Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

tree

Semantic Field
flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
árbol
Meaning Portuguese
arvore

Languages

Language Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim (NA) we'-chet tree loan Yokuts Yawdanchi we-che'-taht; Palewyami we-che'-taht same underived C. H. Merriam 72-79, 60-475 0 0 2 0 0 no
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone (NA) huu”-pin A tree, stick wood, club inheritance *huCV Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 63 (2008:47) often “arrow” broader (includes wood and wood products) other complex has -pi ABS Crapo 1976:194 0 0 2 0 0 no
Cahuilla (NA) kélawat ˈkelawat wood; woods: tree inheritance *kutawɨ/kɨtawɨ Takic S2346a (Stubbs 2009:315) Note -- Hopi is NOT part of set! broader (also means firewood, woods (bosque)) derived kelaw “to gather wood” -at nominalizing suffix -m-exan-7a "inanimate";-kelaw7a "wood thing" -m-exan-7a (inanimate classifier) for tree; possessed "wood" is -kelaw7a Seiler&Hioki 1979:75 no info 0 0 depends on which tree 1 depends gathered (wild) All depends 0 0 Global Diverse habitats no
Central Sierra Miwok (NA) lah-mah a tree inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Miss other complex -ma Merriam 57:475 0 0 2 0 0 no
Chemehuevi (NA) mah-hahv' maháv(I) Press A tree inheritance *maha Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 1614 needs to be corrected (2008:234) same other complex has -pɨ ABS; shows nicely the “individuating” function Merriam 59:547 0 0 2 0 0 no
Chumash Barbareno (NA) pon' tree inheritance *pono' Proto-Chumash Klar 1977:116 underived Beeler 1978:182 0 0 2 0 0 no
Chumash Ineseno (NA) pon' (Klar) a tree, dead tree or log, stick (Merriam's def) inheritance *pono' Proto-Chumash Klar 1977:115-16 underived Merriam 55:31 0 0 2 0 0 no
Chumash Obispeno (NA) pono' wood, tree, stick inheritance *pono' Proto-Chumash Klar 1977:115-16 underived Klar 1977:115 0 0 2 0 0 no
Chumash Ventureno (NA) pon' tree inheritance *pono' Proto-Chumash Klar 1977:116 underived Mamet 2008:46; Beeler 1978:182 0 0 2 0 0 no
Cocopa (NA) ɂayá· tree, willow semantic shift Proto-Yuman Only case I know where “willow” is prototypical tree same underived 0 0 2 0 0 no
Comanche (NA) huupi tree (general) inheritance *huCV Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 63 (2008:47) same other complex has -pi ABS Robinson & Armagost 1990:165 0 0 2 0 0 no
Cupeño (NA) avaxat ʔaˈvaxat cottonwood tree, tree inheritance *ava:xa-t Californian S544 (Stubbs 2009:111), possibly Yaqui avaso??? narrower (really used only for leafy green trees, and clearly centered on prototype of cottonwood) other complex ʔaˈvaxa-t cottonwood-npn (root may be derived) Hill & Nolasquez 1973:151 no info 0 0 see “cottonwood” no info no info no info no info 0 0 global diverse habitats no
Esselen (NA) missing missing missing 0 0 2 0 0 no
Gabrielino (NA) kuta kuˈta tree, palo inheritance *kut(ta) Uto-Aztecan S2345 (Stubbs 2009:315) broader (includes tree, wood other complex kuˈ-ta tree-npn Harrington 463 no info 0 kutumut, central pole, derived from this word; “Any [kuta] can be designated th Tcangitcngic as one of his messengers for producing death” Harrington 1978:133) 0 no info N/A N/A N/A 0 0 items manufactured of wood are traded, like wands Americas diverse habitats, depending on species no
Iipay 'Aa (NA) ɂily tree inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Yavapai ɂɂí· same underived Couro & Hutcheson 1973 0 0 2 0 0 no
Kawaiisu (NA) missing missing missing 0 0 2 0 0 no
Kiliwa (NA) sal=haq=?+tay tree unique same phrase sal=haq=?+tay hand=bone=dummy.nominal.element+big; sal=haq=tay is “branch” (literally “big arm (hand=bone)), so adding ? turns this into “tree” (thing with branches?) Mixco 1985 0 0 2 0 0 no
