Wayampi

Family
Tupian
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
oym
Location
1.74°, -52.69°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Grenand, Françoise. 1989. Dictionnaire wayãpi-français, lexique français-wayãpi (Guyane français). (Langues et Sociétés d'Amérique Traditionelle, 1.) Paris: Peeters / SELAF. Grenand, Françoise & Raymond Alasuka. 2007. Wayampi. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/. Olson, Roberta. 1978. Dicionário por Tópicos nas línguas Oiampi (Wajapi)-Português. (Ensaios Lingüísticos, 2.) Cuiabá: SIL Brasil. 49pp.


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location alu alu unknown See Language page
and y e grammar See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment tanɛmu tanɛmu inheritance See Language page
at en, a em, a location See Language page
back espalda costas body apɛ apɛ inheritance See Language page
bad mal mal quality ni-katu-i ni-katu-i inheritance See Language page
belly barriga barriga body kãlãtãʔã kãlãtãʔã unique See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location ɨwɨ-kɨtɨ-lɛ (Lit. 'soil/ground-toward-to') ɨwɨ-kɨtɨ-lɛ (Lit. 'soil/ground-toward-to') inheritance See Language page
big grande grande quality taʔɨ-luwã (Lit. 'small-false') taʔɨ-luwã (Lit. 'small-false') unique See Language page
black negro preto colour piyũ; -ũ pijũ; -ũ inheritance See Language page
blood sangre sangue body -l-uwɨ -l-uwɨ inheritance See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body kalasapa kalasapa unknown See Language page
bone hueso osso body kãŋɛ kãŋɛ inheritance See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body susu susu doutbful loan Onomatopoeic, but possibly a loan since the same form is found in a number of areal languages; Makú /tʃütʃü/; Quechua del Pastaza /tʃutʃu/; Yucuna (Arawak) tʃuʔutʃú; Proto-Chibchan See Language page
child niño, niña criança human yaʔɨ jaʔɨ unique See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment ɨwakũ ɨwakũ inheritance See Language page
cold frío frio quality luwã; -l-ɔʔɨ luwã; -l-ɔʔɨ inheritance See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality ɛʔɛ ɛʔɛ inheritance See Language page
day día dia time aa; alɨwɔ aa; alɨwɔ inheritance See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality kɨʔa kɨʔa inheritance See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality sini; -tala; -sikã sini; -tala; -sikã inheritance; unknown See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality n-aimɛ-y ('not sharp') n-aimɛ-j ('not sharp') See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment kuʔi kuʔi inheritance/sem shift? see 'flour' See Language page
ear oreja orelha body apɨa-kwa ('ear-hole') apɨa-kwa ('ear-hole') unknown See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment ɨwɨ ɨwɨ inheritance See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna -l-upiʔa -l-upiʔa inheritance See Language page
eye ojo olho body #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
far lejos longe quality kɔipɛ kɔipɛ unique See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body ka ka inheritance See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship -l-u; papa (VOC) -l-u; papa (VOC) unknown; doubtful loan See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna pɛpɔ pɛpɔ inheritance See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment tata tata inheritance See Language page
flower flor flor environment pɔtɨ pɔtɨ inheritance See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment atãsĩ atãsĩ See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora ʔa ʔa inheritance See Language page
good bueno bom quality katu; i-wɔtɛ katu; i-wɔtɛ inheritance See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body a a inheritance See Language page
hand mano mão body inheritance See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar ɔ-; ãwĩ ɔ-; ãwĩ inheritance See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body ãkã ãkã inheritance See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality pɔwɨ pɔwɨ inheritance See Language page
how? como como grammar manɨwɔ manɨwɔ inheritance See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar a-; iyɛ a-; ijɛ inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
if si se grammar #NAME? #NAME? See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location pupɛ; pɛ pupɛ; pɛ inheritance See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body ɨkɛ ɨkɛ inheritance See Language page
lake lago lago environment ɨpa ɨpa inheritance See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment kaʔa-lɔ 'plant-flesh' kaʔa-lɔ 'plant-flesh' inheritance See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body ɛyau ɛjau inheritance See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body -l-ɛtɨmã -l-ɛtɨmã inheritance See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment wɛla wɛla inheritance See Language page
liver hígado figado body pɨa pɨa inheritance See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality puku puku inheritance See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna kɨɨ kɨɨ inheritance order Phtiraptera See Language page
man/male hombre homem human kwimaʔɛ kwimaʔɛ inheritance See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna miya; -ɔʔɔ (CL) mija; -ɔʔɔ (CL) unique; inheritance See Language page
moon luna lua environment yaɨ jaɨ inheritance See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship ɨ; mãmã (VOC) ɨ; mãmã (VOC) inheritance; loan Span/Port? See Language page
mouth boca boca body yulu julu inheritance See Language page
name nombre nome human anɨ anɨ inheritance See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality pɨi pɨi inheritance See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body atuakã atuakã See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body alɨpɨ alɨpɨ inheritance See Language page
