguese
cabeça

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim ko-on'; ; go-on (K1907) unknown Jane Hill
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pampi” semantic shift Jane Hill
Cahuilla yuluka-l inheritance S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok han:a- inheritance Jane Hill
Chemehuevi to/tsI loan into protolanguage JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno noksh (human only; noqsh is hum. or animal Wash 2001:38) unknown Mithun 1997:230 Jane Hill
Chumash Cruzeno p-isp'uluwa unknown JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno 7oqwon' “head, hair” inheritance A 193 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno cho7; sho7 in JPH RC) loan Klar 1977:49 Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno jywysh unknown Harrington 1974:5 Jane Hill
Cocopa mkur unknown Jane Hill
Comanche paapI, papI semantic shift Jane Hill
Cupeño -yu [-yu] inheritance Jane Hill
Esselen kxa/ta-sVx loan Shaul 1995 Jane Hill
Gabrielino nepoa:n “my head”; unique Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa hellyta [xəɫʸˈta] unknown Jane Hill
Kawaiisu toci-vy inheritance? Jane Hill
Kiliwa 7iy inheritance Jane Hill
Kitanemuk pishach unique Jane Hill
Lake Miwok Lubbuduk loan Jane Hill
Luiseño yu:-la inheritance Jane Hill
Maidu 7ono/ inheritance Jane Hill
Mojave chuksa unknown Jane Hill
Mutsun mo:hel inheritance O77:56 Jane Hill
Nisenan 7ono inheritance Jane Hill
Northern Paiute kwOO inheritance Thornes 03:77 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok han:a- inheritance Jane Hill
Plains Miwok tolo- unknown Jane Hill
Salinan A a:/7ak (A), unknown Jane Hill
Salinan M To/paka unknown Mason 1918: 16 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) ili/t unknown Jane Hill
Serrano -Sy:7 unique Jane Hill
Southern Paiute tot:si-S loan into protolanguage Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok han:a (Yosemite dialect) inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Ute tYchivI loan into protolanguage Jane Hill
Tübatulabal ko7ohn unknown Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone pampi inheritance Jane Hill
Wappo hu/7 loan Jane Hill
Washo i/heb “head” 268; unknown J268 Jane Hill
Western Mono woo unknown Jane Hill
Wintu phojoq inheritance Jane Hill
Yavapai qmpa^yq “brain(s), head”; k?o^ya “head, crown” unknown Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami -to:k unique Berman 2002 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi to\t: 238, 240 perhaps to:TH inheritance K07:238,240, Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne 7oT'ow inheritance Golla 1964:62 Jane Hill
Yuki nan inheritance S&S 1984 Jane Hill
Baniwa -hiwída -hiwída inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona hutuhə inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo jipobʉ xipobɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw nũr nũh inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano dipuru dipuɾu inheritance See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï tu unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani o-ka-bo unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup núh ~dúh inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua wâw-daʔ [head-cl.round] inheritance See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi i-puʔpai (IDS) i-puʔpai (IDS) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu akanga akaŋga inheritance See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam he (EM72 "head"); pelehe, məkə (EM72 "face") he (EM72 "head"); pelehe, məkə (EM72 "face") inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak wau2 inheritance See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki chiobɨ ja tʃiobɨ xã inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon pai (A1981); puukpai (E1980); pu'pai (M2000) pai (A1981); puʔpaɪ (E1980) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Resígaro híveú híveú inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Sanumá pili he, hɨ̃ko (EM72 "face"), he (EM72 "head") pili he, hɨ̃ko, he inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani mataboko (1)(head of a person), itapa (1)(face), mata (2)(lexical root for head), mataakata (25)(to cover head), matanae (1)(head of an animal), matatopi (2)(brain) inheritance See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana dhiwída, di-whída dʰiwída, di-whída inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano dʉpóa dɨpóa inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria dapo daʰpú (stenz) inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam wiik (face), fe (head) fe (head), wi:k (face) inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami pei he, pei nakɨ-tʰə-kɨ (temple), pei hesi (skull), pei heyõšI (brain), pei mohekɨ (face) , he (EM72 "head") pei he, pei nakɨ-tʰə-kɨ (temple), pei hesi (skull), pei hejõʃi (brain), pei mohekɨ (face) , he inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna wíla'aruji wílaʔaɾuhi inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup dũ̌h ~dǔh inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana kardapu inheritance Claire Bowern
Bardi nalma nalma inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba gungurlu loan Claire Bowern
Burarra jawurrga unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu muḻkurr unknown Claire Bowern
Dhuwal rliya Claire Bowern
Dhuwala djuḻuḻu unknown Claire Bowern
Diyari mangathanrra inheritance Claire Bowern
DiyariREU kurukuku semantic shift Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu 1521 inheritance Claire Bowern
Djapu rliya inheritance Claire Bowern
Djinang guṉgi unknown Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng gemerndeng unique Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi mirra unique Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu rliya inheritance Claire Bowern
Gurindji ngarlaka loan unknown Claire Bowern
Jabirr-Jabirr nalm; -alm nalm; -alm inheritance Claire Bowern
Jaru langga semantic shift Claire Bowern
Jawi nalm nalm inheritance Claire Bowern
