Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

dirty

Semantic Field
quality
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
sucio
Meaning Portuguese
sujo

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tucca inheritance Jane Hill
Cahuilla selya/xama loan S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok ku/l:uTu- inheritance Jane Hill
Chemehuevi tuca/-ga(i) V inheritance Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno taqaq unknown Beeler 1978 Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno nujich, 7uqsh-nuj “dirt” inheritance Klar 1977:82 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno shishnuju “to get dirty” inheritance Klar 1977:82 Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno chHupuch unknown JPH Jane Hill
Cocopa 7i:ma/T inheritance Jane Hill
Comanche nasysya7eety :dirty” unique Jane Hill
Cupeño silynyina-yax [siʎˈɲinəyax] inheritance Jane Hill
Gabrielino CHM ta--ho/-vit /teho/vit/ unknown Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa taketak [takəˈtaq] unknown Jane Hill
Kawaiisu tocaa-ga-dy “dirty person or thing” inheritance Jane Hill
Kiliwa xpil inheritance Jane Hill
Kitanemuk cukwavy-c “dirt, grime” (and is a vb) inheritance Jane Hill
Lake Miwok huwu/mnaka unknown Jane Hill
Luiseño kwila/li- “to make dirty” inheritance Jane Hill
Maidu 7o/jc'ej inheritance Jane Hill
Mojave 7amat= “dirty, muddy”, hapel= “unwashed” inheritance Jane Hill
Mutsun yu:mus “filth” inheritance O77:61 Jane Hill
Nisenan k'awdyk “make full of dirt” inheritance Jane Hill
Northern Paiute totsa7a inheritance Thornes 03:249 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok wali:t-y- inheritance Jane Hill
Salinan A cho:/wUne7 or khtr7o:/ne unknown (Turner 1980:72) Jane Hill
Salinan M missing missing Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) haac hapa/spx “ugly, dirty” unknown Jane Hill
Serrano tYnA7n-k unique R&E2000:503 Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok jo:tok- inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Ute paasana-; inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal tukuupish-yt “be or become -” inheritance Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone tuttsaappyh inheritance Jane Hill
Wappo pi-co:/we loan direction unknown Jane Hill
Washo yéʔc'eš unknown Washo Project Jane Hill
Western Mono totsa/bi “dirty one” inheritance Jane Hill
Wintu bukul inheritance Jane Hill
Yavapai qaya “dusty” unknown Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami hoT'ol' (of water) unknown Gamble 1991 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne T'ay'ak' “to be dirty” unknown N1944 Jane Hill
Yuki shImIt, shimet inheritance S&S1984 Jane Hill
Baniwa dowhénaa dowhénaa unique See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona tukuise inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo docʉcʉco (f.); docʉcʉcʉ (m.); docʉcʉrõ (inan.) dokɨkɨko (f.); dokɨkɨkɨ (m.); dokɨkɨɾõ (inan.) inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw tâáw’ [sujeiro], dʉy [person, color shade], çik [things] tǝ̌w' (dirt), dɨj (dirty person, dark color), cik (dirty object) inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano gᵾhraricᵾri gɨʔɾaɾikɨɾi unique See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa tɨpuru-ke (IDS) tɨpuru-ke (IDS) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï waleiʰte unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani wẽ-ta-bõ [='black'] unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup titíʔ, j'ǎw' titíʔ, ɟ'ǎw' unique; inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua kej3hɨ̃b-dĩ4 [H&R] inheritance See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi koron; nora (IDS) koron; nora (IDS) unique; inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu kiá kia inheritance See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam šami (EM72) ʃami inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak kei2hɨm4 inheritance See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki doquɨ ja dokɨ jã inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon aware, narik, piron saru, ekepasak, apimuman, tavapan (A1981); ye'ko'pasak (M2000) awaɾe, naɾik, piɾon saɾu, ekepasak, apimuman, tavapan (A1981) unique; inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Sanumá tsami (EM72) tsami inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani a-xuíra inheritance Sik-Cuiva-Playero group See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana kapisíte kapisíte inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano ũʔîro, ũʔîri ũʔîro, ũʔîri inheritance Carib See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria wete tira (Waltz) wete tiɾa (Waltz) unique See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam šami ʃami inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami shami, toteshi ʃami, toteʃi inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna kapijani kapihani inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup c'ǎw' c'ǎw' inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana jankatara unique Claire Bowern
Bardi ngoonyba ngunyba inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Burarra birninyja unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Dhuwal [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Dhuwala [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Diyari tertieli unique Claire Bowern
DiyariREU tertieli unique Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Djapu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Djinang midjirri unknown Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng X Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Gurindji nyunal unique Claire Bowern