Kitanemuk (NA) kučat ʹkuʧrat stick, pole, firewood; (tree); inheritance *kut(ta) Uto-Aztecan S2345 (Stubbs 2009:315) broader (includes wood, tree, stick, etc.) other complex ʹkuʧra-t tree-npn -niw possessive classifier for things Anderton 1988:364 no info 0 0 no info N/A N/A N/A 0 0 N/A N/A no
Lake Miwok (NA) 7álwa, 7ála, -ala tree (et) inheritance *7alkwesh Utian Callaghan 1971; Callaghan 1986:62 underived Callaghan 1965 0 0 2 0 0 no
Luiseño (NA) kuláawut kuˈla:wut generic term for any kind of tree; wood,piece of wood, stick, log inheritance *kutawɨ/kɨtawɨ Takic S2346a (Stubbs 2009:315) Note -- Hopi is NOT part of set! broader (includes wood, sticks, logs) other complex kuˈla:wu-t wood-non.possessed.noun (-wu-t is NOT the augmentative; etymologically this is kutaC-wɨC-ta wood-gather-nominalizer Elliott 1999:408 no info 0 couplet: kuuyat, kulaawut. “Any kulaawut... can be designated th Tcangitcngic as one of his messengers for producing death” Harrington 1978:133) 0 no info gathered (wild) all depends on species 0 0 Americas diverse habitats depending on species no
Maidu (NA) c'á tree inheritance *c'ah Maiduan Ultan 1964:362 # 23 underived Shipley 1963 0 0 2 0 0 no
Mojave (NA) missing missing Maricopa h'aa missing 0 0 2 0 0 no
Mutsun (NA) tappur wood, tree unique underived Okrand 1977;152 0 0 2 0 0 no
Nisenan (NA) c'a: tree, wood, stick inheritance *c'ah Maiduan Ultan 1964:362 #23 underived Uldall & Shipley 1966 0 0 2 0 0 no
Northern Paiute (NA) e-wi'-yu sing-av'-ve ewa'yoo A tree unique same as “cottonwood”, which is pretty standard same phrase e-wi'-yu sing-av'-ve = ewa'yoo sunngabe many cottonwood??? Merriam 61:159 0 0 2 0 0 no
Northern Sierra Miwok (NA) le:ka- tree, young tree unique underived Callaghan 1987 0 0 2 0 0 no
Plains Miwok (NA) 7ala:wah, 7ala:was tree inheritance *7alkwesh Utian Callaghan 1986:62 underived Callaghan 1984 0 0 2 0 0 no
Salinan A (NA) hat' tree unique Salinan A only same as Valley Oak not in M underived Heizer/Pinart I:78 0 0 2 0 0 no
Salinan M (NA) te-kah'-tit, te-kaht-nil a tree unique Salinan M only IN Salinan A only as “Valley Oak” underived Merriam 55:397 0 0 2 0 0 no
Seri (Comcaac) (NA) hehe tree, plant, bush unique broader (any plant?) underived Comcaac Dictionary 371 0 0 2 0 0 no
Serrano (NA) wama-t tree(s), woods unique same as “cottonwood”, but this doesn't mean “tree” in Kitanemuk other complex -t NPN KCHill ms 2001:62 0 0 2 0 0 no
Southern Paiute (NA) mah-ahv a tree, brush, chaparral inheritance *maha Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 1614 (2008:234); this is new S. Paiute in that set broader (probably encompasses “brush”) other complex has -pɨ ABS Merriam's Ki-vav-vit 61:381 0 0 2 0 0 no
Southern Sierra Miwok (NA) la:ma- tree inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Mics underived Broadbent 1964: 0 0 2 0 0 no
Southern Ute (NA) sųų-vų-pŲ cottonwood, “the name may also be used as generic for 'tree' “ (Givon 1979:180) unique see “cottonwood” narrower (does not include conifers, in my experience) other complex has -pɨ ABS Givon 1979 0 0 2 0 0 no
Tübatulabal (NA) u'ut ʔuˈʔut cottonwood; tree (generic) inheritance *hu- Uto-Aztecan S63 (Stubbs 2009:47) broader (includes tree, wood, firewood, etc.. Would not be used for a named tree type.) other complex ʔuˈʔu-t tree-npn Hill 2010:105 no info 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 0 N/A N/A no
Tümpisa Shoshone (NA) sohopin tree, cottonwood inheritance *sohopin Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 542a (2008:111); only Numic and Hopi same other complex soho-pin cottonwood(tree)-CL pin Dayley 1989:246 0 0 2 0 0 no
Wappo (NA) hól stick, tree, wood inheritance Yukian-Wappo Yukian *7ol; Elmendort 1993:207 (but perhaps areal) underived Sawyer 1965 0 0 2 0 0 no
Washo (NA) dewdí7iš tree unique derived d- nominalizer from “to stand” Jacobsen 1964:487 Merriam 55:323; WPD 0 0 2 0 0 no