new nuevo novo quality pɨau pɨau inheritance See Language page
night noche noite time ɨpɨa ɨpɨa inheritance See Language page
no/not no não grammar ãnĩ (G89) ãnĩ (G89) unknown See Language page
nose nariz nariz body inheritance See Language page
old viejo velho quality kalakuwa kalakuwa unique See Language page
one uno um number pɛ̃ʔĩ pɛ̃ʔĩ inheritance See Language page
other otro outro grammar ãmũ (G89) ãmũ (G89) inheritance See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body tɛkɔ-lã ('human being-false') tɛkɔ-lã ('human being-false') unique See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human tɛkɔ; mira tɛkɔ; mira unique; loan from Nheengatu (acc. IDS) See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment amã amã inheritance See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour pilã; pɨtã pilã; pɨtã inheritance See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body ɛʔɛ-katu (Lit. 'genuine-good') ɛʔɛ-katu (Lit. 'genuine-good') inheritance See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture pɛɛ pɛɛ inheritance See Language page
root raíz raiz flora #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality nɛ̃ nɛ̃ inheritance See Language page
sand arena areia environment ɨsĩ ɨsĩ inheritance See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality aimɛ aimɛ inheritance See Language page
short corto curto quality atu atu inheritance See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body asiʔɨ asiʔɨ inheritance See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental ãsĩ ãsĩ unique See Language page
skin piel pele body pilɛ pilɛ inheritance See Language page
sky cielo céu environment ɨwa ɨwa inheritance See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality kiãwĩ; taʔɨ; -miti; -sisi kiãwĩ; taʔɨ; -miti; -sisi unknown; inheritance See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment atãsĩ atãsĩ inheritance See Language page
star estrella estrela environment yaɨ-tata ('moon-fire') jaɨ-tata ('moon-fire') inheritance See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora wɨla wɨla inheritance See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment takulu takulu inheritance See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar missing See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar ɔ-...-kupa; ãwĩ-kũ ɔ-...-kupa; ãwĩ-kũ unknown See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality anã anã inheritance See Language page
thin delgado fino quality salala; sili salala; sili unique See Language page
this este/esta este grammar ã (G89) ã (G89) inheritance See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar ɛlɛ-; ɛnɛ ɛlɛ-; ɛnɛ inheritance See Language page
throat garganta garganta body kuluka; yɨʔɔ kuluka; jɨʔɔ doubtful loan Portuguese/Spanish? See Language page
three tres tres number maapɨ maapɨ inheritance See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment tupã tupã inheritance See Language page
bite morder morder body -suʔu -suʔu inheritance See Language page
blow soplar soprar body #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body -y-pɨtuɛkɨi -j-pɨtuɛkɨi inheritance See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment -ɛnɨ -ɛnɨ inheritance See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body -suʔu -suʔu semantic shift bite See Language page
climb subir subir motion #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
come venir vir motion #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact -yɨ -jɨ inheritance See Language page
count contar contar mental #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact -kɨsi -kɨsi inheritance See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state -manɔ̃; amɨ -manɔ̃; amɨ inheritance See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact -pɨkɔ̃y -pɨkɔ̃j inheritance See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body -ʔu -ʔu inheritance See Language page
eat comer comer body -u; -y-miʔu -u; -j-miʔu inheritance See Language page
fall caer cair motion -ʔa -ʔa inheritance See Language page
fear miedo medo mental -kɨyɛ -kɨyɛ inheritance See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion -pɛy; -sululu -pɛj; -sululu unknown; inheritance? See Language page
fly volar voar motion #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
grow crecer crescer state -yɔ̃ĩ; -wɛ̃ -jɔ̃ĩ; -wɛ̃ unique; inheritance See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental -apɨa -apɨa unknown See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion -palã; -yɛmi -palã; -jɛmi unknown; inheritance See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact -nupã -nupã inheritance See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page
kill matar matar impact #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
laugh reír rir mental nupi nupi unique See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion #NAME? #NAME? doubtful loan Arawak See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body -wɛtɛyĩ -wɛtɛjĩ unknown See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other #NAME? #NAME? inheritance? See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact #NAME? #NAME? See Language page
say decir dizer mental yoi-kĩ joi-kĩ inheritance See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact amokekei (O78) amokekei (O78) unknown See Language page
see ver ver mental #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact -mɔ̃ɛ̃; -mɔtĩ -mɔ̃ɛ̃; -mɔtĩ unknown See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state -apɨ -apɨ inheritance See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body -ɛ̃tɔ̃; -tũ -ɛ̃tɔ̃; -tũ inheritance primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body -yɛnɨmũ; -l-ɛnɨ -jɛnɨmũ; -l-ɛnɨ inheritance See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact -ɔka; -mɔʔi -ɔka; -mɔʔi inheritance See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact -amĩ -amĩ inheritance See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact -mɔ-mu; -pupu -mɔ-mu; -pupu unknown See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state -puʔã -puʔã inheritance See Language page