Jaru bundiyani unique Claire Bowern
Karajarri yurli unknown Claire Bowern
Kija manpuluwulu unique Claire Bowern
Malyangapa [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Mangala puruly unknown Claire Bowern
Miriwung langgen unique Claire Bowern
Mithaka [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Mudburra jurdurdu Claire Bowern
Mudburra jurdurrdu inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngamini parda unique Claire Bowern
Ngandi burnurrk inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngarluma kurnturrkurru unique Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl boondoor <boondoor> semantic shift Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi palamindyi unique Claire Bowern
Nimanburru ŋōnbe ŋōnbe inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla jurnpul Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta lanta inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta 4397 inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyikina ngalkoorroo XXngl dirty, sweaty-smelling ngalkurru XXngl dirj, sweaj-smelling unknown Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul ŋōnbe ŋōnbe inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi 768 unique Claire Bowern
Pirriya [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu X missing Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru mayimayi unique Claire Bowern
Wubuy lhagaburnurlk inheritance Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha padlapadla semantic shift Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka murali unique Claire Bowern
Yawuru mirndal mirndal unknown Claire Bowern
Achagua ká:lí ká:lí inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco casaquèeri kasakèeri See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari pit̪a ('dirt') pit̪a ('dirt') See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero éku(j) éku(h) See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Wapishana kaniɽibaʔu kaniɽibaʔu inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu yar̃ɨttɨ-sɨ See Language page PLE
Paresi kaiyaxa kaijaʃa unknown See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano tičipeʔa; 'maeperahi See Language page PLE
Trinitario -koʔča See Language page PLE
Baure topop'kon topop'kon unknown See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá kulepe; kamalatɨ kulepe; kamalatɨ unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick
Cha'palaa tu 'ma'yii; 'a'tata-; ['ku'či]-nu See Language page PLE
Bora iinʸḯ-βá-ne, ḯtííkʰʸïḯ, neʔni iinʲɯ́-βá-nɛ, ɯ́tííkʰʲɯ̃ɯ, nɛʔni inheritance cf. 'earth' See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane xííni-βa-no, béé-βa-no, mɨ́ʔɨni-βa-no, ɨ́díkku-no xííni-βa-no, bέέ-βa-no, mɨ́ʔɨni-βa-no, ɨ́díkku-no See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio iigöpa (v.), teembadaiguuknang (dirty-faced, adj.), iigöpazak (dirty object, n.) I'göpa (v.), tembadaɪ'guʔnaŋ (dirty-faced, adj.), I'göpazak (dirty object, n.) unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect ɤri ɤri See Language page Lauren Franklin
Apalai taputapume, xikurome taputapume, xikurome inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana sikulome sikulome unique See Language page PLE
Tiriyó tïkuije tɨkuije inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare nossahe (IDS) nossahe (IDS) unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Wai Wai tu-smu-y tu-smu-y unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Waimiri Atroari tykoxinja tɨkoʃiŋa See Language page Melody Ann Ross, PLE
Yabarana a'tçikipe, açiki'pe See Language page Ana Paula B., John Blaha
Yukpa kemama, kuku, küma See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Kalapalo ifutugu ifutugu unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick
Muisca amuyhyzen mague amuɨhɨzen maγe See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí baidaani See Language page PLE Colombia: baygdaninə.
Northern Emberá mititía mititía See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena hai'kʰoo; me'mee See Language page PLE 'Moldy' or 'stained' is ha'yoo; 'tʰãu.
Macaguan ʧɨbí unknown See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cuiva tsórei, axuíra sucio, dirty Huber & Reed 1992:340 Rebecca Khorram
Playero a-xuíra See Language page Rebecca Khorram
Cofán ámunde'tssi amɯndɛʔtshi See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra tsaróná tsaɾona unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro ayo ontu' ajo onduʔ See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez cjŭch kxjŭtʃ See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna eʔe eʔe unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina lanąąha lanããha unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Camsa tsénga, tsengá tsénga, tsengá See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke so so unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé ingȩrȩchiá See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave [-'ha-pi + bak] ha-pi + bak unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Ashuar kúnta, pakuí, shungkát kunta, pakui, ʃuŋkat See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa wapik wapik See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna tsuwát, wapík tsuwat, wapik unique; inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect tǝ:w inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses bëchish bɨtʃiʃ unknown See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo mɨ'paski-ti See Language page PLE mɨ'taru-ti (dial.) 'to dirty the hands'.
