Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

gun

Semantic Field
acculturation
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
arma, escopeta
Meaning Portuguese
espingarda, fusil

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Cahuilla čukinapi-š bow, gun semantic shift uncertain as to meaning here but the hul is the ordinary bow derived, other complex Seiler & Hioki 1979
Cupeño patilya7ash gun unique derived, other complex Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Luiseño patkilash gun unique on pati like Cu derived, other complex Elliott 1999
Gabrielino missing missing
Serrano pārčqt gun unique on pat- like Cu, Lu derived, other complex K. Hill Dict.
Kitanemuk missing missing
Tübatulabal āli-t gun, bow semantic shift *aCta Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 275 other complex K. Hill Tb>Eng
Bankalachi Toloim missing missing
Kawaiisu 7edy-(ci) bow, rifle semantic shift *aCta Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 275 other complex Zigmond et al. 1990
Chemehuevi 7atsY Y is voiceless schwa bow (gun, bow in Press 1979) semantic shift *aCta Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 275 simplex Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Southern Paiute tympWijU iron-arrow, gun unknown same in S. Ute compound Sapir
Southern Ute tYpwiyu gun, rifle unknown same in S. Paiute simplex Givon
Tümpisa Shoshone etyn, aityn gun, bow semantic shift *aCta Uto-Aztecan simplex Dayley 1989
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone aiti, aitikko bow and arrow, gun semantic shift *aCta Uto-Aztecan simplex Crapo 1976
Comanche tawo7i7 gun (any type), pistol, rifle unique simplex R
Western Mono Edy bow, gun, weapon semantic shift *aCta Uto-Aztecan simplex Loether & Bethel 1993
Northern Paiute nabonngosa rifle semantic shift and I'll bet adu (without pongosa 'arrow') compound pongosa 'arrow' Yerington 1987
Southern Sierra Miwok kupe:ta- gun loan Spanish WW %escopeta simplex Broadbent 1964
Central Sierra Miwok missing missing
Northern Sierra Miwok kope:Ta- gun, air rifle loan Spanish simplex Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok kope:ta- gun (shotgun or rifle) loan Spanish WW %escopeta simplex Callaghan 1984
Lake Miwok kóono bow, gun semantic shift *kó:no Proto-Miwok Callaghan 1970:40 simplex Callaghan 1965
Maidu missing missing
Nisenan kope:ta gun loan Spanish WW %escopeta simplex Uldall & Shipley 1966
Yokuts Yawelmani missing missing
Yokuts Yawdanchi missing missing
Yokuts Palewyami missing missing
Washo ba7lóhat, balóhot bow,gun semantic shift derived bE- Washo Project Dictionary
Wintu k'ulu:l bow, gun, rifle, pistol semantic shift derivied Schlichter 1981
Yuki lu7waT (Elmendorf form) bow. Gun semantic shift *li7wëht Proto-North Yukian derived Schlichter 1985
Wappo lúk'a bow, gun (in Sawyer) semantic shift somewhat resemblant to Yuki forms, but only in CV simplex Sawyer 1965
Mutsun missing missing
Esselen missing missing
Salinan A utconek nokek gun loan Pinart phrase Heizer 1952
Salinan M missing missing
Chumash Obispeno missing missing
Chumash Ineseno missing missing
Chumash Barbareno 7ax bow, gun semantic shift *aqa Proto-Central Chumash simplex Klar 1977
Chumash Ventureno missing missing
Iipay 'Aa 7epal arrow, gun semantic shift Proto-Yuman JHH simplex Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Cocopa 7i:cim gun, rifle, bow semantic shift Proto-Yuman simplex Crawford 1989
Mojave 7utis bow, gun semantic shift simplex Murno et al. 1992
Yavapai kqWáθ, qqWâth rifle unknown perhaps from cracking sound, see second form on p. 410 derived Shaterian 1983