Western Mono (NA) wɨnɨpɨ final voiceless tree semantic shift *wɨlɨ “to stand” Proto-Uto-Aztecan S2110 (2008:290) same derived -pɨ Bethel et al.:288 no info 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 0 no
Wintu (NA) mi: tree inheritance *mi Wintun Shepherd 2005 underived Schlichter 1981 0 0 2 0 0 no
Yavapai (NA) ɂɂí· tree inheritance Proto-Yuman Note 'Iipay Aa ɂily unknown Shaterian 1983 0 0 2 0 0 no
Yokuts Palewyami (NA) we-che'-taht A tree inheritance Yokutsan unlike any other form in Kroeber 1961 but see Kroeber 1961:219 words for “stick” in Yawd, Yawel broader (probably includes stick, wood) underived I suspect some derivation but no analysis possible Merriam 58:511 0 0 2 0 0 no
Yokuts Yawdanchi (NA) yapkin tree inheritance Nim-Yokuts also in Yowlumne, Choynuk same underived Kroeber 1961:198 0 0 2 0 0 no
Yokuts Yowlumne (NA) yap-ke tree inheritance Nim-Yokuts also in Yawdanchi in Kroeber same underived Merriam 58:575 0 0 2 0 0 no
Yuki (NA) 7o(:)l A, F, 7al A tree inheritance *7ol Yukian-Wappo Schlichter 1985; Elemendorf 1993:207 (but perhaps areal) underived Sawyer & Schlichter 1984 0 0 2 0 0 no
Yuma (NA) to-mar'-ră-pet' A tree unique unknown Merriam 61:477 0 0 2 0 0 no
Akawaio yöi yöɪ inheritance Northern Carib? See Language page 0 0 0 0 0
Baniwa háiko háiko, háiku (FS) inheritance Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Carijona wewe (SM) ‘βeβe (‘forest’, H&R) inheritance Guyana branch, Yabarana, Waimiri-Atroari See Language page 0 0 0 0 0
Cubeo jocʉcʉ (generic term) xokɨkɨ(generic term), ho'kɨ́-kɨ inheritance Proto-Tukanoan uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Dâw tâg, beè təg, bæ̂ inheritance underived See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Desano yucʉgʉ ju kɨgɨ, jukɨ-'gɨ́ inheritance Proto-Tukanoan uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Eñepa -yo; iye jo; ije inheritance Northern Carib? See also -jo (plant/tree classifier?) See Language page 0 0 0 0 0
Guayabero nae, ne nae, ne inheritance uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Hodï ʰtawɨ ʰtawɨ unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Waorani a-wæ̃ unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Hup tegd'ǔh, -teg tegd'ǔh, -teg inheritance unknown See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Kakua ~bâ-~daʔ ~bâ-~daʔ unique underived naʔ = tree.like See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Macaguan nehá, amumú, bibitsá nehá, amumú, bibitsá inheritance also nehá (inheritance) uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Makushi yéi yéi inheritance Northern Carib? See Language page 0 0 0 0 0
Nheengatu mirá (possible generic term) iwa (morpheme meaning tree, used in compound words) mira (possible generic term) iwa (morpheme meaning tree, used in compound words) inheritance Proto-Tupi-Guarani Reconstructed PTG Mello 2000. Also: iwa (mainly used in compounds) underived See Language page 0 0 0 0 0
Ninam wiitihi wi:tihi inheritance uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Nukak tɨnaʔ4 unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Maihiki ñi ja ɲi xã, sṹkí inheritance Proto-Tukanoan Also ɲi (V&V08); inheritance a bit unclear b/c most initial j corresponds to j. uncoded xã xã (orth. ja) = inanimate See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Pemon yei (A1981); yöi (M2000) dʒei (A1981); 'jəi (M2000) inheritance Northern Carib? See Language page 0 0 0 0 0
Resígaro aváana?é aváanaʔé inheritance Yucuna-Resigaro only; inheritance or loan? uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Sanumá hiiti (EM72) hiiti inheritance uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Sikuani nae, náe-hawa #NAME? inheritance uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Tariana háiku háiku (H&R, Giacone: aíkuna) inheritance Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Tukano yucà jukà, jukɨ́-gɨ inheritance Proto-Tukanoan uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Kotiria yʉkʉ jʉkʉ, ju'kɨ-kɨ inheritance Proto-Tukanoan uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Wapishana atʰamɨnɨ atʰamɨnɨ inheritance Proto-Arawak See Language page 0 0 0 0 0