steal robar roubar other mɔna mɔna inheritance See Language page
suck chupar chupar body #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body lulu lulu inheritance See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion -ɨa -ɨa inheritance See Language page
think pensar pensar mental -yaʔa -yaʔa unique See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact -mɔ-mɔ; -yapiãpi -mɔ-mɔ; -japiãpi inheritance See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact -pãsĩ -pãsĩ unique See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other -yɛwɨ -jɛwɨ unknown may be transitive or intransitive See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body -wɛ̃ʔɛ̃ -wɛ̃ʔɛ̃ inheritance See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body apɛkũ apɛkũ inheritance See Language page
tooth diente dente body -l-ãʔɨ̃ -l-ãʔɨ̃ inheritance See Language page
two dos dois number mɔkɔ̃y mɔkɔ̃j inheritance See Language page
water agua agua environment ɨɨ ɨɨ inheritance See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar ya-; yanɛ ja-; janɛ inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar ɔlɔ-; ɔlɛ ɔlɔ-; ɔlɛ inheritance See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality suʔũ; -mɔ-ɨ suʔũ; -mɔ-ɨ unique; unique See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar mɔmaʔɛ mɔmaʔɛ inheritance See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar manɨwɔ-lɛmɛ̃ manɨwɔ-lɛmɛ̃ inheritance See Language page
where? donde onde grammar mapɛ mapɛ inheritance See Language page
white blanco branco colour sĩ; yu sĩ; ju inheritance; unique See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar awa awa inheritance See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
wind viento vento environment ɨwɨtu ɨwɨtu inheritance See Language page
wing ala asa body pɛpɔ-kã pɛpɔ-kã inheritance See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human waĩwĩ waĩwĩ inheritance? See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour tawa tawa inheritance See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar pɛ-; pɛyɛ pɛ-; pɛjɛ inheritance See Language page
foot pie body inheritance See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar ãmũ; wɔyĩ ãmũ; wɔjĩ inheritance; unknown See Language page
all todo todos other pilu; piluyĩ pilu; pilujĩ unique See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body pɛlɛnã pɛlɛnã inheritance See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body yɨwa-wɨ jɨwa-wɨ inheritance See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body tuluɛwɨy tuluɛwɨj unique See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body piliʔay piliʔaj inheritance See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body mɔ̃ mɔ̃ See Language page
bark corteza casca environment wɨla-pilɛ Lit. 'tree-skin' 04.120. inheritance See Language page
fingernail uña unha body pãpɛ̃ inheritance See Language page
heart corazón coração body tuluãkã unique See Language page
sun sol sol time kwalaɨ inheritance See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment ɨwɨ-tɨ Lit. 'earth-much'. inheritance See Language page
green verde verde quality missing See Language page
hot caliente quente quality aku inheritance See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. anɨla anɨla inheritance See Language page
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna wɨla wɨla inheritance See Language page
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. mɨtũ (G89) mɨtũ (G89) inheritance See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. tukã (G89) tukã (G89) inheritance See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans yakami (G89) jakami (G89) inheritance See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. malay (G89) malaj (G89) loan - WW %mare See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae inãmu, suwi (G89) inãmu, suwi (G89) inheritance See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae wainɨmɨ (G89) wainɨmɨ (G89) inheritance See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae yawasi (G89) jawasi (G89) unknown See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes ulukulɛa ulukulɛa inheritance See Language page Widespread
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. alala (G89) alala (G89) loan into protolg? - WW %arara See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica kulɛ kulɛ loan - WW %kuli See Language page Widespread
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae pɨkau; yɛlusi pɨkau; jɛlusi inheritance See Language page
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae tawatɔ tawatɔ inheritance See Language page
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae uluwu uluwu inheritance See Language page Widespread South America
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family [alapɔnɔ] (Grenand: Carib loan) [alapɔnɔ] (Grenand: Carib loan) loan Carib See Language page
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba wakala (Pilherodius pileatus) (G89), wɨla (Egretta alba) wakala (Pilherodius pileatus) (G89), wɨla (Egretta alba) doubtful loan - WW %wakara See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae pekũ (G89) pekũ (G89) inheritance See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris yawa jawa semantic shift jaguar See Language page Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) tamanuwa (G89) tamanuwa (G89) inheritance See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri tatu (G89) tatu (G89) inheritance See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. aʔɨ (G89) aʔɨ (G89) inheritance See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. yakalɛ (G89) jakalɛ (G89) inheritance See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus pɨlakɛ (G89) pɨlakɛ (G89) inheritance See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna pila pila inheritance See Language page