Kiliwa h+tim rifle, bow semantic shift Proto-Yuman JHH derived Mixco 1985
Seri (Comcaac) eenm haacni firearm, gun, rifle (lit. metal bow) semantic shift phrase Moser & Marlett 2005
Kakua tɨa-naʔ tɨa-naʔ calque from 'fire' tɨa comes from tɨ 'fire.wood' Simplex gun-cl.stick/tree.like See Language page
Nheengatu muka (C11) muka (C11) WW %mukawa Simplex See Language page
Waorani tẽjabõ (IDS) unique See Language page
Hodï ʰwãlã unique Simplex See Language page
Yanomami kopeta (little used terms: amarõkõma, arakusa, hiihi, hõmomamɨ, mokawa, tãhimi hi, yoroa) kopeta (little used terms: amarõkõma, arakusa, hiihi, hõmomamɨ, mokawa, tãhimi hi, yoroa) loan; loan - WW Spanish escopeta; %mukawa; arcabuz (via Carib) Compare Makiritare kapuuctʃa; Alternates: amarõkõma, arakusa, hiihi, hõmomamɨ, mokawa, tãhimi hi, yoroa (little used terms) Simplex See Language page
Yanomam kopeta missing Spanish Simplex See Language page
Ninam ẽspikata ẽspikata loan Spanish escopeta Has undergone metathesis. Simplex See Language page
Kotiria wamoa wamoa unique See Language page
Cubeo õpojiñʉ õpohiñʉ unique Derived thunder + Classifier -ɲɨ See Language page
Tukano peka-wɨ peka-wɨ calque from 'fire' from wood/fire; possible calque - common complex form among Vaupes languages See Language page
Desano peagʉ peagʉ calque from 'fire' from wood/fire; possible calque - common complex form among Vaupes languages Derived wood/fire-? See Language page
Maihiki jasu ja, yadi jasu ja xasu xã, jadi xãsu xã unknown Simplex See Language page
Hup teghɔ̃=teg teghɔ̃=teg calque from 'fire' Derived fire (wood-burn)=CL:stick See Language page
Dâw xaàw’ xâw’ loan - WW %mokawa Simplex See Language page
Sikuani yamaxüto jamaxɨto semantic shift from 'lightning/thunder' See Language page
Macaguan brúja doubtful loan Spanish 'witch'? Simplex See Language page
Pemon rakte-pueti, juarima, dochima, ivereima (A1981); iiteemung (E1980) rakte-pueti, juarima, dochima, ivereima (A1981); itemuŋ (E1981) unique Alternate: rakte-pueti, juarima, dochima, ivereima (rifle) See Language page
Akawaio aragabusa aragabusa loan Spanish 'arcabuz' Spanish source; attested Akawaio, Eñepa, Macushi See Language page
Makushi arakkapusaʔ arakkapusaʔ loan Spanish 'escopeta' Attested Akawaio, Eñepa, Macushi See Language page
Eñepa ko-'kon (percussion gun), kapucha (firearm) (MM); kapuuča (IDS) kɔ-'kɔn (percussion gun), kapuça (firearm) (MM); kapuuctʃa (IDS) firearm unique; loan Spanish 'escopeta' Attested Akawaio, Eñepa, Macushi See Language page
Yukuna hijá hijá shotgun unique Local Similar term 'fire-stick' found in many of the regions languages Simplex See Language page
Tariana sĩ́pi sĩ́pi shotgun unique Portuguese Simplex See Language page
Wapishana mukʰau mukʰau loan - WW %mokawa Simplex See Language page
Baniwa mókawa mókawa shotgun loan - WW %mokawa See Language page
Resígaro ókóniigi-hú ókóniigi-hú calque from 'fire' Languages in region tend to have 'fire-stick' for 'gun' Derived ókóniigi = “fire, candle” -hú= “long and flat, horizontal” classifier See Language page
Warrwa -(a)n(a) missing
Gupapuyngu dyilityilikaŋ doubtful loan
Jawi jilamon loan Kriol
Yawuru jileman loan Kriol
Nimanburru jileman loan Kriol
Nyulnyul jirlaman loan Kriol WW %jinal
Dhangu ma:rriyaŋ loan Makassar
Gumatj ma:rryaŋ loan Makassar
Dhuwal ma:rryaŋ loan Makassar
Djinang marriyaŋ loan Makassar
Burarra marriyaŋ loan
Yan-nhangu marryaŋ loan Makassar
Dhay’yi marryaŋ loan Makassar
Rembarrnga purp:a semantic shift
Yulparija tarlparlmarta unknown
Mangala tulkurru loan with semantic shift ‘heavy’ in Gurindji?