Karajarri 3807 inheritance Claire Bowern
Kija kungkulu- unique Claire Bowern
Malyangapa kakaminta unique Claire Bowern
Mangala marru unique Claire Bowern
Miriwung goorroonyoong unique Claire Bowern
Mithaka kungku inheritance Claire Bowern
Mudburra ngarla/uka Claire Bowern
Mudburra kurlaka unique Claire Bowern
Ngamini mangadalrra inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngandi gu-rlong inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngarluma yurlga unique Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl nalma, nalm nalm inheritance Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi kuka inheritance Claire Bowern
Nimanburru -alm XXngl marru -alm inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla marru Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta juju inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta jinturtu inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyikina nalma; marru nalma; marru inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul -alm -alm inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi dardu Claire Bowern
Pirriya pumpa Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta karti inheritance Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu muḻkurr Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu rliya inheritance Claire Bowern
Walmajarri jurlu inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru karti inheritance Claire Bowern
Warrwa nalma nalma inheritance Claire Bowern
Wubuy laang inheritance Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu riya inheritance Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha kuka inheritance Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi kungu inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka kunku inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawuru marru marru inheritance Claire Bowern
Achagua wíta wíta inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco [nu]iwita [nu]iwita See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari hiwíta hiwíta See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero sihu sihu See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Wapishana -ẓuwaɨ -ẓuwaɨ inheritance Proto-Arawak See Language page Ana Paula B.
Mandawaka wa wa See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu te-kii (~ ta-kii) See Language page PLE
Yine xiwɨ See Language page PLE *Piro-Apuriná form is *'kɨwɨ.
Paresi eseri etseri inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano #NAME? See Language page PLE
Trinitario -čutmoko; -čuti See Language page PLE The latter also means 'capitán', leader.
Baure ni-'poʔe ni-'poʔe unique See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá -tɨwɨ -tɨwɨ inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Arutani kwate kwate See Language page John Blaha
Sape moynakuawi moynaku See Language page John Blaha
Cha'palaa 'miš-'puka; 'mišu See Language page PLE 'puka is 'sphere/spherical' 12.830. Used in compounds. See 'fruit' 05.710. *South Barbacoan form is *mišu.
Bora nííkwaï nííkwaɯ inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane nígaɨ nígaɨ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio puukpai puʔpaɪ inheritance Pemongan See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect puʔpai puʔpai See Language page Lauren Franklin
Apalai upuhpo upuhpo inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana uputpë uputpǝ inheritance See Language page PLE
Tiriyó putupë putupǝ inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare hūʔhə (IDS); hu:'hö (KH) (means 'my head') hu:ʔhə inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Mapoyo wastë-ri (wastë-'bë); wastë pu'bë (skull- lit. shell of the head); wastë yamuru-bë (brains); peta-ri (face) wastɛ-ri (wastɛ-'bɛ); wastɛ pu'bɛ (skull- lit. shell of the head); wastɛ jamuru-bɛ (brains); peta-ri (face) See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai o-htɨΦɨ-rɨ o-htɨΦɨ-rɨ inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Yabarana wais'teri See Language page Ana Paula B., John Blaha
Yukpa ábara, abásaret dʒiwasa See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Kalapalo Gitïgi Gitɨgi unique See Language page Joyce McCormick
Muisca zysquy tʂɨskuɨ See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí asaakbah; asaɨg See Language page PLE Colombia: sayʔbərə; 'crown of head' is dok'banə. *Chibchan form is *'c̷ã.
Northern Emberá booró boːró See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena 'poro See Language page PLE 'Crown of head' is poro-'sãu.
Guayabero mat-né-t inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan matbók matbók inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cuiva pe-nta-sípa cabeza, head Huber & Reed 1992:8 Rebecca Khorram
Cofán tsove tsoβɛ See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra moocho mootʃo unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro nu´(hi´) nuʔ{hiʔ} See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez dicté dikte See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna naeru [2-3, 4, 2] naeɾu unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina kuturi kutuɽi unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Camsa béstzaze bestʂase See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé tʰɔbɛ See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave #NAME? hujak unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Máku ke:te ke:te See Language page PLE
Warao kʷahi (head top) kʷahi (head top) See Language page John Blaha
Ashuar múuk mu:k See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa muuke mu:kɨ See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna buúk bu:k inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect nuːh inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect nuːh See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses mapi mapi inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo maṣ̌'ka; mapuṣ̌oo See Language page PLE Latter form is 'head of animal'. 'Crown of head' is ma'či;. *Panoan *βoṣ̌kata. *Panoan *mapo. See 'ridgepole' 07.530.
