Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

wife

Semantic Field
kinship
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
esposa
Meaning Portuguese
esposa

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim mo-ke'-nim “your wife”, so'-ye “wife” 171 inheritance Jane Hill
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kwyhy (kwyhi), kwyy inheritance Jane Hill
Cahuilla kinang-ily unique S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok 7o/sh:a- inheritance Jane Hill
Chemehuevi piw(a)/ inheritance Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno 7uniw'i unknown Ono 1996:103 Jane Hill
Chumash Cruzeno alwitanin unknown JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno tal-hik' "be married, have wife"; s-tal'ik “his wife” A 76:281 unknown A 277 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno suju loan JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno shatiwyw “spouse” unknown Harrington 1974:3 Jane Hill
Cocopa wa\sway unknown Jane Hill
Comanche kwyhy7 inheritance Jane Hill
Cupeño -nawik'a [nəˈwikɁə] loan Jane Hill
Esselen -hawi unknown Shaul 1995:221 Jane Hill
Gabrielino -7a$o:ng inheritance Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa paasiny [paˑˈsiɲ] inheritance Jane Hill
Kawaiisu pihwa= inheritance Jane Hill
Kiliwa ch7wa7 unknown Jane Hill
Kitanemuk nymihung unique Jane Hill
Lake Miwok ku/lle inheritance Jane Hill
Luiseño - Sunga:-ki inheritance Jane Hill
Maidu kyle/ inheritance Jane Hill
Mojave nyaha'aak inheritance Jane Hill
Mutsun -hawnan loan O77:163 Jane Hill
Nisenan kyle inheritance Jane Hill
Northern Paiute /notykwa loan Thornes 03:41 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok 7os:a- inheritance Jane Hill
Plains Miwok k2:t unknown Jane Hill
Salinan A se (A), unknown Jane Hill
Salinan M seN unknown Mason 1918: 134 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) aal “spouse” (husband or wife) unknown Jane Hill
Serrano -tyjy-7 inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Paiute pingwa-S inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok 7oh:a- inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Ute piwa- inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal shooji-n inheritance Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone pynnahapi(ttsi) unknown Jane Hill
Wappo -misi inheritance Jane Hill
Washo dimla/:ya7 unknown J86 Jane Hill
Western Mono nody/kwA loan Jane Hill
Wintu p'oqta inheritance Jane Hill
Yavapai lwa^ unknown Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami haht-nE/-kin “my wife” see “woman” unique CHM Berman 2002 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi yiwin “wife” unknown K07:240 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne mokiy' N 1964 inheritance N1964 Jane Hill
Yuki musp inheritance S&S 1984 Jane Hill
Baniwa -íino -íino inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona hətə (SM) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo márepaco, yóvaimo márɛpako, jóvaimo inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw ʔã̂m inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano marapʉ marapɯ inheritance See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa pɨk pɨk unknown See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï aun unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani nãnogæ̃ unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup tæ̃h-ʔín ~tæh-~ʔíd unique See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua hěʔbu [spouse]; hěʔbu-wili [spouse-cl.fem] ʔâ unknown See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi noopi noopi inheritance N Amaz subgroup See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu imiriku imiriku inheritance See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam thIw@, tI Ipo, tI Ip (gom) tʰɯwə, tɯ ɯpo, tɯ ɯp (gom) inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak tãʔ4bɨʔ4 unknown See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki nɨjo ago nɨxõ ago inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon nopue, weri (weri also means woman and female) (A1981);nopɨ (E1980); ino'pü (M2000) nopue, wer (A1981)i; nɔpɨ (E1980) inheritance N Amaz subgroup See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Resígaro -íní, iínó, máujˇé (wife of husband) -íní, iínó, máudʒé (wife of husband) inheritance; unique See Language page Ana Paula B.