Nyangumarta tyilaman loan Kriol WW %tyilaman
Ngarluma tyilaman loan Kriol WW %tyilaman
Karajarri tyilaman loan Kriol WW %tyilaman
Bardi tyileman loan Kriol WW %tyilaman
Nyikina tyilimana, turlkurru loan Kriol WW %tyilaman
Gurindji turlkkatyi inheritance bang + SUFF complex
Gooniyandi karanyi loan cf. Bun karanya earth-oven?
Djapu ma:rryaŋ loan Makassar
Jingulu makirti loan English WW %makiti musket, via other lgs
Wardaman wungarru unknown rifle
Achagua éenu 'lightning bolt; gun' éenu 'lightning bolt; gun' semantic shift thunder/lightning' See Language page
Piapoco énu 'thunder, gun' énu 'thunder, gun' See Language page
Yavitero mu'kawa mu'kawa See Language page
Wayuu aapɨľa; katkousu; čir̃ɨ The second form is a large weapon, perhaps from Span. 'arcabuz'; the latter is a cannon, perhaps from Span. 'tiro'. See Language page
Paresi korenase (kóre = arrow) korenatse (kóre = arrow) unique from 'arrow' See Language page
Waurá u'ku u'ku doubtful loan - WW %mokawa See Language page
Cha'palaa 'i'lʸapan See Language page
Bora añúju (añu 'shoot'), hójtsɨ́vapáájɨ (hojtsɨva 'spear', hojtsɨɨ́ 'hand') añɯxɯ unique See Language page
Muinane áñɨ́jɨ (from 'shoot') (W97) áñɨ́jɨ See Language page
Apalai arakapusa arakapusa loan Spanish 'arcabuz' See Language page
Wayana alakapuha alakapuha loan Spanish 'arcabuz' See Language page
Carijona koheto (from Span escopeta; M2000) loan Spanish 'escopeta' See Language page
Makiritare waitʃa waitʃa unique See Language page
Wai Wai uhre 'weapon' uhre 'weapon' semantic shift from 'weapon' See Language page
Yukpa chupeta ʃupeta See Language page
Northern Emberá põũ'ã (IDS) põũ'ã (IDS) See Language page
Epena 'pʰawã 'Blowgun' is 'ugu. See Language page
Cofán potaé'ngo (from 'shoot, scatter') potaéʔngo (from 'shoot, scatter') phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra kirapa, kirápari kirapa, kirápari unique See Language page
Taushiro ane'ta anɨʔta (also blowgun) See Language page
Páez [skupeta] [skupeta] See Language page
Tikuna mukáua (Alv44) mukáwa loan - WW %mokawa See Language page
Urarina itɕafwa itʃafwa unique See Language page
Andoke dúidi dúidi unique See Language page
Puinave tãt tãt unique See Language page
Ashuar akã́rũ (cf. verb 'take apart, take into pieces'?) akã́rũ See Language page
Huambisa akaru, iskupit akaru, iskupit See Language page
Aguaruna aka'hu aka'hu unknown See Language page
Matses bada, chompian, shaui bada, tʃompian, ʃaui unknown See Language page
Kakataibo ʔirapa Also ii tɨn'tũɲu. See Language page
Katukina [ripi] From Port. 'rifle'. See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo [ama]; eruu; uu See Language page
Yaminahua tʰura kʰara See Language page
Chácobo tooti tooti doubtful loan cf. Suya tute, Sanapana tooati See Language page
Yagua dunu dunu unknown See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua illapa, ritrucarga (Sp.) iʎapa, ritrucarga (Sp.) See Language page
Ingá karabina karabina See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua illapa iʎapa See Language page