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. paku (G89) paku (G89) See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae piraĩ (O78) piraĩ (O78) inheritance See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. talɛʔɨ (G89) talɛʔɨ (G89) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. pilateau, pilakupɛãsĩ (G89) pilateau, pilakupɛãsĩ (G89) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. suluwi (G89) suluwi (G89) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura kululu, pilikɔlɔ (G89) kululu, pilikɔlɔ (G89) See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. talawi (G89) talawi (G89) unknown See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata tɛyu tɛju inheritance See Language page
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. yawɛwɨy, [sɛpali], from Wayana (Cariban) jawɛwɨj, [sɛpali], from Wajana (Cariban) inheritance, loan Carib: Wayana See Language page
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura uwa (G89) uwa (G89) inheritance See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes mɔyu (G89) mɔju (G89) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae yuwɔy (G89) juwɔj (G89) inheritance? See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna mɔy mɔj inheritance See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox yalala (G89) jalala (G89) See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria yãwĩ (Geochelene denticulata) jãwĩ (Geochelene denticulata) inheritance See Language page Widespread
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis -- -- missing See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) ulupɛ ulupɛ inheritance See Language page prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba pinɔ (G89) pinɔ (G89) See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. wasɛy (G89) wasɛj (G89) inheritance See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa mɨlɨsi (G89) mɨlɨsi (G89) inheritance See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana missing See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea pasiʔɨ (G89) pasiʔɨ (G89) inheritance See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes pypyi pɨpɨi pupunha Arawak loan - %pipiri Olson 1978:10
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua patawa (G89) patawa (G89) See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca missing See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) mɨnɨyu mɨnɨju inheritance See Language page secondary scrub vegetation plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra missing See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens kɨʔɨ̃y kɨʔɨ̃j inheritance See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea monowi (O78) monowi (O78) See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus nanã (O78) nanã (O78) inheritance - WW See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum wyra (O78) wɨra (O78) See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. pakɔ-ɨ pakɔ-ɨ inheritance? Mello 2000 reconstructs to PTG; Balée 2011 argues for original meaning banana See Language page Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. kumãna kumãna inheritance? - WW %kumana See Language page plant
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) kaʔa; kaʔapiʔi; kwãkwã kaʔa; kaʔapiʔi; kwãkwã inheritance See Language page
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays awasi awasi inheritance See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum pɛtɨ; pɛtɨ-sĩ, makulɛ pɛtɨ; pɛtɨ-sĩ, makulɛ inheritance See Language page plant
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna wɨla wɨla inheritance See Language page
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana uluku (G78) uluku (G78) inheritance See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. ɨnga (G89) ɨnga (G89) inheritance See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana missing See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala ɨwi (G89) ɨwi (G89) See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum akayu (G89) akaju (G89) inheritance See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana yanɨpa (G89) janɨpa (G89) inheritance See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia missing See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta maniʔɔ maniʔɔ inheritance See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta missing See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas yɛtɨ jɛtɨ inheritance See Language page plant
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. kala kala See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. tayɔ, tãsĩ tajɔ, tãsĩ See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) [mulutuku] [mulutuku] See Language page indigenous gardens plant; tree
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. [asikala] ( from Wayana 'asikala') [asikala] ( from Wajana 'asikala') loan Wayana See Language page plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. ɨpɔ ɨpɔ See Language page secondary forest, floodplain vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. ɨmɛku ɨmɛku loan Carib, cf. Taranoan ineku See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi missing See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae taɨ taɨ See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata tukãngɨ (G89) tukãngɨ (G89) inheritance See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. ɨa, sãlãwɛ̃ (G89) ɨa, sãlãwɛ̃ (G89) unknown See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis ɛila-lu ɛila-lu inheritance See Language page
