Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

throw

Semantic Field
impact
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
tirar, lanzar
Meaning Portuguese
atirar, jogar

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tawi” “throw something heavy” (sg obj) inheritance Jane Hill
Cahuilla 7am-in “throw away” inheritance S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok ha:/j- unknown Jane Hill
Chemehuevi tyra/vi inheritance Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno supilkitwon; B76:268 sHu-pintap unknown Ono 1996:51 Jane Hill
Chumash Cruzeno 7iwatije! (of harpoon) unknown JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno uqshti “of throwing” unknown A 460 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno tik'ele “throw away” unknown Klar 1977:126 Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno wach7yw unknown JPH Jane Hill
Cocopa cap (small obj); sa (collecionof objs), waT (a few objs), wa:p (a long obj) unknown Jane Hill
Comanche wihiry inheritance Jane Hill
Cupeño hamech/hemech-in [hamətʃin]/[həmetʃin] unknown Jane Hill
Gabrielino wivax inheritance Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa wetom [wəˈt̯ɔm] unknown Jane Hill
Kawaiisu tavi- inheritance Jane Hill
Kiliwa 7+uha7 h-n+waa “stones” unknown Jane Hill
Kitanemuk pi7 “throw at” inheritance Jane Hill
Lake Miwok Le/t'a- loan Jane Hill
Luiseño hata~i- unknown Elliott Jane Hill
Maidu wydy/m, wady/m unknown Jane Hill
Mojave atapm=, etc. inheritance Jane Hill
Mutsun witi:hte “thrown something out, down, away” unknown O77:271 Jane Hill
Nisenan bo:, bo7o, inheritance Jane Hill
Northern Paiute wynai inheritance Thornes 03:119 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok Takwa- unknown Jane Hill
Plains Miwok juk:i- unknown Jane Hill
Salinan A li:xo7 (A), unknown Jane Hill
Salinan M *(e)T'etepai 'shoot, throw, cast' unknown Mason 1918:147 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) Cocoji/it unknown Jane Hill
Serrano pi:7 inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Paiute tyravi- (cf. tavi- "to throw" inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok so:p- unknown Jane Hill
Southern Ute tyravi, ty/rApi inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal annap-at unknown Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone -kuna" inheritance Jane Hill
Wappo mahke/k'e7 “throw once” unknown Jane Hill
Washo shu7m unknown J276 Jane Hill
Western Mono takwy/na7i- inheritance Jane Hill
Wintu lyej inheritance Jane Hill
Yavapai ta/\:vk inheritance Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami witi Gamble unknown JPH Gamble 91 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi t:o “throw at” K07:252 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne *k'o7o loan into protolanguage, direction unknown N1944:86 Jane Hill
Yuki su(:)p unknown S&S 1984 Jane Hill
Yuma a:pk “he throws it” H I:25 ata:p “to throw, put down” H5:94 inheritance Jane Hill
Baniwa kakólha, peéko kakólha, peéko inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona ema (SM) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo toayʉ toajɨ unique See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw buúx [atirar]  bǔx inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano behó-ri beʔó-ɾi unique shared Siriano See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa -ama- (IDS) -ama- (IDS) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï ʰka-lũ unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani wo æ̃-to-dõ unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup b’uy- b’uj- inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua juʔ inheritance See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi yenumɨ (IDS) yenumɨ (IDS) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu yapi, mburi (jogar fora) japi, mburi (jogar fora) inheritance See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam šitšɨ (EM72) ʃitʃɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak dʒuʔ4 inheritance See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki jeoyi xẽõji inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon pakama, choroka, enum-pueti (A1981); ichoroka (M2000) pakama, tʃoɾoka, enumpueti (A1981) inheritance?, unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Sanumá tsətsə (EM72) tsətsə inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani bijanaxuaba (25), kayajata (3) bijánaxúaba, bixána ('tirar' - 'throw', xúaba 'botar' - 'discard', péneta 'botar varias cosas' - 'discard several things') inheritance Sik-Cuiva-Playero group See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana pé pé inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano kõʔâ kõʔâ inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria ~khoa; -roka kʰõã; -ɾoʰka inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam šəyə ʃəjə inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami shëyë-aɨ ʃəjə-aɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna kupakaje, ka'akaje kupakahe, kaʔakahe inheritance Bora See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup b'uh b'uh inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana thawi- inheritance Claire Bowern
Bardi -ngulu- -ngulu- inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba garra- unknown Claire Bowern
Burarra jurrka unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu ḏup unknown Claire Bowern
Dhuwal ḏup Claire Bowern
Dhuwala ḏup unknown Claire Bowern
Diyari warra- inheritance Claire Bowern
DiyariREU diganta inheritance? Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu ḏup Claire Bowern
Djapu ḏup unknown Claire Bowern