Katukina ṣ̌ošṣ̌a-(pa) See Language page PLE
Shipibo-Konibo etubi; e'kia; eronei̯ See Language page PLE
Yaminahua dabu čia See Language page PLE
Chácobo čɨkɨ čɨkɨ doubtful loan Tacanan See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua mi (n); miju- supiy-, vasupidiy- (mod.) mi:; mixu:, supij-, vasupidij- unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua turu tuɾu See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá mapa mapa See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua mapa, jiriza mapa, xiridza See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano qacha, qamra qatʃa, qamɾa See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa i'dikua'a' (K76) iʔdikuaʔaʔ inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva llequihãjĩã ʤekʷihãhĩã inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Bará ĩ'rĩ See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano ɨe-se, ɨe-ri hai- ɨe-se, ɨe-ri hai- See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana ɨ'gé-rí ɨ'gé-rí See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna ʉe-rise ɨe-ɾise inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti õ'ẽ́dĩpii-ro õ'ẽ́dĩpii-ro See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana we'te ti- we'te ti- See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano giʔrá-ri-kɨ giʔrá-ri-kɨ See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca ka'i-ka kaʔi-ka unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo ɨ'gérí ɨ'gérí See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka hũĩ'rĩ́ hũĩʔrĩ́ See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja õ'wẽ́dĩ́ õʔwẽ́dĩ́ See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje si'si siʔsi inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona si'si siʔsi inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya si'sio siʔsiɔ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana ẽm ẽm unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama charu tʃaru unique See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi kɨʔa kɨʔa inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché aǰu bučã unique See Language page PLE
Chiriguano kɨʔa inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní kɨʔa See Language page PLE
Sirionó ači; aði-da ači; aði-da unique See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá ɨwpap (M2000) ɨwpap (M2000) inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina áánm̈a; ahvóóhxo; ñááhun ããm:a; aʔβóóʔxo; ɲááʔɯ̃ unique See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto ï.áï-re-de ɯ.áɯ-rɛ-dɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto ï.áï-re-de ɯ.áɯ-rɛ-dɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto jeare hɛarɛ (B83) inheritance/Witoto See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito iyɨ'ɨtina, sucuarána ijɨ'ɨtina, sukuarána unknown See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Wari mišem miʃem See Language page PLE Means 'to be black' 15.650.
Araona azalo; boso See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja -hewi; -šexe unique See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo kia-sewe kia-sewe See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana n-šipaʁan See Language page PLE
Cavineña asika-da-ke; asika-ni; seki- asika-da-ke; asika-ni; seki- inheritance cf. Chacobo čɨkɨ See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara q´añu ḳˀaɲu See Language page PLE
Cayuvava ramoha ~ ramohe See Language page PLE
Kwazá hoho- hoho- See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané aʔ'tči See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE Cf. 'stinking' 15.260.
Movima čo-es-ni tʃo-es-ni See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai enɨ enɨ enɨ enɨ unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang kavẽj kawɛy; kawiŋwɛy; kɨŋwɛy See Language page PLE
Canela rɔp See Language page PLE *Jê form is *rɔp.
Suyá tɨk – čí tɨk – čí See Language page Rebekah Evans
Karajá isuisu See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi katorü katorø See Language page PLE
Chipaya loč; lop-; ṣ̌oxr- See Language page PLE 'Dirty (skin or clothes)' is kʰaɲa.
Mocoví n-apioʔo See Language page PLE
Pilagá ankiɬpaisakmoi See Language page PLE
Toba n-šipaʁan See Language page PLE
Lengua #NAME? See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité haɬ; akpaasyaamˀ See Language page PLE Also alpaysamaekɬoo; alak.
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet ošta; kɨras; taro See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay 'kukˀahi See Language page PLE Also 'kukˀaha.
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -taxloxli; -taxaʔ See Language page PLE
Maca #NAME? See Language page PLE
Nivaclé sas; saȼˀaʔs; šekley dirty, soiled https://ids.clld.org/ PLE
Ayoreo oo'poii; oo'poii-a See Language page PLE Also topi'e-n̥a-i; topi'e-n̥a 15.630.
Mapudungun poθ See Language page PLE Ranquel form is porŋe-.
Qawasqar ḳʰayel See Language page PLE Also means 'used'.
Selknam čalki See Language page PLE
Tehuelche 'tˀārtˀš- See Language page PLE
Lokono ereben eɾeben dirty Pet 1987:355 Camille Unger
Kariña sisime sisime dirty Courtz 2007:371 Camille Unger