Cofán

Family
Isolate (SAM)
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
con
Location
0.28°, -77.06°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Borman, M. B. (comp). 1976. Vocabulario Cofan: Cofán - Castellano, Castellano -Cofán. Serie de Vocabularios Indígenas Mariano Silva y Aceves. No. 19.ILV, Quito. Rodriguez, José Vicente, compiler, and others. 1995. Mamíferos colombianos: sus nombres comunes e indígenas. Bogotá: Conservation International, Fundación Mario Santo Domingo.


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
and y e grammar phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment cusepa kɯsɛpa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
at en, a em, a location (~ a place) -ni; -tti ni, thi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
back espalda costas body sepacco sɛpakho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
bad mal mal quality egae, ega'o ɛɣaʔo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
belly barriga barriga body tto´pa thopa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
big grande grande quality rande (Spanish loan?), -cco ɾaⁿdɛ, kʰo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
black negro preto colour sinje´on, si'an si̡ʔãn phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
blood sangre sangue body anjampa ãhãpa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body san'ccoa (meaning listed is "shin") sãʔkhoa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
bone hueso osso body tsu´tta tsɯʔtʰa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body utu´cho ɯthɯʔtʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
child niño, niña criança human du´shu/pusheshu du´shu, aipano (baby) dyʔʃɯ, aipano phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment unji´mba ɯnhimba phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
cold frío frio quality cha´ndio tʃaʔndio phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality ñoa´me ɲoaʔmɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
day día dia time a´ta aʔta phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality ámunde'tssi amɯndɛʔtshi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna tsampi´su ain tsampiʔsu ain phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
dry seco seco quality samba samba phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality tsimbi'cco tsi̡mbiʔkho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment ande'su ccuttopa'si andeʔsɯ khɯthopaʔsi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
ear oreja orelha body tsosina tsosina phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment ande andɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna arapa dusu´cho aɾapaⁿdɯsɯʔtʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
eye ojo olho body tso´fe tsoʔɸɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
far lejos longe quality biani biani phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body yaya'pa jaijaʔpa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship quitsa kitsa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna tose, te'ta tosɛ, tɛʔta phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment si´nge siʔⁿgɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
flower flor flor environment te'ta tɛʔta phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment ccuttopa'si khɯthopaʔsi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora na, tetacho na, tɛtatʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
good bueno bom quality ño´a, ñotssi ɲotshi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body tose tosɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
hand mano mão body tive, tivenaccu tiβɛ, tiβɛnakʰɯ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar jova, tsa hoβa, tsa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body tsove tsoβɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality tssai'a tshaiʔa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
how? como como grammar ma'caen maʔkãɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar ña ɲa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
if si se grammar ta, -nda ta, nda phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body tto'pa, tifocho'pa thoʔpa, tiɸotʃoʔpa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
lake lago lago environment singu'ccu siŋgɯʔkhɯ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment naje, ccaque, ccaqueje khakyɛ, khakyɛhɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body pave'fa pavɛɸa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body ttena'ngo, tsu'tte thɛnaʔŋgo, tsɯʔthɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment tsanda veyaen tsanda βɛʒãɛ̡ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
liver hígado figado body sansan sãsã phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality bia´a biaʔa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna sinsin si̡sin phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS order Phtiraptera See Language page
man/male hombre homem human tsandie tsandiɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna aña´cho, na aɲaʔtʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
moon luna lua environment cose'su chiga, ccovu kosɛʔsɯ tʃiɣa, khoβɯ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship chan tʃan phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
mouth boca boca body aya´fa aijaʔɸa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
name nombre nome human inise inisɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality pporotsse phoɾotshɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body tsifo tsiɸo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
new nuevo novo quality cuna kɯna phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
night noche noite time cose kosɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
no/not no não grammar me'i, -mbi me̡ʔI, mbi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
nose nariz nariz body tsofa´ttu tsoɸaʔtʰɯ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
old viejo velho quality tssoru tshoɾɯ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
one uno um number fue´cco ɸïɛʔkʰo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
other otro outro grammar fuesu ɸɯɛsɯ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human a´i aʔi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment unjin u̡hi̡ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour cu´a kɯʔa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body tansin'fa tãsi̡ʔɸa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture tsai'qui tsaiʔki phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
root raíz raiz flora setsa´fa sɛtsaʔɸa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality congomba koŋgomba phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
sand arena areia environment sisipa sisipa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality tsintssia tsi̡tshia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
short corto curto quality re'richo ɾɛʔɾitʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body opipa'cho opipaʔtʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
skin piel pele body ttono thono phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
sky cielo céu environment sefacco sɛɸakho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality re´ri, chipiri, -cho tʃipiɾI, tʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment onfe´mba õɸɛʔᵐba phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
star estrella estrela environment o´fe oʔɸɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora quini'cco, ttemba kiniʔkho, thɛmba phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment patu patɯ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body atse´fa atsɛʔɸa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar tsa tsa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar jo´e, jondeccu, tsendeccu hoʔɛ, hoⁿdɛkʰi, tsɛⁿdɛkʰi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality tombu'tssi, tombu'choa tombɯʔtshi, tombɯʔtʃoa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