Piaroa ur'we'ah urɁweɁah unknown See Language page
Sáliva puhduhba puʔduʔba unknown See Language page
Carapana peeruca peeruka See Language page
Makuna jeaga xeaga calque from 'fire' See Language page
Tanimuca pe'ka pe'ka calque from 'fire' See Language page
Tuyuka pecawʉ pekawʉ See Language page
Koreguaje jaovʉ xaovʉ unknown See Language page
Siona toawɨ toawɨ calque? from 'fire' See Language page
Karitiana opogmypãn ('flecha de brasileiro') opogmɨpãn ('flecha de brasileiro') unique See Language page
Kokama puna puna semantic shift from 'blowgun' See Language page
Wayampi mɔka mɔka WW %mukawa See Language page
Aché proro unknown See Language page
Chiriguano ᵐboka WW %mukawa See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní ᵐboka See Language page
Sirionó [ama]; eruu; uu (P85) [ama]; eruu; uu loan; unknown See Language page
Ocaina caráávina; dsahííhcona karááβina; dsaʔííʔkona loan; unknown Spanish carabina See Language page
Murui Witoto cobeta (Sp.) kobeta (Sp.) (B83) loan Spanish escopeta See Language page
Sanumá atakusa atakusa loan Span arcabuz, via Carib See Language page
Iquito rimúsiija (from vb. 'shoot') rimúsiija (from vb. 'shoot') unique See Language page
Záparo imakanaha imakanaha See Language page
Araona bala; pisa-pisa See Language page
Ese Ejja ekowixi unknown See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e-kekwa-xi; e-ko-wixi (Girard 1971) poti-kwe ba-kwe tekwa-kwe tekwa-kwe axo-ta-kwe akwi tsaa e-kekwa-xi; e-ko-wixi (Girard 1971) poti-kwe ba-kwe tekwa-kwe tekwa-kwe axo-ta-kwe akwi tsaa See Language page
Cavineña huecrime (C&L89) wekrime unknown See Language page
Central Aymara illapa (P04) illapa (P04) See Language page
Cayuvava raβɨkɨ Refers to a tool or instrument, such as weapon, syringe, rifle. See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané -- See Language page
Movima eskopeta eskopeta See Language page
Kaingang no puŋ; no tɛy (IDS) no puŋ; no tɛy See Language page
Suyá tute tute See Language page
Djeoromitxi tewä (weapon, gun) tewǝ (weapon, gun) See Language page
Mocoví l-oʔgoʁon-ḳate Lit. '3p possessor-use as weapon-instrument (fem)'. Cf. 20.210. See Language page
Pilagá anmoama [loan Mascoyan?] See Language page
Lengua enmaŋa See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité yenmoŋaam See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet tooati See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay -le'c̷e-h See Language page
Maca #NAME? See Language page
Nivaclé taʔwitɔy See Language page
Ayoreo po'kaa A 'pistol' is po'kaa kata'de 12.590; 'rifle' is po'kaa; po'kaa garahaa-'dieʔ 02.458; 'shot-gun' is po'kaa ke'ruu-a 12.550. See Language page
Mapudungun ṭ͡ʀalka Same form in Ranquel. See Language page
Qawasqar c̷aleḳa SpC records selekɬe for Central QWS. SpS records senekye for South QWS. All the forms means 'gun'. Cf. 'sling' 20.230. Bo records takal-kwa, 'cannon' for Central QWS, cf. 'thunder' 01.560, footnote. See Language page
Lokono arakabosa aɾakabosa gun Pet 1987:359
Kariña rapa rapa gun Yamada 2010:799