Yanomam futifi (EM72) futifi (EM72) inheritance uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Yanomami hii hi hi: hi inheritance hi = CLF "generic tree" underived N+CLF hi= CLF "tree" (Ramirez 94) See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Yukuna a'awaná aʔawaná inheritance Yucuna-Resigaro only; inheritance or loan? uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Yuhup têg têg inheritance underived See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Bardi (NA) bardag bardag inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Bunuba (NA) lurndu lurndu unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Burarra (NA) gun-jong gun-dyoŋ unique 0 0 0 0 0 no
Dhangu (NA) dharpa dharpa inheritance simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
Dhay’yi (NA) missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
Dhuwal (NA) gäyu buymanman unique simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
Djapu (NA) ga:yu unknown 0 0 0 0 0
Djinang (NA) gurrtji gurrtyi unique simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
Gajirrabeng (NA) goolbeng kulpeng inheritance kulpe Jarragan underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Gooniyandi (NA) girili girili inheritance kirili Bunuban underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Gumatj (NA) gäyu dharpa inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Gupapuyngu (NA) gäyu dharpa inheritance simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
Gurindji (NA) karnti karnti loan with meaning change Jingulu Jing karnti=ironwood underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Guugu Yimidhirr (NA) yugu yugu inheritance Poss. pPama-Nyungan underived 0 0 0 0 0
Jaru (NA) burnu burnu inheritance purnu Ngumpin Warlp. big coolamon uncoded 0 0 0 0 0 no
Jingulu (NA) tarrangku tarrangku unknown underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Karajarri (NA) balomoro balomoro unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Kija (NA) kunyjany kunyjany unique WW %wangkurr1 underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Koko-Bera (NA) yok yok tree, stick inheritance *yuku pPaman Poss. pPama-Nyungan simplex
Kuku-Thaypan (NA) aku aku inheritance *yuku pPaman, poss. pPama-Nyungan underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Kuku-Yalanji (NA) juku juku inheritance *yuku pPaman Poss. pPama-Nyungan. Development of initial *y > /j/ problematic but also in Yidiny. underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Kurtjar (NA) luaanh luaanh unique underived Used as generic with specific terms 0 0 0 0 0 no
Kuuk Thaayorre (NA) yuk yuk inheritance *yuku pPaman poss. pPama-Nyungan underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Mangala (NA) ŋamparr puŋarri (2) ŋamparr puŋarri (2) unique phrase 0 0 0 0 0 no
Mbabaram (NA) g3 g3 inheritance *yuku pPaman Poss. pPNy underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Miriwung (NA) guleng guleng inheritance kulpe Jarragan underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Ngandi (NA) barakal7 bangawudu unknown 0 0 0 0 0 no
Ngarinyin (NA) ngurrul ngurrul inheritance *nguC- proto-Worrorran WW %wangkurr1 uncoded 0 0 0 0 0 no
Ngarluma (NA) warnta inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