Sanumá -hɨsopɨ (EM72) - hɨsopɨ unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani pɨ́ha-wa: inheritance See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tukano nɨmó nɨmó inheritance E Tuk, at least Branch 2 See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria nãmõ (o hi) (stenz) nãmõ (o hi) (stenz) inheritance E Tuk, at least Branch 2 See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam thɨwə- (EM72) tʰɨwə- inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami suwëbɨyë suwəbɨjə inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna yajáloji jahálohi unique See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Arabana nupa inheritance Claire Bowern
Bardi malarr malarr inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba manggay unknown Claire Bowern
Burarra menggapa unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu galay inheritance Claire Bowern
Dhuwal galay inheritance Claire Bowern
Dhuwala galay inheritance Claire Bowern
Diyari nhuwa inheritance Claire Bowern
DiyariREU noa inheritance Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu galay inheritance Claire Bowern
Djapu galay inheritance Claire Bowern
Djinang nyanimigi unknown Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng mageny unique Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi garingi Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu galay inheritance Claire Bowern
Gurindji janka inheritance Claire Bowern
Jabirr-Jabirr marlarr XXngl wife, wife's sister marlarr XXngl wife, wife's sisder inheritance Claire Bowern
Jaru gandamirri inheritance Claire Bowern
Jawi mullar mullarr inheritance Claire Bowern
Karajarri nyupa inheritance Claire Bowern
Kija ngulnga loan NGY Claire Bowern
Malyangapa kumpaka inheritance Claire Bowern
Mangala wangu unknown Claire Bowern
Miriwung ngulngany loan NGY Claire Bowern
Mithaka niwa inheritance Claire Bowern
Mudburra mungkaja Claire Bowern
Mudburra mungkaja inheritance? Claire Bowern
Ngamini nhiwa inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngandi gardak unique Claire Bowern
Ngarluma ngurranyu unique Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl jeemarree jimarri inheritance Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi nhipa inheritance Claire Bowern
Nimanburru malarr malarr inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla marlarr loan Nyulnyulan Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta nyurni managulu unknown Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta nyurni managulu Claire Bowern
Nyikina wango wango inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul malirr malirr inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi gumbaga Claire Bowern
Pirriya nhupanya inheritance Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu galay inheritance Claire Bowern
Unggumi mangga, maganyerrinya mangga, maganyerrinya loan direction unknown Claire Bowern
Walmajarri marnin inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru nhupu inheritance Claire Bowern
Warrwa waangu waangu inheritance Claire Bowern
Worrorra mangganya (C) mangganya (C) loan direction unknown Claire Bowern
Wubuy gurlgu unique Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu gali inheritance Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha nhipa inheritance Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi nhiwa inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka nipa inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawuru jando XXngl = woman jandu inheritance Claire Bowern
Achagua -ínuu -ínuu inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco -ínu, acawéetúa -ínu, akawé:túa See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari íinu íinu See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero hiľ̥u hiľ̥u See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Wapishana -ˀdaiaru -ˀdajaru unique See Language page Ana Paula B.
Mandawaka V́ju V́ju See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu nu-ʔwayuu-se (~ nɨ-ʔwayuu-se) See Language page PLE Also nier̃ɨn (~ nɨ-er̃ɨin).
Yine hanɨnro ~ hnɨnro See Language page PLE
Paresi nezanityo neðanitju inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano 'yena-re; -yena See Language page PLE
Trinitario #NAME? See Language page PLE
Baure ne-'yon ne-'yon inheritance See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Cha'palaa yaʔ šinbu ~ yaʔ šimbu See Language page PLE Lit. 'his woman'.
Bora tʰaápa, mekʷa, áthyáápaá tʰaápa, mɛkʷa, áthjáápaá inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane táaba, áttʸáaba táaba, áttjáaba See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio nopɨ nɔpɨ inheritance Pemongan; probably Proto-Carib See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Apalai pyty pɨtɨ inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana pït pɨt inheritance See Language page PLE
Tiriyó pï(tï) pɨ(tɨ) inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Mapoyo eriri (?) (sepansapë ?) eriri (?) (sepansapɛ ?) See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai yi-Φi-či yi-Φi-či inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Waimiri Atroari pyty pɨtɨ See Language page Melody Ann Ross, PLE
Yukpa enespa, epairo, ícharse dʒi'tawno See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Muisca gui γi See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí a-byoo-bai See Language page PLE Colombia: biorə.
Northern Emberá kopéro kopéro See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena či 'wẽra See Language page PLE Lit. '(referential) his woman'.
Guayabero píh-ow inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan -bárkui -báɾkui unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cuiva pío-wa, pi-séuri esposa, wife Huber & Reed 1992:43 Rebecca Khorram
Cofán cocama pushe (of a white person), chan (mother), pushe kokama pɯʃɛ, tʃan, pɯʃɛ See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra izalli iʂantʃi unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro ño´onva ɲoʔonwa See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez neyó neyo See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna naxma naʔmaʔ unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina komasai komasai unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Camsa ʃéma ʃéma See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé iãĩ ǫãĩchiá See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Tinigua nɨko See Language page Zach Burnett
Puinave u u unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Warao ma tiɾa (my woman? Ma=pos maɾkeɾ, tiɾa =woman) ma tira (my woman? Ma=pos marker, tira =woman) See Language page John Blaha
Ashuar nuwári (his wife) nuwári See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa nuwe nuwɨ See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna núwe núwɨ inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect ʔɨ̃ːm, ʔʌ̃m inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect ʔɨ̃ːm See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses chido tʃiɾó unknown See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo ṣ̌a'βiõkɨ See Language page PLE *Panoan form is *ʔawini.