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria alawɛ alawɛ inheritance? - WW %arawe, Mello 2000 *taraBe; cf. Carib (*)masarawa See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae ayãpɨtɛʔa ajãpɨtɛʔa unique See Language page
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera panã panã inheritance See Language page
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora ɛwɔi ɛwɔi inheritance See Language page
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda kũpɛpɛ kũpɛpɛ See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones yawayɨ jawajɨ inheritance See Language page
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea yamaliku (G89) jamaliku (G89) unknown See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera tunɨ tunɨ unknown See Language page
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera mɛlu mɛlu inheritance See Language page
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae kɨyu (G89) kɨju (G89) unknown See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. pɨsu pɨsu unknown See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae saʔinɛkɔnɛkɔ (G89) saʔinɛkɔnɛkɔ (G89) See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. yasiʔɔ̃ jasiʔɔ̃ inheritance See Language page
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera kupiʔĩ (O78) kupiʔĩ (O78) inheritance See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea jateo (O78) jateo (O78) inheritance Mello *jateßuk See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita kaa kaa inheritance See Language page
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda uluwa; minuʔa uluwa; minuʔa inheritance See Language page
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae yanu janu inheritance See Language page
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca yawa (G89) jawa (G89) inheritance cf. Arawak, Tukanoan See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha missing See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] akɨkɨ (O78) akɨkɨ (O78) inheritance See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella kaʔi (G89) kaʔi (G89) inheritance See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons missing See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus kwata kwata unknown - WW %kowata; also in Urubu, Assurini Xingu See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae mɨku mɨku inheritance See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis yawakaka ('jaguar-?'), alalayawa ('macaw-jaguar') jawakaka ('jaguar-?'), alalajawa ('macaw-jaguar') See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis sɔlɔlɔ (G89) sɔlɔlɔ (G89) loan Carib: cf. Wai Wai saroro See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu taitɛtu taitɛtu inheritance See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari tayau-sĩ tajau-sĩ inheritance See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae kwanu (G89) kwanu (G89) inheritance See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua kwasi (Mello2000) kwasi (Mello2000) inheritance See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. akusi (G89) akusi (G89) loan into protolg, direction unknown Carib See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris kapiyuwa (G89) kapijuwa (G89) inheritance See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti akusiway (G89) akusiwaj (G89) See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) paa (G89) paa (G89) inheritance See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus anuya anuja inheritance See Language page
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae kusipulu (G89) kusipulu (G89) inheritance See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris tapiʔi (G89) tapiʔi (G89) inheritance See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus sɔʔɔ sɔʔɔ unique See Language page


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material watula; panakari (O78) watula; panakari (O78) doubtful loan into protolg, direction unknown - WW; doubtful loan into protolg, direction unknown - WW %panaku; %atura See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material -p-ɔʔɨ -p-ɔʔɨ inheritance? See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material yɛapɨpa (lit.'where someone lies down') jɛapɨpa (lit.'where someone lies down') unique See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material ini (new), kea (old) ini (new), kea (old) inheritance, inheritance See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material apɨka apɨka inheritance from 'sit' See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport ɨa (G89) ɨa (G89) inheritance See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture missing Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology [tãpori] [tãpori] loan Portuguese See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology payɛ pajɛ inheritance In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material misɔ misɔ inheritance cf. Quechua piʃana See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology tɨlu tɨlu inheritance See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other pali pali unknown prob. TG, cf. ARN terms for 'fish barrier' may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other yapɛʔa japɛʔa inheritance See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology ãŋɛ ãŋɛ inheritance See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology [nios] [nios] loan Spanish In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology yɛmiʔa (G89) jɛmiʔa (G89) unknown multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology ɛlɛwu (G89) ɛlɛwu (G89) See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material