Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

spit

Semantic Field
body
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
escupir
Meaning Portuguese
cuspir

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tusi” loan into protolanguage Jane Hill
Cahuilla -chu'an- inheritance S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok ju:/pesy-, ju/pse- inheritance? Jane Hill
Chemehuevi kyci/jon(a) unique Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno uqch'yk loan direction unknown A 33 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno Lk-tutu/-nu “Escupelo” loan direction unknown JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno 7uxch'yk loan direction unknown JPH Jane Hill
Cocopa lxa unknown Jane Hill
Comanche tusity loan into protolanguage Jane Hill
Cupeño chux-in [tʃuxin] inheritance Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa chehutt [ʧəˈxʊt] unknown Jane Hill
Kawaiisu chichii7i- inheritance Jane Hill
Kiliwa ha7=cha7 p+lax/p-c+phu unknown Jane Hill
Kitanemuk tohvyk loan into protolanguage Jane Hill
Lake Miwok tuke/eTi inheritance Jane Hill
Luiseño chuxi- loan direction unknown Jane Hill
Maidu t'u/p' Jane Hill
Mojave chayoq= unknown Jane Hill
Mutsun ru:se- “to spit on” inheritance? O77:253 Jane Hill
Nisenan do:da “spit out” inheritance Jane Hill
Northern Paiute tuhi loan into protolanguage Stubbs 08 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok tukja-, to:ka-, tu:ke- inheritance Jane Hill
Plains Miwok j2:p- inheritance? Jane Hill
Salinan A ksha/(:)k' unknown Turner 1980:84 Jane Hill
Salinan M missing missing Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) quitp (“spit out”) unknown Jane Hill
Serrano cOv-kin inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok tukse- inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Ute kYchi7nH unique Jane Hill
Tübatulabal tuhhu-at loan into protolanguage Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone tusi” loan into protolanguage, direction unknown Jane Hill
Wappo ch'ahlu/chi7 “spit out” unknown Jane Hill
Washo dibemú:k'ida unknown Washo Project Jane Hill
Western Mono tuhi- loan into protolanguage, direction unknown Jane Hill
Wintu ly'uqa unknown Jane Hill
Yavapai ha\chtu/hi loan direction unknown Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne tuhwiyi “to spit” loan direction unknown N1944 Jane Hill
Yuki oh- “vomit, spit” unknown S&S 1984 Jane Hill
Baniwa hiwítta hiwít̪a inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona etaku (saliva; M2000) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo jẽcutuñʉ xẽkutujɨ unique See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw çoós cɔ̌ʃ inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano eopi-ri eopi-ɾi inheritance See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa y-ɨtyaku-n yama- (IDS) j-ɨtjaku-n jama- (IDS) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï hulepe unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani towæ tãdõ unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup j’ɔç- ɟ’ɔç- inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Makushi u-yetaku yenumɨ-u-ya (IDS) u-yetaku yenumɨ-u-ya (IDS) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu tumuna (Mello2000) tumuna (Mello2000) inheritance See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam korošo (EM72) koɾoʃo inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Maihiki neseyi neseji unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon etakuta (A1981); etakutan, etaputan (M2000) etakuta (A1981) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Sanumá nakima (EM72) nakima unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani suaba (2) suába unknown See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana wisá wisá inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano ɨʔse putí ɨʔse putí inheritance E Tuk See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria chahcho putira; chahcho puti sãahna (to spit in something) (all Waltz) ʧahʧo putiɾa; ʧahʧo puti sãahna (all Waltz) inheritance E Tuk See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam kašə (EM72) kaʃə inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami hoaɨ, hopraɨ hoaɨ, hopɾaɨ unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna athupákaje, awijákaje atʰupákahe, awihákahe inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup c’ɔ̂c c’ɔ̂c inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana ngaltja inheritance Claire Bowern
Bardi barrja barrja unique Claire Bowern
Bunuba [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Burarra mun-jirdajirda unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu dhupthun inheritance Claire Bowern
Dhuwal ŋäl inheritance Claire Bowern
Dhuwala dhuba'yun inheritance Claire Bowern
Diyari ngalta inheritance Claire Bowern
DiyariREU ngaltja inheritance Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu 2175 inheritance Claire Bowern
Djapu ŋäl inheritance Claire Bowern