Katukina aĩ See Language page PLE
Pacahuara ʔa'wini See Language page PLE
Shipibo-Konibo awĩ See Language page PLE
Yaminahua ãβi See Language page PLE
Chácobo awi-ni awi-ni inheritance/Tacanan See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua rimityoda rimitjonda unique; unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua warmi waɾmi See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá warmi warmi See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua huarmi waɾmi See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano warmi warmi See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa ihthɨ'muɨh tahúh ihthɨɁmuɨh tahúh unknown See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva jixuhgui ĩxoho, ẽxãxu hixuʔgʷi ĩxoʔo, ẽxãxu unknown See Language page Becky Walker
Bará dɨ̃'bõ See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano bãdãh-o bãdãh-o See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana manapʉ̃; -dɨ̃bõ (Huber & Reed) mãnãpɨ̃, -dɨ̃bõ (Huber & Reed) See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna manojo manoxo inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti dɨ̃́bõ dɨ̃́bõ See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana dã'bõ-dõ dã'bõ-dõ See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano marã́pó maɾã́pó See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca ki 'rũbũ ki 'rũbũ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo dɨ̃'bṍ dɨ̃'bṍ See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka dɨ̃'bõ dɨ̃'bõ See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja nɨ̃́mṍ nɨ̃́mṍ See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje rʉjo rʉxo inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona ënjo ɨnho inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya nëjo nɨhɔ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana sooj sooj unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama miricua miɾikua inheritance See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché breko inheritance See Language page PLE
Chiriguano (če-)r-eᵐbi-reko; h-eᵐbi-reko inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní t-eᵐbireko See Language page PLE
Sirionó enĩnĩsi; kuɲa; ememi enĩnĩsi; kuɲa; ememi inheritance? See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá emireko emireko inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina munhton mɯ̃ʔtõ unique See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto á.ï á.ɯ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto á.ï á.ɯ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto a.ï a.ɯ inheritance/Witotoan See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito majáana; huiíja (vocative) maháana; wiíha (vocative) unique See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo irichanaw iɾiʧanaw See Language page Becky Walker
Wari mana mana See Language page PLE Lit. 'my hole'.
Araona wane; mama See Language page PLE Also boilimi. *Tacn form is *e-wane.
Ese Ejja e-wanase; činani inheritance/Panoan See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e-wana-se e-wana-se See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana e-wane See Language page PLE
Cavineña e-wane-ke e-wane-ke inheritance/Panoan See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara warmi warmi See Language page PLE
Cayuvava torene; ɲea-'tɔ̃rene; te See Language page PLE Plural form is meɲetima-tɔ̃rene.
Itonama ah-mapɨʔka See Language page PLE
Kwazá etay etay See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané he'yeye; 'pheɲ See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE The latter also means 'woman' 02.220.
Movima al-wah al-wah See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai (ha)-deʔtsi (ha)-deʔtsi unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang kofa-fi, prũ-fi -prũ; prũ-Φi; koΦa-Φi See Language page PLE
Canela haaraa See Language page PLE *Jê form is *za-ra. Related meanings are 'feather' 04.393 and 'hair' 04.140 (coverings).
Suyá yó jó See Language page Rebekah Evans
Djeoromitxi täro tǝro See Language page PLE
Chipaya tʰun See Language page PLE Uru-J form is tʰun.
Mocoví l-owa See Language page PLE Means 'spouse'.
Pilagá l-owa See Language page PLE
Toba l-wa See Language page PLE
Lengua #NAME? See Language page PLE Means 'spouse'; see 'husband' 02.310.
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité ap-tawa See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet entaawaʔ; nenɬaaɬma See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay -če-'hʷaʔ See Language page PLE Means 'spouse'.
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -kilfʷaʔ ~ -c̷ilfʷaʔ ~ -ilfʷaʔ See Language page PLE
Maca -iwheyeʔ ~ -ewheyeʔ See Language page PLE Means 'spouse'.
Nivaclé -čˀakfa wife https://ids.clld.org/ PLE Refers to a spouse with children. A childless spouse is -xaya.
Ayoreo ako'te See Language page PLE
Mapudungun kure; θomo See Language page PLE Ranquel forms are kure; ðomo-če.
Qawasqar aftsoḳ See Language page PLE Sk, Bo record kyawya for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record walok for South QWS, cf. 'female' 02.240.
Selknam naʔ See Language page PLE
Tehuelche 'šē See Language page PLE Means 'spouse'.
Lokono eretho eɾetʰo wife Pet 1987:377 Camille Unger
Kariña pyty pɨtɨ wife Yamada 2010:798 Camille Unger