Ngumbarl (NA) baaloo baaloo inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Nimanburru (NA) badaŋg badaŋg inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Nyangumarta (NA) mungka mungka unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Nyikina (NA) baalu baalu inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Nyulnyul (NA) bardangg bardangg inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Pakanh (NA) yuku yuku inheritance *yuku pPaman; poss pPama-Nyungan underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Rembarrnga (NA) borloh borloh unknown simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
Ritharrngu (NA) bololo dharpa inheritance simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
Tjaapukay (NA) djulbin culpin tree (generic), log unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Uw-Olkol (NA) ugu ugu tree unique *yuku pPaman; poss pPama-Nyungan underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Uw-Oykangand (NA) uk uk tree unique *yuku pPaman; poss pPama-Nyungan underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Walmajarri (NA) mana mana unique rel. to NGY marna 'base. Trunk'? underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Wardaman (NA) yumin yumin unknown uncoded 0 0 0 0 0 no
Warlpiri (NA) watiya watiya unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Warrwa (NA) ba:lu inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
Wik Ngathan (NA) yuk yuk tree, stick, wood, log; instrument, vehicle, thing; crocodile inheritance *yuku pPaman; poss. pPama-Nyungan underived 0 crocodile sense has to do with creation story 0 0 0 0 no
Worrorra (NA) nguwanu nguwanu inheritance *ngu- proto-Worrorran uncoded 0 0 0 0 0 no
Wubuy (NA) thirwik unknown 0 0 0 0 0
Wunambal (NA) laŋgi laŋgi unknown proto-Worrorran Jaminjung? cf. Jaminjung langiny 'tree' ?loan from Wunambal underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Yan-nhangu (NA) bambitj bambitj unique simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
Yawuru (NA) baalu baalu inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Yidiny (NA) jugi (TCW) ~ dandu (G) jugi (TCW) ~ dandu (G) inheritance *yuku pPaman Poss. pPama-Nyungan. Development of initial *y > /j/ problematic but also in KYal and close dialects and in Yidiny /juru/ 'elbow' < *yu:ru. *y > /i/ problematic. underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Yir-Yoront (NA) yoq yo7 inheritance *yuku pPaman poss. pPama-Nyungan underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Achagua áikuba áikuba inheritance See Language page
Piapoco jéetaná, àiku (H&R, ‘tree, stick’) jéetaná, àiku (H&R, ‘tree, stick’) See Language page
Kabiyari ʔahaa (H&R) ʔahaa (H&R) See Language page
Yavitero ata ata (=wood) See Language page
Wayuu huu-uľia wɨr̃aiči See Language page
Yine hah-mɨna See Language page *Piro-Apuriná form is *haha-'mɨna.
Paresi atya atya inheritance See Language page
Ignaciano yukuki See Language page
Trinitario wkuɣi; ykuɣi See Language page
Baure ewokoe ewokoe inheritance See Language page
Waurá ata ata inheritance See Language page
Arutani šapi ʃapi See Language page
Sape tapa tapa See Language page
Cha'palaa či See Language page
Bora ḯme-ʔe ɯ́mɛ-ʔɛ inheritance See Language page
Muinane ɨ́mo-ʔo ɨ́mo-ʔo See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect e' (SM) eʔ (SM) See Language page
Apalai wewe, aramariapo, mopytyky wewe, aramariapo, mopɨtɨkɨ inheritance See Language page
Wayana wewe wewe inheritance See Language page
Tiriyó wewe wewe inheritance See Language page
Makiritare dē (IDS); de: (KH), chu:ta (KH) de:, tʃu:ta (KH) inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo yëhE (same as stick and wood) yɛhə (same as stick and wood) See Language page
Wai Wai weewe weewe inheritance See Language page
Waimiri Atroari wiwe wiwe See Language page
Yukpa ve wepsa; we ('tree, stick', H&R) See Language page Phon only in source
Kalapalo i i inheritance See Language page
Muisca quye kuɨe See Language page
Barí kãa See Language page *Chibchan forms are *'kar; *ka'ri; and *'kara.