thin delgado fino quality saije'ccoa saihɛʔkhoa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
this este/esta este grammar vue, va ɸa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar que kʸɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
throat garganta garganta body tsifoma, andian'cho tsiɸoma, andi̡ãʔtʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
three tres tres number ccoanifué´cco (fue=one) kʰʷanɪɸïɛʔkʰo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment tsanda tsanda phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
bite morder morder body tsaiye tsaije phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
blow soplar soprar body ufaye ɯɸaijc phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body qquendyaye khyɛndjajɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment oqueye okyɛjɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body tse´tseye tsɛʔtsɛjɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
climb subir subir motion phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
come venir vir motion jiye hijɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact otaeñe otaɛɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
count contar contar mental phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental i´nañe iʔnaɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact chhiyiye, chattuye tʃhijijɛ, tʃathɯjɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state panjen, paye pajɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact canshaeñe, changoeñe kãʃãe̡ɲɛ, tʃangwɛ̡ɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental jeñe hɛɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body cui´ye kïiʔjɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
eat comer comer body añe ãɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
fall caer cair motion amppiye ãphijɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
fear miedo medo mental dyoye (v.) dʒojɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion ai'jeye aihɛjɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
fly volar voar motion chhajeye tʃahɛje phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
grow crecer crescer state coeñe koɛɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental pañañe paɲãɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion ccúyaye khɯjajɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact tssaiye tshaije phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other indiye, a'mbiañe indijɛ, aʔmbi̡ãɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
kill matar matar impact fi´ttiye fiʔtʰijɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental in´jañe, atesuye inʔhãɲɛ, atɛsyjɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
laugh reír rir mental féñañe fɛɲaɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion ccuiye khɯijɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body canseye kansɛjɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other fettaye fɛthajɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
say decir dizer mental suye sɯjɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact dequiañe dɛkyiaɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
see ver ver mental cañe, átteye athejɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state dyaiye dʒaijɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body anañe anãɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body shonchañe, tssu'juye ʃõtʃaɲɛ, tshɯʔhɯjɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body attuiye athɯijɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact doñañe, tsse'tsseye doɲãɲɛ, tshɛʔtshɛjɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact mandyiye mandʒijɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state ccutsuye khɯtsɯjɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
steal robar roubar other cca´lnañe khaʔlnaɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
suck chupar chupar body sutsaye sɯtsaijɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body ppuye phɯjɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion cca'yaye khaʔjajɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
think pensar pensar mental asi'ttaeñe asiʔthãɛ̡ɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact ttovaye thoβajɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact tandañe tandaɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS may be transitive or intransitive See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body a´juye aʔhɯjɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion jácañe hakãɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other semañe sɛmaɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body sha´ruye ʃaʔɾɯjɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body menzanza´fa mɛndzandzaʔɸa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
tooth diente dente body tte´tto thɛʔtho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
two dos dois number ccoangi´cco kʰʷaŋgiʔkʰo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
water agua agua environment tsa´ccu tsaʔkʰɯ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar ingi iŋgi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality tssipa'o tshipaʔo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar jongoesu hoⁿgwɛsɯ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar maqui maki phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
where? donde onde grammar mani mani phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
white blanco branco colour totoa totoa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar majan mãhã phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship cocama pushe (of a white person), chan (mother), pushe kokama pɯʃɛ, tʃan, pɯʃɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
wind viento vento environment fingian fiŋgi̡ã phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
wing ala asa body sanccopa sãkhopa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human pushesu pyʃɛsɯ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour quiyopa kijopa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar que'i kʸɛʔi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
foot pie body tsu´tte tsɯʔthɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
all todo todos other poiyi'cco pwijiʔkho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body tsu´tte nemba´cho tsɯʔthɛ nɛmbaʔtʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body tssotssopa tshotshopa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
bark corteza casca environment ttono thono phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
fingernail uña unha body quitsicco kitsikho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
heart corazón coração body injama´cho i̡hamaʔtʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
sun sol sol time coeje chiga kwɛhɛ tʃiɣa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment ccota´cco khotaʔkho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
green verde verde quality inzian indzi̡ã phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