Djinang bat unknown Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng ngerr unique Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi waj- loan Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu ḏup unknown Claire Bowern
Gurindji waj wuya- loan Wardaman Claire Bowern
Jabirr-Jabirr -ngulu- -ngulu- inheritance Claire Bowern
Jaru waj ba- doubtful loan Claire Bowern
Jawi nunagoola nunakula unique Claire Bowern
Karajarri ilbanja unknown Claire Bowern
Kija waj- unique Claire Bowern
Malyangapa Mal: purkata unique Claire Bowern
Mangala yarrka-, wira- unknown Claire Bowern
Miriwung ngerr unique Claire Bowern
Mithaka [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Mudburra warn Claire Bowern
Mudburra warn ku- unique Claire Bowern
Ngamini dijina unique Claire Bowern
Ngandi geyk-dha unique Claire Bowern
Ngarluma ngayi Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl mungoorl goon mungurl inheritance Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi warrki inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla yarrka Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta panpini- (V3) or (V2) unknown Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta parnpili unknown Claire Bowern
Nyikina laj; jubug; laj; jubuk; inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul -ngurl- -ngurl- inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi ŋāḍa- unique Claire Bowern
Pirriya [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta thawi inheritance Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu ḏupthun Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu wurrdha'yun unique Claire Bowern
Walmajarri wilpu- inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru thawi- inheritance Claire Bowern
Warrwa laj gurrayan XXngl throw you do. laj kurrayan inheritance Claire Bowern
Wubuy barawuda unique Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu waṉ'puma unknown Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha warrka inheritance Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi wara- inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka drakindri unique Claire Bowern
Yawuru layity + layij + inheritance Claire Bowern
Achagua kása kása inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco ucaca ukaka See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari ka-wá ka-wá See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero yuta; wahi yuta; wahi See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Bare nuka nuka See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wapishana kabuʔutan kabuʔutan inheritance? See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu ohuta See Language page PLE Means to throw solid things; oyoto, to throw liquids; ehita, to throw small things.
Paresi xawatya ʃawatya inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Trinitario #NAME? See Language page PLE
Baure ehwe- ehwe- unknown See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá wasitʸa wasitʸa inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Cha'palaa 'tʸaʔ-'ke-nu See Language page PLE
Bora aámu, tubo (T98) aámɯ, tʰɯpo unique; unique See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane gáɲú-ʔi, xɨkku-ʔi gáɲú-ʔi, xɨkku-ʔi See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio eno'ma (SM) enoʔma (SM) inheritance Proto-Carib? See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Apalai emapory emaporɨ inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana ïphala -ka ɨphala -ka unique See Language page PLE
Tiriyó ema ema inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare himā-dɨɨ (IDS) himā-dɨɨ (IDS) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Wai Wai ar̃ma-kɨ ar̃ma-kɨ inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Waimiri Atroari -mah- -mah- See Language page Melody Ann Ross, PLE
Yukpa járkaj, nai, naya, nayának, saijpo, samuiku, sasia, saya, sáyapo See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Muisca yc btasqua ɨk βtaskua See Language page Daniel Valle
Northern Emberá taɓari (IDS) taɓari (IDS) See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena batʰa- See Language page PLE
Guayabero fóˀa 'pelt' (obj) unknown See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan oták unknown See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cuiva xúba, bébai botar, tirar, throw Huber & Reed 1992:351 Rebecca Khorram
Playero na-maxɨ-xua, xúa-lia See Language page Rebecca Khorram
Cofán ttovaye thoβajɛ See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra kiráptámaama kiɾáptámaama unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez gnuetá gnuetá See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna nanaña (he/they throw it) [2, 3, 5] nanaɲa unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina hau- hau- unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Camsa xutɕenána xutɕenána See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke bu' buʔ See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé a-ɛnõ See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave [-nam] nam unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Ashuar nangkimiátin naŋkimiatin See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa eketkatasa ɨkɨtkatasa See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna nagkítukút, tepét nagkitukut, tɨpɨt inheritance, unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect boh, bo:h inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect bo:h See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses ne ne inheritance? See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo po- See Language page PLE *Panoan *pota- 'to throw out'.
