Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

two

Semantic Field
number
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
dos
Meaning Portuguese
dois

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim wah' (wŏh') 169; wo (K1907) inheritance Jane Hill
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone waattyn (wahan “twice”) inheritance Jane Hill
Cahuilla wih inheritance S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok 7oTi:/- inheritance Jane Hill
Chemehuevi waha/ inheritance Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno 7ishkom' inheritance Klar 1977:29, 120 Jane Hill
Chumash Cruzeno 7ishchom inheritance Klar 1977:29, 120 Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno 7ishkom' inheritance A 184, klar 1977:29 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno 7estyu7 inheritance Klar 1977:29, 120 Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno 7ishkom' inheritance Klar 1977:29, 120 Jane Hill
Cocopa xwak “to be two” inheritance Jane Hill
Comanche waha-, wahatI inheritance Jane Hill
Cupeño wih [wih] inheritance Jane Hill
Esselen kxulax unknown Shaul 1995 Jane Hill
Gabrielino wehe inheritance Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa hewak [xəˈwaq] inheritance Jane Hill
Kawaiisu waha-ju inheritance Jane Hill
Kiliwa xwaq inheritance Jane Hill
Kitanemuk woh inheritance Jane Hill
Lake Miwok 7o/TTa inheritance Jane Hill
Luiseño weh inheritance Jane Hill
Maidu pe/ne inheritance Jane Hill
Mojave havik inheritance Jane Hill
Mutsun 7uthin inheritance O77:255 Jane Hill
Nisenan pe:n inheritance Jane Hill
Northern Paiute waha inheritance Thornes 03:140 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok 7oTi:ko- inheritance Jane Hill
Plains Miwok 7o:jok:o- unknown Jane Hill
Salinan A ka/khcu (A), “two” unknown Jane Hill
Salinan M xA'kic unknown Mason 1918:153 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) coocj unknown Jane Hill
Serrano wOh inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Paiute wa:- inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok 7oTiH- inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Ute wa-, waini, waivitavichI inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal woh, woo inheritance Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone waha(ttyn) inheritance Jane Hill
Wappo ho/pi inheritance Jane Hill
Washo he/sge7 unknown J103 Jane Hill
Western Mono waha/-i inheritance Jane Hill
Wintu pa:l inheritance Jane Hill
Yavapai hwa/ki, hwa^ki inheritance Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami pongoy' JPH; pongoy W&G inheritance JPH Gamble 91 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi pHongoy inheritance K07, G64 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne ponoy inheritance W&G 1986 Jane Hill
Yuki 7ope, 7opa inheritance S&S1984 Jane Hill
Yuma xavi/k “to be two” H4:21 inheritance Jane Hill
Baniwa dzáma- (hr01) dzáma- (hr01) inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona səkənərə inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo pʉcarã (anim. "two"), pʉcarõa (inan. "two"); pʉcaðoa ãmuyoa ĩni ("two fingers out/up" see entry for "one) pɨkarã, pɨkarõa; pɨkaðoa ãmujoa ĩni inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw tʉʉ́m [cf. tʉm ‘eye’] tɨ̌m unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano pe- pe- inheritance See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa asak asak inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï weyata unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani mẽmaa bi mę́ná mę́a unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup koʔap, kəwǝgʔap ['eye-quantity'] koʔap, kəwǝgʔap ['eye-quantity'] inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua ʧenê-wa [two-pl] inheritance See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi sáákɨ-né sáákɨ-né inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu mũkũy mũkũj inheritance See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam kup; yalukup, tšarakep (EM72) kup; jalukup, tʃaɾakep unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak t∫ɛne1 inheritance See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki tepe ja tepe xã unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon sakne, saknan, sak, saare (all mean two) (A1981); asakrö (E1980); saakü'ne (M2000) sakne, saknan, sak, sa:ɾe (A1981); asakrö (E1980) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Resígaro migaakú migaakú loan Boran See Language page Ana Paula B.
