Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

open/uncover

Semantic Field
other
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
abrir
Meaning Portuguese
abrir

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim ahk lan'-no 217 loan Jane Hill
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone missing missing Jane Hill
Cahuilla -hakush unknown S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok po:haj-y-, poh:aj-y:- unknown Jane Hill
Chemehuevi taty/win7a unknown Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno 7ush-ka/l (be open of razor clam in Wash p. 406 and vt of door p. 436) inheritance Klar 1977:102 Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno 7uch-qHal inheritance Klar 1977:102 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno tYe-tYa, (k)she-tYa inheritance Klar 1977:103 Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno 7ush-qal inheritance Klar 1977:103 Jane Hill
Cocopa cuma/n, 7u:ku/p unknown Jane Hill
Comanche matuhwary, tohtywary unique Jane Hill
Cupeño kapel-in [kapəlin] inheritance Jane Hill
Gabrielino av/-ve-a^ (opposite of “shut”) unknown CHM/MC255 Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa uuttaq [uˑ˅ˈtaq] inheritance Jane Hill
Kawaiisu ta7avina- unknown Jane Hill
Kiliwa kap unknown Jane Hill
Kitanemuk 7a7nk (trans) unknown Jane Hill
Lake Miwok wi/t inheritance Jane Hill
Luiseño heda~i- unknown Jane Hill
Maidu pu/l inheritance Jane Hill
Mojave itaq=(of door or box w/ hinge, intr), tataq=,(by pulling apart, often w/ noise) inheritance Jane Hill
Mutsun SYachwe “opens unknown O77:49 Jane Hill
Nisenan pylk'oj inheritance Jane Hill
Northern Paiute -kwonao (sg), unknown SAA? Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok jowu:t-u- unknown Jane Hill
Plains Miwok tektu- inheritance Jane Hill
Salinan A (p)ele:/t'o (A), (p)e/lextLo (pl) “open” unknown Jane Hill
Salinan M missing missing Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) caatjc unknown Jane Hill
Serrano A:n-(a)7kin, A:nY7 (intr) unknown Jane Hill
Southern Paiute -cara:- to open, bare inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok 7eTu:l unknown Jane Hill
Southern Ute chawi7ni inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal lesha-t (vi) loan Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone tsattawin inheritance Jane Hill
Wappo ch'ach'e/l'i7 unknown Jane Hill
Washo beyéc'ɨk sáʔa unknown Washo Project Jane Hill
Western Mono tsitaagi- (using hands) unknown Jane Hill
Wintu xilama unknown Jane Hill
Yavapai kWa_kv?i “open slowly” unknown Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi at:id (7aTi-d) inheritance K07:246 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne 7aTl- inheritance N 1944 p. 30 Jane Hill
Yuki hil (vt) inheritance S&S 1984 Jane Hill
Baniwa mheéta mheéta inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona ahumaka (SM) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo ovayʉ ovajɨ unique See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw pô’ poʔ inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano pãgú-ri pãgú-ɾi inheritance See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa -ipipu-ka- (IDS) -ipipu-ka- (IDS) unknown See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï wai unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani wi æ̃de unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup poʔ- poʔ- inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua wãt unknown See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi atarakamɨ-ka (IDS) atarakamɨ-ka (IDS) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu pirári pirári inheritance? See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam karora (EM72) kaɾoɾa inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Pemon warau-ka, arakam-bu-ka, chi-ri-mo, charamo, aranka, apu-ka (A1981) waɾauka, aɾakambuka, tʃiɾimo, tʃaɾamo, aɾanka, apuka (A1981) inheritance; inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Resígaro a?kó aʔkó doubtful loan Carib, cf. Ingariko aʔkoka See Language page Ana Paula B.
Sanumá hakopa (EM72) hakopa unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani wüpata (2) wɨpáta inheritance See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana hála hála unique See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano pãâ pãâ inheritance E Tuk See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria to open wide (intran.): bʉkʉ bʉʰkʉ unique See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam kero (EM72) keɾo inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami (mɨ) hape-aɨ (mɨ) hape-aɨ unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna me'etákeja meʔetákeha inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup poʔ poʔ inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana parlu unique Claire Bowern
Bardi lambard -(i)nya- lambard -(i)nya- inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Burarra lapkujama loan Yolngu Claire Bowern
Dhangu barryun unknown Claire Bowern
Dhuwal ḻapmaram Claire Bowern
Dhuwala dayaŋgi unknown Claire Bowern
Diyari biringananta inheritance? Claire Bowern
DiyariREU [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Djapu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Djinang lapmiri-gi inheritance Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng beng unique Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Gurindji warnparlk ma- loan Miriwung Claire Bowern