Katukina mapo See Language page PLE Also homophonous with 'clay' 09.730.
Pacahuara 'mapo See Language page PLE d'Orb mapo. Arm mapo.
Shipibo-Konibo maṣ̌po; ma-po; βo- See Language page PLE Prefix means 'on the side of the head'.
Yaminahua mapo See Language page PLE
Chácobo ma-po ma-po inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua jno hnõ unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua uma uma See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá uma uma See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua uma uma See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano uma uma See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa huˈuh huɁuh unknown See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva illu, illute iʤu, iʤute unknown See Language page Becky Walker
Bará dɨ'pɨa See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano rihoa (J), rɨhoa (E) rihoa (J), rɨhoa (E) See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana rʉpoa ɾɨpɔa See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna rihoga rihoga inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti dɨ́powɨ dɨ́powɨ See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana da'pu da'pu See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano di'pú-ru di'pú-ru See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca ru'pu ko'a ru'pu ko'a inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo rɨ'póa rɨ'póa See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka du'pu duʔpu See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja dɨᵽɨ́gʌ̀ dɨɸɨ́gʌ̀ See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje sĩjopʉ sĩxopʉ inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona sĩho; sĩhopˀɨ; sˀĩ-hõ sĩho; sĩhopˀɨ; sˀĩ-hõ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya siopë sĩo'pɨ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana ´o ʔo unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama yaquɨ, yaquɨcuara jakɨ, jakɨkuaɾa inheritance See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi ãkã ãkã inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché tõʔõ unknown See Language page PLE
Chiriguano (če-)ãka inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní akã See Language page PLE
Sirionó eãkĩ eãkĩ inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá akaŋ akaŋ inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina oohfo ooʔɸo inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto ḯpo ɯ́po See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto ïɸó-kï ɯɸó-kɯ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto ïɸo-gï ɯɸo-gɯ inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito ánaca ánaka inheritance See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo anaka anaka See Language page Becky Walker
Wari winašiʔ (wayiʔ) winaʃiʔ (wajiʔ) See Language page PLE
Araona e-šoa See Language page PLE See 'potato' 05.700. *Tacn form is *e-iyo-xa.
Ese Ejja e-sapa; e-woxa inheritance See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e-sapa; e-woxa (Girard 1971) e-sapa; e-woxa See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana e-čoa See Language page PLE
Cavineña i-yo-ka i-yo-ka inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara p´eqe pˀiḳi See Language page PLE
Cayuvava bãrãkama ~ ma'rakame See Language page PLE '(Possessed) head' aβa'rakame ~ ãβãrãkame.
Itonama uh-ču See Language page PLE 'Crown of the head' is uhyanakˀakˀano.
Kwazá tsuty, -kuty tsuty, -kuty See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané xuʔ'no See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE Also means 'skull' 04.202.
Movima ba-kʷakʷa ba-kʷakʷa See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai kut(-ake); (ha) kuta kut(-ake); (ha) kuta unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang krĩ -krĩ See Language page PLE
Canela ii-kʰrɛ See Language page PLE Also means 'hole' 12.850. *Jê form is *krɛ.
Suyá krã krã See Language page Rebekah Evans
Karajá ra; ra-ti See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi kõãka kõãka See Language page PLE
Chipaya ača See Language page PLE Uru-J form is ača; Uru-I form is či.
Mocoví l-ḳahik See Language page PLE
Pilagá la-ḳai-k See Language page PLE
Toba l-ḳaik See Language page PLE
Lengua #NAME? See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité apkatik See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet empaʔtek See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay -ɬe'tek See Language page PLE Cf. 'top' 12.330.
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -xetek ~ -xitek (f.) See Language page PLE
Maca -xiɬaʔ (m.) See Language page PLE
Nivaclé -šatič head https://ids.clld.org/ PLE
Ayoreo gaa'toi See Language page PLE
Mapudungun loŋko See Language page PLE Same in Ranquel.
Qawasqar tes-ḳʰar See Language page PLE Lit. 'eye-instrumental' 04.210. Also kaftal-kʰar. Bo, Cy, Li record orkwar for Central QWS. Fi records oftsoka for South QWS.
Selknam ahle-tˀàʔ See Language page PLE
Tehuelche 'čˀeʔtr See Language page PLE
Kanamarí -ki -ki cabeça Magalhães 2018:352 Maria Castillo
Lokono (i)si(-hi) (i)si(-hi) head Pet 1987:360 Camille Unger
Kariña upu'po upoʔpo head; alone Yamada 2010:821 Camille Unger