Sanumá polakapi (EM72) polakapi (EM72) inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani anija (2), anijabe aníja, aníjabe inheritance Sik-Cuiva-Playero group; Arawak, e.g. Warekena enaba, Yucuna iyama See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana iamé(pa) (dp91), yamá-da, ɲamá-da iamé(pa) (dp91), jamá-da, ɲamá-da inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano pʉárã pɨárã inheritance E Tuk See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria phʉa (stenz rev) pʰʉáro (stenz) pʰʉa (stenz rev) pʰʉáro (stenz) inheritance E Tuk See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam porakapi (EM72) poɾakapi inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami horohopɨ (two, in a pair,in a small amount MM07), porakapɨ (two, a few, poraka=in pair MM07 ) (EM72) hoɾohopɨ, poɾakapɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna iyamá ijamá (dp91) inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup b’ǝ́́ʔ b’ǝ́́ʔ unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana parkulu inheritance Claire Bowern
Bardi guyarra kuyarra inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba thurranda unknown Claire Bowern
Burarra -gulirrwirrka unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu bulal unknown Claire Bowern
Dhuwal märrma' inheritance Claire Bowern
Dhuwala märrma' inheritance Claire Bowern
Diyari mandu semantic shift Claire Bowern
DiyariREU mandu semantic shift Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu märrma' inheritance Claire Bowern
Djapu märrma' inheritance Claire Bowern
Djinang bilawili unknown Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng ganggoob unique NJ Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi garndiwirri unique Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu märrma' inheritance Claire Bowern
Gurindji kujarra inheritance Claire Bowern
Jabirr-Jabirr kujarra kujarra inheritance Claire Bowern
Jaru kujarra inheritance Claire Bowern
Jawi kooyarra kuyarra inheritance Claire Bowern
Karajarri kujarra inheritance Claire Bowern
Kija pangariny unique Claire Bowern
Malyangapa barcoolo loan Karnic Claire Bowern
Mangala nguyarra inheritance Claire Bowern
Miriwung ganggoobeleng unique NJ Claire Bowern
Mithaka parkula inheritance Claire Bowern
Mudburra kujarra Claire Bowern
Mudburra kujarra inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngamini par[a]kuna inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngandi yapan' inheritance? Claire Bowern
Ngarluma gutharra Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl koojarra <koojarra> inheritance Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi parrkulu inheritance Claire Bowern
Nimanburru gudjar kujar inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla nguyarra inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta kujarra inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta kujarra inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyikina -jarra -jarra inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul gujarr kujarr inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi bargol loan Karnic Claire Bowern
Pirriya parrkulu inheritance Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta parrhkula inheritance Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu bulal, ma:rrma Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu bulal' inheritance Claire Bowern
Walmajarri kurriny inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru parrkulu inheritance Claire Bowern
Warrwa gujarra kujarra inheritance Claire Bowern
Wubuy wula loan Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu bulal' unknown Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha parrkulu (rarely parrku) inheritance Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi parrkulu inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka parkutili inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawuru kujarra kujarra inheritance Claire Bowern
Achagua tʃáma- (dp91), 'tʃamai tʃáma- (dp91), 'tʃamai inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco pucháiba putʃáiba See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari tʃumaa- (dp91) tʃumaa- (dp91) See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero c̷i'naha tsi'naha See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Bare bikũ(nama) bikũ(nama) See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wapishana dyaʔɨtʰam djaʔɨtʰam inheritance Proto-Arawak See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu piama See Language page PLE
Yine hepi See Language page PLE *Piro-Apuriná form is *hepi.
Paresi hinama hinama inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano apina; apiki; apipe See Language page PLE
Trinitario apina See Language page PLE
Baure m-a'pi-n m-a'pi-n inheritance See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá mepĩyãwã mepĩjãwã inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Arutani komana komana See Language page John Blaha
Sape kɨrya kɨɾya See Language page John Blaha
Cha'palaa 'palʸu See Language page PLE
Bora mínyéékʰïḯ; mi- + classifier (T98) mínjέέkʰ ɯɯ́ inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane míínokkɨ míínokkɨ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio azarö azarö inheritance Proto-Carib? See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Apalai asakoro asakoro inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana hakëne hakǝne inheritance See Language page PLE
Tiriyó ëëkënë ǝǝkǝnǝ inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare āʔkə (IDS); a:kö (KH) a:ʔkə (IDS); a:kə (KH) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Mapoyo sakenarï sakenarʊ See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai From 'two' on, the numbers are borrowed from Portuguese, English, Dutch, according to which nation the group is dwelling in. missing See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Waimiri Atroari typytyna tɨpɨtɨna See Language page Melody Ann Ross, PLE
Yabarana asa'əma See Language page Ana Paula B., John Blaha
Yukpa koja, kósar kosa See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Kalapalo takiko takiko unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick
Muisca boza botʂa See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí ĩĩsaami See Language page PLE Colombia: ʔisaminə. *Chibchan form is *'bu.