Djinang jukmarr-gi unknown Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng thebag inheritance Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi goonggoodoo Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu dhuba'yun inheritance Claire Bowern
Gurindji jupak yuwa- loan Jaru Claire Bowern
Jabirr-Jabirr djibel jibel inheritance Claire Bowern
Jaru juwawaj ma- doubtful loan Claire Bowern
Karajarri julpayi yintanpa janguly (1) loan Nyulnyulan Claire Bowern
Kija thupak inheritance Claire Bowern
Malyangapa [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Mangala janguly inheritance Claire Bowern
Miriwung thebag inheritance Claire Bowern
Mithaka ngalytya inheritance Claire Bowern
Mudburra jalkirra Claire Bowern
Mudburra banga loan Claire Bowern
Ngamini ngalytya inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngandi X missing Claire Bowern
Ngarluma witharla ngayi(-lgu) Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Nimanburru djibel jibel inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla janguly Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta janga-pini- (V3) inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta janga inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul djibel jibel inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi thupa- inheritance Claire Bowern
Pirriya [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta ngalytya inheritance Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu ŋa:l inheritance Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu dhupthun inheritance Claire Bowern
Walmajarri jumpajpu- inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru ngalyjana inheritance Claire Bowern
Wubuy yuda inheritance? Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha ngaltja inheritance Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi ngaltja inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka ngatja inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawuru djibel jibel inheritance Claire Bowern
Achagua wíiseri wíiseri inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco nùapìsaca nùapìsaka See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari iwitá iwitá See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero kuma; ľ̥uheta. kuma; ľ̥uheta. See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Bare katʃumada katʃumada See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wapishana supʰitʰa-n supʰitʰa-n unknown See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu e-he-ta-a See Language page PLE Lit. 'prefix-root-stem suffix-infinitive'.
Yine c̷kaha See Language page PLE Verbal form is hic̷kahata; also hapľika, to spit out.
Ignaciano -'atuture; -'atutu'ika See Language page PLE Also -'atutureka; -karapaha.
Trinitario #NAME? See Language page PLE Noun form is -at'turahi. 'Saliva' or foam on mouth of animal is -'huwewo.
Baure hanek- hanek- unique See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá esĩyũ esĩjũ unique See Language page Joyce McCormick
Cha'palaa 'inbi-'ke-nu See Language page PLE
Bora ɨ́rípɨáco (trans), uni (intrans) ɨ́ripʰɨákʰo (trans), ɯni (intrans) inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane jɨ́ɨ́rébámáaihi (jɨɨre = saliva) xɨ́ɨ́rébámáaiʔi (xɨɨre = saliva) See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio eedatöng eda'töŋ inheritance Venezuelan See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Mapoyo sata'ka-ri sata'ka-ri See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai kučΦi kasko kučΦi kasko loan Portuguese See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Yukpa etasta, íntaku, tintájere, ótakta, úntatapo, tujentakta, ütata See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Muisca zquyhyzygosqua tʂkuɨhɨtʂɨγoskua See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí kurukduu See Language page PLE Colombia: kuruk'durə.
Northern Emberá iddói iddói See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena idu- See Language page PLE Verbal form. Noun is i'du-ba, 'spit-liquid'.
Cofán attuiye athɯijɛ See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra kaváchimaama kawátʃimaama unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro tuhusne tuhusnɨ See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez avi avi See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna netchakuái (Alv44) netʃakuái unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Andoke túse túse doubtful loan, direction unknown Yagua See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé dyá uí pjuyú See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave [-ko-pok-sɨ-tuk] ko-pok-sɨ-tuk unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Ashuar usúkmitin usukmitin See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa usuikmatsa usuikmatsa See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna usukit usukit inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect ɉo:ʃ, ɉɔʃ inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect ɉɔ:ʃ See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses cuishtuque, pishtuque kuiʃtuke, piʃtuke inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo tušuka-ti See Language page PLE [(v.a.)], tušuki-ti [(v.n.)].