kɨsɛ; [maliya] (Wayana 'malija') kɨsɛ; [malija] (Wayana 'malija') inheritance; loan - WW %marije See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material saa saa unknown %sipara/sapere See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool wɨlapa wɨlapa inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool aši aši unique See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool wɨlapa-ma wɨlapa-ma inheritance arco See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport pɨkwita; pukwita pɨkwita; pukwita inheritance See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material [palapi] (Galibi 'palapi') [palapi] (Galibi 'palapi') loan - WW %parapi, via Carib See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool tuluwa tuluwa loan, direction unknown att. Warekena, Waimiri-Atroari See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material ɨwa ɨwa unique See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool yãpɛ̃ ('that is round') jãpɛ̃ ('that is round') inheritance agriculture? See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology [malaka] [malaka] loan Spanish/Port See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool yɨɨ, ayawa (G89) jɨɨ, ajawa (G89) unknown See Language page
wax cera cera other ɛila-tɨkɛ ('honey-scrap') ɛila-tɨkɛ ('honey-scrap') inheritance See Language page
honey miel mel food ɛi ɛi inheritance only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture kulawa kulawa unique See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material ɔwi ɔwi unknown See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology nai mɨ̃ra ('sky-inside') nai mɨ̃ra ('sky-inside') See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation [lɛkɔ] [lɛkɔ] See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation [kalɛta] [kalɛta] loan Span/Port 'carta' See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology #NAME? #NAME? See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation masakala-l-aʔɨ masakala-l-aʔɨ loan - WW %kara See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology t-ɨwɨ-kwa (Lit. 'earth-hole') t-ɨwɨ-kwa (Lit. 'earth-hole') See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other [paipɔ] [paipɔ] See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation [asikalu] [asikalu] See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material yapãsĩ-tɨlɨ (Lit. 'tie-loosely') japãsĩ-tɨlɨ (Lit. 'tie-loosely') unique See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress [sapatɔ] [sapatɔ] See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation -l-ɔwayã -l-ɔwayã unknown See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation malakaya (also 'margay', Felis wiedii) malakaja (also 'margay', Felis wiedii) semantic shift refers to native cat See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation mɔka mɔka WW %mukawa See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress [sapɔ] [sapɔ] loan Port chapeu See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology -l-uwiyã -l-uwiyã inheritance See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool βino βino See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress kalɛmɛ (G89) kalɛmɛ (G89) See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool [nãirõ] [nãirõ] See Language page
salt sal sal food [sautu]; yukɨ (palm ash salt) [sautu]; jukɨ (palm ash salt) loan; inheritance Dutch, via Creole/Wayana See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology #NAME? #NAME? unknown See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool missing currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool pɔpiya (G89) pɔpija (G89) hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool tapɛkwa tapɛkwa inheritance esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food ɔ-pɨnaitɨ (G89) ɔ-pɨnaitɨ (G89) See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food ɔ-sĩnga (G89) ɔ-sĩnga (G89) inheritance? See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food mɨ̃pɨnã-kĩ mɨ̃pɨnã-kĩ See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food mɔmaʔɛ mɔmaʔɛ semantic shift thing' Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool cui, murutuku (O78) cui, murutuku (O78) inheritance; loan %koto/matoko See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool simari (O78) simari (O78) loan Carib esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool mɔmaʔɛ-l-ɛna ('thing-place') mɔmaʔɛ-l-ɛna ('thing-place') unique See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool ɛnuʔa ɛnuʔa inheritance See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool ɨmɨla ɨmɨla See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture [kasili]; -kaʔu [kasili] ("from Arawak-Locono, through Wayana, 'to drink manioc beer collectively'"); -kaʔu loan; unknown Carib (poss. via Arawak?) prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food [kwakɨ] (loan, from French Creole of French Guiana 'couac') [kwakɨ] (loan, from French Creole of French Guiana 'couac') loan French creole agriculture See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food mɛyu mɛju inheritance usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food tɛpɨʔɔ tɛpɨʔɔ inheritance See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food missing agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food tepisi (O78) tepisi (O78) inheritance word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool mɔmɔʔɛaɨ (G89) mɔmɔʔɛaɨ (G89) unknown hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool urupẽ (O87) urupẽ (O87) inheritance agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool pinapota (O78) pinapota (O78) can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool βoɨ βɨta-ti βoɨ βɨta-ti See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other ɔka ɔka inheritance See Language page