hot caliente quente quality sa´vutssi, ju'rutssi hɯʔɾɯtsi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. quitsa kitsa See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna choin tʃoi̡ See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. uttetsu See Language page Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. socu, coya pishira (OP79), gio´ngion (OP79) sokɯ See Language page Widespread Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans tuntun See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. vatsara´cco (OP79), pa´on (OP79) See Language page Different types have different localized ranges phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae fongo, macaco´va (OP79), firiccoshe (OP79) See Language page Widespread Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae a'tse aʔtsɛ See Language page Widespread phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae dasa'ro dasaʔro See Language page Widespread Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes poscongo, fundondo (OP79), poscongo (OP79) poskoŋgo See Language page Widespread phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. oma'ndo omaʔndo See Language page Widespread Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica picori, sese, panicco oma´ndo, cu´a oma´ndo (OP79), tsove nanamba (OP79), tsanda ttofi (OP79), ttofi (OP79) pikori See Language page Widespread phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae ppuppuju'cho phɯphɯhɯʔtʃo See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae macama, cancancaon pindo (OP79) See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae ccompana See Language page Widespread South America phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family vacapi βakapi See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba ttesi vasaga, masha thɛsi βasaga See Language page Widespread South America phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae toronzé'nze, a´cho cocosumo (OP79) toronzɛʔnzɛ See Language page Widespread Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris ain ai̡ See Language page Not native; widespread phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis joven, tsampi'su ain tsampiʔsɯ ain See Language page Widespread Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) betta bɛtha See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri iji ihi See Language page Widespread in Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. sa'ndi, noe´su saʔndi See Language page Widespread Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. vatova See Language page Throughout Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus fambi (doesn't specify "electric", but root for "to electrocute" is fambiañe) ɸambi See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna avu aβɯ See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. garop´ita garopiʔta See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae loro loro See Language page Widespread Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. ccuivo khɯiβo See Language page Widespread Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. cugupa'cho (variety of catfish with "yellow spots") kɯgɯpaʔtʃo See Language page Widespread Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura ttesi, sapo (Sp. Loan) sapo See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. ivana (Arawak/Spanish loan?), ampashiro iβana See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata tofa See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. shipare See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura ccosha khoʃa See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes canjansi (same as boa) kãhansi See Language page Widespread Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae canjansi (same as anaconda) kãhansi See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna anttanfasi iyo See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox tunto, cachapa iyo katʃapa ijo See Language page Widespread South America phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria poca, taricaya poka See Language page Widespread phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis fanjan See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) sina sina See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea See Language page Widespread Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes o'ma o'ma 1) chontaduro 2) año, tiempo de una estación de chontaduro a otra cf. oma'ndo 'macaw' (Borman1976:29) Borman 1976: 29
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) shichha ta´va ʃitʃha taʔβa See Language page secondary scrub vegetation phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra ufaque´su ta´va ɯɸakyɛʔsɯ taʔβa See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens ccoma khoma See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea mani (S. or other loan) mani See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus chiviya [loan Quechua] tʃiβija See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum caofa´cco kaoɸaʔkho See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. geño ɣɛɲo See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. se´va sɛʔβa See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays ppu´ppu phɯʔphɯ See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum ccumba khɯmba See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna quini´cco kiniʔkʰo See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana cuña kɯɲa See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. fiño ɸiɲo See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia) phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana atsa atsa See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana See Language page widespread lowland SA phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. cancho (Spanish loan) cantʃo See Language page Widespread Amazonia phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia otsepaecho tsaja otsɛpaɛtʃo tsaha See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta seje´pa a´mba sɛhɛʔpa aʔmba See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensif
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta a´mba aʔmba See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum sisa, atta sisa, atha See Language page secondary scrub vegetation phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas quefa (sweet potato), sisa, atta kyɛɸa (sweet potato), sisa, atha See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) cunonga censo, cunonga ccosu'cho 'calabaza larga con cuello, Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl'; ichhoro'cho 'Crescentia cujete' See Language page indigenous gardens phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant; tree
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. ccoa, cco'a (loan Tukanoan? 'calabaza, zapallo') khoa, khoʔa See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. ccuccufa khɯkhɯɸa See Language page secondary forest, floodplain phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. seña´mba sɛɲaʔmba See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi oco yaje oko jahɛ See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola ccumba khɯmβa See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata congi, ono koŋgi See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. comantsia, daécco komantsia See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis fancon, tuño nasi (honeybee) tɯɲo nasi See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria shipicco ʃipikho See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae tumbamba tumbamba See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera sian, ttuviya sian See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora iyofa ijoɸa See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda shajasi ʃahasi See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones tini, shishittoshe tini See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea zian´cho See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera binshin binʃin See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera tenquén'cho tɛ̡kɛnʔtʃo See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae shishi (onomatopoeia?) ʃiʃi See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. shiñosi, toro toro See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae fiju ɸihu See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. anchan antʃã