Katukina kɨmo miṣ̌o- See Language page PLE
Shipibo-Konibo mičoti; tošβaati; kɨ-yõ See Language page PLE
Yaminahua mɨčo-kĩ See Language page PLE
Chácobo kɨyono kɨyono unique See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua tochiy totʃij doubtful loan, direction unknown Andoke See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua tyucana tjukana See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá tukai tukai See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua tiucana tiukana See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano toqay toqaj See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa ću'uh s'uɁuh unknown See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva suwajaha suwahaʔa unknown See Language page Becky Walker
Carapana eyoturique ejotuɾike See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna eo bate-re (second constituent seems similar to the Portuguese verb bater 'to beat, hit, pound'; cf. Macuna baje-re) eo bate-ɾe inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Koreguaje tutumʉ tutumʉ inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona tutuji tutuhi inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Wayampi -yɛnɨmũ; -l-ɛnɨ -jɛnɨmũ; -l-ɛnɨ inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché dɨwõ inheritance See Language page PLE
Chiriguano (a)ⁿdɨwɨ inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní ⁿdivu See Language page PLE
Sirionó ɲinimu; ereni ɲinimu; ereni inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá jewun jewun inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina caau; tsaafu kaaɯ; tsaaɸɯ unique See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Murui Witoto tuade tuadɛ (B83) unknown See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito aruuquiini aruukiini inheritance See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo arukunu aɾukunu See Language page Becky Walker
Wari hupaʔ hupaʔ See Language page PLE
Araona kʷedi See Language page PLE *Tacn form is *e-kedi.
Ese Ejja kʷičo-hea- unique See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo kwičo-hea-kwe kwičo-hea-kwe See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana e-kedi; kitoa- See Language page PLE
Cavineña e-kʷedi-ra-a-ya ("-kʷedi is "saliva") e-kʷedi-ra-a-ya inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara thusaña tʰusa-ɲa See Language page PLE
Cayuvava -βæčɔčɔ ~ βæčɔ- See Language page PLE Also recorded: bæčɔči; čuhe(verb).
Itonama walema; uh-wamis See Language page PLE Verbal form is yobisna.
Kwazá tsewe-, cuheja-, kohonũ tsewe-, cuheja-, kohonũ See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané čopi'yi See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE
Movima ɗoton̉-ɬa ɗoton̉-ɬa See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai (ha) tʔuske (ha) tʔuske unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang sug yãra; suŋ See Language page PLE
Canela ŋɛ̃n See Language page PLE
Karajá rɨ-beši; dɔrɔtɔiǰera See Language page PLE Lit. 'mouth-?'.
Djeoromitxi heitxi heitʃi See Language page PLE
Chipaya tʰuxt-š; lomi; tʰaxr-ki- See Language page PLE Respectively: verbal form; noun form; means 'to cause to salivate', perhaps Aymara or Quechua. To spit out something solid is latš.
Mocoví n-atoḳ See Language page PLE
Pilagá n-atoḳ See Language page PLE Lit. '3pa-spit'.
Toba n-ḳaigoḳ See Language page PLE
Lengua #NAME? See Language page PLE Cf. 'dribble' 04.591.
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité apkiɬpaisiyi; ankiɬpaisiyi See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet neŋelpatseeykentaʔ See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay hʷac̷enkac̷i See Language page PLE Verbal form. Noun form is -ɬa'čˀiɬ.
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -fʷac̷uxnen ~ -fʷyec̷uxnen See Language page PLE
Maca #NAME? See Language page PLE
Nivaclé -tˀačˀiy spit https://ids.clld.org/ PLE
Ayoreo ũ'tira-haʔ See Language page PLE
Mapudungun tofkɨ See Language page PLE Ranquel form is tɨvk-.
Qawasqar fteyes See Language page PLE Also yerksa. Bo records flokyar for Central QWS.
Selknam pèotˀè See Language page PLE
Tehuelche 'tēp See Language page PLE
Lokono khoidin kʰoidin spit Pet 1987:372 Camille Unger
Kariña etàta etahta spit; spew Courtz 2007:269 Camille Unger