Northern Emberá bakurú bakurú; pakʰuɾú (+'wood', H&R) See Language page
Epena pa'kʰuru See Language page Also means 'wood'.
Cuiva náe, náewa See Language page
Playero né, né-hewa See Language page
Cofán quini´cco kiniʔkʰo See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra yasina jasina unique See Language page
Taushiro avah awah See Language page
Páez fytũ ɸtũ, ɸtũũ taʃ (‘plant’, H&R) See Language page
Tikuna nãĩ [3, 5] nãĩ unique See Language page
Urarina enʉa enʉa unique See Language page
Camsa beti; betíje, betijé-ʃe beti; betíje, betijé-ʃe See Language page
Andoke kə̃́i (nominal classifier) kə̃́i (nominal classifier) unique See Language page
Pumé to See Language page
Tinigua kihi See Language page
Puinave pun pun unique See Language page
Máku o:ba o:ba See Language page
Warao rau ɾau See Language page
Ashuar númi, yúmi numi, jumi See Language page
Huambisa numi numi See Language page
Aguaruna númi númi inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect tǝ:g inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect tǝ:g See Language page
Matses iui, cuëte iui, kuɨte inheritance See Language page
Kakataibo ii See Language page *Panoan *iwi with related meanings 'wood, stick, pole'.
Katukina hiwi See Language page
Pacahuara 'hiwi See Language page Heath i-vi. Arm ivi.
Shipibo-Konibo hiwi; hawɨki See Language page
Yaminahua iβi See Language page
Chácobo hiwi hiwi inheritance See Language page
Yagua ninu ninu unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua caspi kaspi See Language page
Ingá sacha sátʃa(H&R) See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua caspi kaspi See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano sacha satʃa See Language page
Piaroa dau dau inheritance See Language page
Sáliva nuguu nuguː inheritance See Language page
Bará ju'kɨ-gɨ See Language page
Barasano jukɨ jukɨ See Language page
Carapana yucʉ jukɨ, yucʉ (FS) See Language page
Makuna jukɨgɨ jukɨgɨ inheritance See Language page
Yuruti ju'kɨ́-gɨ ju'kɨ́-gɨ See Language page
Waikhana ju'kɨ-gɨ ju'kɨ-gɨ See Language page
Siriano ju'kɨ́-gɨ ju'kɨ́-gɨ See Language page
Tanimuca ĩ'bĩrã ĩ'bĩrã unique See Language page
Tatuyo jú'kɨ̋ jú'kɨ̋ See Language page
Tuyuka yu'kɨ juʔkɨ, ju'kɨ́-gɨ See Language page
Waimaja yúkʰɨ́gɨ̀ júkʰɨ́gɨ̀ See Language page
Koreguaje sũkiñʉ sũkʰi-ɲɨ inheritance See Language page
Siona sũki-jɨ̃ sũki-yɨ̃ inheritance See Language page
Secoya soquëñë sõkɨ-jɨ̃ See Language page
Karitiana ep ep unknown See Language page
Kokama ɨhuɨra ɨwɨɾa inheritance See Language page
Wayampi wɨla wɨla inheritance See Language page
Aché wɨra inheritance See Language page
Chiriguano ɨ'wɨra inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní ɨvɨra See Language page
Sirionó ira ira inheritance See Language page
Kamayurá dei dei unique See Language page
Ocaina am̈uuñ..a am:ɯ̃ɯ̃ɲ:a inheritance See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto aména amέna See Language page
Minica Witoto aména amέna See Language page
Murui Witoto amena amɛna inheritance See Language page
Iquito náana náana inheritance See Language page
Záparo nakuna nakuna See Language page
Wari pana pana See Language page
Araona akʷi See Language page
Ese Ejja akʷi See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo akwi akwi See Language page
Tacana aki See Language page
Cavineña akʷi (also means "stick") akʷi See Language page
Central Aymara qoqa ḳuḳa See Language page
Cayuvava nare ~ naræ ~ nãræ̃ See Language page
Itonama a-bɨte See Language page
Kwazá ywynwỹ, -nwỹ, -ñwỹ- ywynwỹ, -nwỹ, -ñwỹ- See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané de'reʔ See Language page Also means 'forest' 01.410.