See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera ovepa´cho, tsuttavu´vu (flying termite) oβɛpaʔtʃo See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea tsuye tsɯjɛ See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita pa'tta paʔtha See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda choro tʃoro See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae onsinsiñe, ccayaju onsinsiɲɛ See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca ttesi; siau tési (R95) thɛsi See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. macamarina (Sp. Loan) makamarina See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha con´sin See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] raju See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella ongu oŋgɯ See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons ongu (gen. capuchin) oŋgɯ See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus duye (gen. spider monkey) dɯjɛ See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae carachopa, pando karatʃopa See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis choni (gen. otter) tʃoni See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis choni (gen. otter) tʃoni See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu saquira See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari monda See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae shinda ʃinda See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua conshombi See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris yovuru joβɯrɯ See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) chanange See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus dushupa duʃupa See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae tutuye tɯtɯjɛ See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris ccovi danta; kubi, kuubi (R95) khoβi danta See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus shan'cco ʃanʔkho See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material saparo (shared Quechua), otata´cco saparo, otataʔkho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material poti poti phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material anajenlcho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material anae´ma anaɛʔma phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material mesa (Spanish loan) mesa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport shago ʃaɣo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture ccosha khoʃa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology ccosha khoʃa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology coraga (Quechua loan from kuraka=chief) coraɣa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feare See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology coraga (Quechua loan from kuraka=chief) coraɣa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material fundui´si ɸɯndɯiʔsi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology sarupa (ropa); ondiccu'je (cushma) sarupa; ondikhuʔhe phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other na´inchoe, pporotsse naʔintʃoɛ, phorotshɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other si´tsi siʔtsi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology cocoya kokoja phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology chiga (god, sun) tʃiga (god, sun) phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology dendo´cco dendoʔkho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material chhichhi´cco tʃhitʃhiʔkho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material machiti (Spanish loan) matʃiti phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool ovacco´cho oβakhoʔtʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS especially for clearing fields See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool seje´cco sɛhɛʔkho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS hunting, warfare See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool sata, dasan´cho (steel spear) sata, dasanʔtʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool battittianccu βathithi̡ãkhɯ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS arco See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport chhochhori´ndi tʃhotʃhoriʔndi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool api api phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material tasa (Spanish loan) tasa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS agriculture? See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
wax cera cera other tuño tuño phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
honey miel mel food cuñajun'cho (sugar, honey) kuñahunʔʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture simba'fa simbaʔɸa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material ccaqueje khakyɛhɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology settaen´cho sethãɛ̡ʔtʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology otiffacu otifakɯ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology cáraña karaɲa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation escoera eskoera phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation tevaen'je teβaenʔhe phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology ayo'o ajoʔo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation arapa arapa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology atuʔtti atuʔthi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other canchimba (Span loan) phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation sutsapa'cco (sugar cane); cuñajun'cho (sugar, honey) sutspaʔkho; kuñahunʔʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material foño ɸoño phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress sapato sapato phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation sundaro, sondaro sundaro, sondaro phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation mishi miʃi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation potaé'ngo (from 'shoot, scatter') potaéʔngo (from 'shoot, scatter') phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress ontsianccu (from 'put/carry on head') ontsiankhu phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology coen ('old one, chief'; from 'adult') koen ('old one, chief'; from 'adult') phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
salt sal sal food ansi ansi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology setta'poen'cho sethaʔpoenʔtʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool ufacco´cco ɯɸakhoʔkho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool finfincco ɸinɸinkho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food mappi´choeñe maphiʔtʃoɛ̡ɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food panzaye pãdzajɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool cunonga censo, cunonga ccosu'cho 'calabaza larga con cuello, Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl'; ichhoro'cho 'Crescentia cujete' phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture tsetse´pa tsɛtsɛʔpa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food ppu'ppu sundafo'cho 'harina de maiz' phɯʔphɯ sɯndaɸoʔtʃo 'harina de maiz' phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS agriculture See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food casave kasaβɛ [loan] phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food tumba´ccu tɯmbaʔkhɯ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool seje´pa sɛhɛʔpa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool oficco oɸikho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool "quendecco (not specified only for fish) kwɛndɛkho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture patuvo´cho patɯβoʔtʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
house other etti, antteye ɛthi, anthɛjɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page