Katukina oriʔa- See Language page PLE
Yaminahua c̷aka-kĩ See Language page PLE
Chácobo nia- nia- inheritance? See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua jachiy; jupatya xatʃij; xu:patja unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua shitana ʃitana See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá flichai (Spanish loan) flitʃai (Spaniʃ loan) See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua shitana ʃitana See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano chuqay, chamqay (CP94) tʃuqaj, tʃamqaj See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa ɨhkúh, wɨ'ɨh ɨhkúh, wɨɁɨh unknown See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva fiãdajaha, ihajaha, lliagajaha, walladajaha ɸiãdahaʔa, iʔahaʔa, ʤiagahaʔa, waʤadahaʔa unknown See Language page Becky Walker
Bará 'dée-ko, kõ'ṍ See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano roká-, reá-, kõã- roká-, reá-, kõã- See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana 'wẽ́-hõ, 'róká- 'wẽ́-hõ, 'róká- See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna jatu-re (identical with shoot); rea-re xatu-ɾe; ɾea-ɾe unknown See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti 'dóka-, kõ'ã́- 'dóka-, kõ'ã́- See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana do'ke-, kõ'ʔã- do'ke-, kõ'ʔã- See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano de'á-, 'béo- de'á-, 'béo- See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca waja-'ta-ri-ka, 'ta-ri-ka waja-'ta-ri-ka, 'ta-ri-ka unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo 'róka-'hó- 'róka-'hó- See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka 'dée-ko 'dée-ko See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja déé-koho, kõ'á déé-koho, kõ'á See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje su'amʉ suʔamʉ unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona juiji wihi unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya jeoñe hẽõñɛ̃ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana atsykat atsɨkat inheritance? See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama itika itika inheritance See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi -mɔ-mɔ; -yapiãpi -mɔ-mɔ; -japiãpi inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché ǰapi modo inheritance See Language page PLE
Chiriguano moᵐbo inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní moᵐbo; itɨ See Language page PLE
Sirionó momo; ɲučã momo; ɲučã inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá momot (M2000) momot (M2000) inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina oou (con lanza); ñiih (con escopeta) ooɯ (con lanza); ɲiiʔ (con escopeta) unique; unique See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto bï-ɗá-de (put), dai-ɗá-de, paï-ɗe bɯ-ɗá-dɛ (put), dai-ɗá-dɛ, paɯ-ɗɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto bï-tá-de, ba-tá-de, ñáï-te bɯ-tá-dɛ, ba-tá-dɛ, ɲáɯ-tɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto nitade, bï-ta-de, kuaï-ta-de nitadɛ (B83), bɯ-ta-dɛ, kuaɯ-ta-d unknown; inheritance/Witoto See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Záparo ahityanu, ihyanu ahitjanu, ihjanu See Language page Becky Walker
Wari šin; wišikaoʔ ʃin; wiʃikaoʔ See Language page PLE
Araona wanabotea, iša, iša-botea, ha See Language page PLE To throw out to a specific place is hiwi; hiwiki.
Ese Ejja wanaokea- unknown See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo hea-kwe hea-kwe See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana sana- See Language page PLE 'To throw out' is kʷade-; hosia-.
Cavineña mare-ya; ihewe-ya; išac̷abo-ke; ka-daka-ti- (G71) mare-ya; ihewe-ya; išačabo-ke; ka-daka-ti- (G71) unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara jaqtaña, liwtaña warta-ɲa See Language page PLE
Cayuvava bibihiki; biki See Language page PLE Also bočo.
Itonama nuseʔehte See Language page PLE
Kwazá aty-, bwɛ-, by-, oce-, tsewe- aty-, bwɛ-, by-, oce-, tsewe- See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané fa'raheʔ See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE
Movima haran̉-na haran̉-na See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Kaingang pẽg Φɔn; wãm; wãwãm See Language page PLE
Canela ayrɔ̃ See Language page PLE
Suyá krwáme krwáme See Language page Rebekah Evans
Karajá sihe; ta See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi kühi køhi See Language page PLE
Chipaya č̣axk- See Language page PLE To throw outside (to 'kick out') is čʰatḳatš.
Mocoví i-naḳ See Language page PLE
Pilagá y-asaḳ See Language page PLE
Toba y-asaḳ See Language page PLE
Lengua #NAME? See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité apyiyaoki; anyiyaoki See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet neŋyamasma; neŋeɬakhaam See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay ta'humeh See Language page PLE
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -tate ~ -tyete See Language page PLE
Maca -xeleʔ See Language page PLE
Nivaclé -uʔ throw https://ids.clld.org/ PLE
Ayoreo a'tareʔ; ati'ŋaareʔ See Language page PLE Also iiti'ŋaareʔ; to throw with force is een̥a-'pusu.
Mapudungun ɨṭ͡ʀɨfɨ See Language page PLE Ranquel form is ɨṭ͡ʀɨv-.
Selknam ye See Language page PLE See 'sneeze' 04.540.
Tehuelche '-ayt-; 'pˀaweʔ See Language page PLE Respectively: to throw out; to toss (as a lance/spear).
Lokono bolheidin boɽeidin throw Pet 1987:374 Camille Unger
Kariña ema ema throw Yamada 2010:727 Camille Unger