Movima koʔo koʔo See Language page
Kaingang ka ka See Language page
Canela pĩĩ See Language page Cf. 'wood' 01.430. *Jê form is *pĩ. Also means 'firewood' 01.880. Maxacalí form is mĩhĩm, mĩm.
Suyá ywĩrɔ jwĩrɔ See Language page
Djeoromitxi ku ku See Language page
Chipaya munti See Language page
Mocoví ḳoʔpaḳ See Language page Fem. form. Cf. 'wood' 01.430.
Pilagá ha-daʔ ʔepaḳ ~ ha-daʔ ʔipaḳ See Language page Lit. 'fem.-standing/vertical tree)'.
Toba ʔipaḳ (fem.) See Language page
Lengua yamit See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité yamit aohak See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet yaamet; yaamet awhak See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay haʔ'loʔ See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja alaʔ (f.) See Language page
Maca naxkak (f.) See Language page
Nivaclé aʔkxuta-yuk; aʔkxi-yuk See Language page
Ayoreo poo'ri-a; poo'ri See Language page
Mapudungun aliwen; mamɨlʸ See Language page Ranquel form is wiṭ͡ʀu, which also is the name of the 'caldén', tree of La Pampa.
Qawasqar ḳʰar See Language page Sk, Bo record the same for Central QWS. North and Central forms also mean 'stick' and 'bone'. Fi, Hy record yaroka; Fi, Hy record kafsa for South QWS.
Selknam winči See Language page Also means 'wood'. Some specific trees: č-è-oln; k-walčinḳˀ; hahyḳ-kò.
Tehuelche 'gorwr See Language page
Arabana mupu unique
Bardi badag badak inheritance
Bunuba [missing] missing
Burarra jalmurra unknown
Dhangu dharpa unknown
Dhuwal gäyu
Dhuwala gäyu unknown
Diyari pirta unique
DiyariREU [missing] missing
Djambarrpuyngu gäyu unknown
Djapu gäyu unknown
Djinang gurrtji unknown
Gooniyandi girili
Gupapuyngu gäyu unknown
Jabirr-Jabirr bardangg barrdangk inheritance
Jaru garndi inheritance?
Jawi burdog burrdok inheritance
Karajarri paka inheritance
Malyangapa thulu inheritance
Mangala ngamparr pungarri (2) unknown
Mithaka murra unique
Mudburra burnu
Mudburra karndi inheritance?
Ngamini pi:ta unique
Ngarluma warnda
Ngumbarl baaloo baalu inheritance
Nhirrpi dhiri unique
Nimanburru badan_g badangk inheritance
Northern Mangarla paka
Northern Nyangumarta mungka inheritance
Nyangumarta mungka inheritance
Nyikina kid kid inheritance
Nyulnyul bardangk bardangk inheritance
Paakantyi yara
Pirriya makada doubtful loan
Pitta-Pitta mulka unique
Rirratjingu dharpa
Ritharrngu bololo loan Rembarrnga
Wangkayutyuru jarlpa unique
Warrwa baalu baalu inheritance
Yan-nhangu ḏambaŋani unknown
Yandruwandha wathi unique
Yarluyandi witha(nu) unique
Yawarrawarrka kakura unique
Yawuru balu balu inheritance
Lokono ada ada tree Pet 1987:375 no
Kariña wewe wewe tree; wood; stick Courtz 2007:826 no