Northern Emberá u'me (IDS) u'me (IDS) See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena o'me See Language page PLE
Guayabero koʔlé-n-he unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan yapó japó inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cofán ccoangi´cco kʰʷaŋgiʔkʰo See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra tsĩbonó tsĩmponó unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro achini aʃini See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez e´nz See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna taxre [4, 2] taʔɾe unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina koḍzataha-i kotʃataha-i unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Camsa úta úta See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke ʌʌ́hʌmá ʌʌ́hʌmá unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé ñõãrĩ See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave kau kau unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Máku baʔta baʔta, nu'ʔu See Language page PLE
Warao mana -mo (mana=pair, -mo=ABL, (fingers) coming from in a pair, pg 55) mana -mo (mana=paiɾ, -mo=ABL, fingeɾs coming fɾom in a paiɾ, pg 55) See Language page John Blaha
Ashuar jímiar ximiar See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa jimar ximar See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna jímag ximang inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect póʔwóp, póʔwóp ha unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses daëd daɨd unknown See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo ra'βɨ See Language page PLE *Panoan *raβɨta.
Katukina nɨska-βɨkoĩ See Language page PLE
Pacahuara ra'wɨ See Language page PLE d'Orb irabuixna. Arm rabue.
Shipibo-Konibo ra-βɨ See Language page PLE
Yaminahua rãβɨ See Language page PLE
Chácobo raβɨta raβɨta inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua adajuy andaxũj unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua ishcay iʃkaj See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá iskai iskai See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua ishcai iʃkai See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano iskay iskaj See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa taju tãjũ inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva tomesahga, tũjũhdu (anim.) tomesaʔga, tũhũʔdu (anim.) inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Bará pɨa- See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano hɨa- hɨa- See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana 'pɨ́ga 'pɨ́ga See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna hɨa- hɨa- inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti pɨ'á- pɨ'á- See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana pɨ'a- pɨ'a- See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano pe- pe- See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca ĩʔpõ'õ ĩʔpõ'õ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo pɨ̋ga pɨ̋ga See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka pɨa- pɨa- See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja pɨ́á pɨ́á See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje dorepañoã (Spanish loan) dorepaɲoã loan Spanish See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona samõ samõ doubtful loan Arawak See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya cayaye kaja'jɛ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana sypõm sɨpõm unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama mucuica mukuika inheritance See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi mɔkɔ̃y mɔkɔ̃j inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché mirõ unknown See Language page PLE
Chiriguano mõkoi inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní mokõi See Language page PLE
Sirionó ɲeremo ɲeremo unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá mokõj mokõj inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina jan̈aa han:aa unique See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto ména mέna See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto ména mέna See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto mena mɛna inheritance/Witotoan See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito cuúmi (inanimate), cuúpɨ (animate) kuúmi (inanimate), kuúpɨ (animate) unique See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo amashaniki amaʃaniki See Language page Becky Walker
Wari tuku karakan tuku karakan See Language page PLE Lit. 'facing each other'.
Araona beta; beta-kata See Language page PLE *Tacn form is *beta.
Ese Ejja ɓeka inheritance See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo biawe; beka biawe; beka See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana beta See Language page PLE
Cavineña beta beta inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara paya paya See Language page PLE
Cayuvava mitia See Language page PLE
Itonama ...čupa See Language page PLE Prefix depends on class.
Kwazá akyta, aky- akyta, aky- See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané pæ'ræʔ See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE
Movima oi-ra oi-ra See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai uuš uuš unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang règre rɛŋre See Language page PLE
Suyá aĵkúr aĵkúr See Language page Rebekah Evans
Karajá inači See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi djebo dʒebo See Language page PLE
Chipaya piška See Language page PLE Uru-J form is piška. Uru-I form is pisti.
Mocoví [doos]-olḳaiʔ See Language page PLE From Span. 'dos' + diminutive (plural several).
Pilagá [doos]-olḳ-a See Language page PLE Lit. 'two-masc. dimin.-plsv'.
Toba [doos]-olḳ-a; [doos]-ole See Language page PLE From Span. 'dos'-diminutive-(with 'plural-several' on the first form). Respectively: masc and fem.
Lengua #NAME? See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité apkanit; akanit See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet aʔnet; tos See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay [lus] See Language page PLE From Span. 'dos'.
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja intak See Language page PLE Cf. 'twins' 02.458.
Maca wec̷xuk See Language page PLE Cf. 'twins' 02.458.
Nivaclé napuʔ two https://ids.clld.org/ PLE
Ayoreo 'gareʔ See Language page PLE Verb form. Also adj.: 'gare-i; 'gare-o'de; 'gare-dieʔ.
Mapudungun epu See Language page PLE Same in Ranquel.
Qawasqar woḳs See Language page PLE Sk, Bo record wokɬ for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record telkwaw for South QWS.
Selknam s-è-oki See Language page PLE
Tehuelche 'hawke See Language page PLE
Lokono bian bian two Pet 1987:376 Camille Unger
Kariña oko oko two Yamada 2010:783 Camille Unger