Jabirr-Jabirr ga""b ma-man kaab ma-man inheritance Claire Bowern
Jaru banggaj inheritance Claire Bowern
Karajarri pal inheritance Claire Bowern
Kija remparrk unique Claire Bowern
Malyangapa [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Mangala lipurra unknown Claire Bowern
Miriwung beng unique NJ Claire Bowern
Mithaka [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Mudburra warlk (warnd-u) Claire Bowern
Mudburra warlk unique Claire Bowern
Ngamini birinta inheritance? Claire Bowern
Ngarluma thayaka-lku unique Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Nimanburru lambad lambad inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta pirli jini-(V3) unknown Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta kurta-rna (2) unknown Claire Bowern
Nyikina balaṛ balaṛ unique Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul bab -nyu- bab -nyu- inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi biyara unique Claire Bowern
Pirriya [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta marrha unique Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu ḻarr'yun unknown Claire Bowern
Walmajarri larntakpa- inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru marnamarra- unique Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu ḻapmiyama inheritance Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha pindr(a?) unique Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka pirinari inheritance? Claire Bowern
Yawuru ngalal + ngalal + unique Claire Bowern
Achagua mékueri mékueri inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco nùacùaca; nucuculíadaca. nùakùaka; nukukulíadaka. See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari mée-há mée-há See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero kálaja kálaha See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Bare kutʃia kutʃia See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wapishana daʔatʰa-n daʔatʰa-n unique See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu ohutaľa See Language page PLE To open the mouth, a door, a jar, etc. Also awaľa, to split open, and other forms depending on the context.
Paresi majiholatya matʃiholatya unique See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano -wehiaka; 'tehiaka See Language page PLE
Trinitario ewac̷ako See Language page PLE Also ehoko; -wehoko.
Baure 'βe-ha 'βe-ha unique See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá wanaka (open a door); paitʸa (open a lid) wanaka; paitʸa inheritance; unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick
Cha'palaa 'huu-na; 'hadʸa See Language page PLE
Bora paayúcu, wájɨhtúcu (T98) pʰaajɯ́kɯ, kʷáxɨʔtʰɯ́kɯ inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane fááyɨ́cɨhi (W97) ɸáájɨ́kɨʔi See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio waraubang (adj.) wa'raʊbaŋ (adj.) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect aʔkoka aʔkoka See Language page Lauren Franklin
Apalai apuruhmakãko apuruhmakãko inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana apuwa apuwa inheritance See Language page PLE
Tiriyó rowaka rowaka inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Wai Wai ahru-nka-kɨ ahru-nka-kɨ unknown See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Yukpa echo, etapka, satapka, sékaipo, sestatka, setapka, setápkak, sütapka, tetapka, tötaptka See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Northern Emberá eoabɨ̃́ eoabɨ̃́ See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena ewa- See Language page PLE
Macaguan pátarp, yótarb pátarp, yótarb inheritance; unknown See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cofán fettaye fɛthajɛ See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Páez pjandeni pxandeni See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna na3ya5wa2xna2 (A58) najawaʔna unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina tʉreta tʉreta unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Andoke dʌ'á dʌʔá unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé are-goɛ See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave [-hui + yik] hui + yik unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Ashuar uráimu, epénchamu uraimu, ɨpɨntʃamu See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa uraitsa uraitsa See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna dakaekáu. juwáekiu dakaɨkau, xuwaɨkiu unknown; unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect je:ɲ, jḛ:j inheritance cognate Dâw See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses bëcado bɨkado inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo βɨ'oka-ti See Language page PLE Transitive verb. ṣ̌ɨ'oka-ti 'to open a door'.
Katukina βɨpɨ̃- See Language page PLE
Shipibo-Konibo čopeti See Language page PLE
Yaminahua βɨpɨ-kĩ See Language page PLE
Chácobo hapɨkɨ-; hapɨka- (the former is intransitive, the latter is transitive) hapɨkɨ-; hapɨka- (the former is intransitive, the latter is transitive) inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua mudtarya (adj.); nantay (to be ~) mudtarja; nantaj unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá paska paska See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua pascana paskana See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano kichay (CP94) kitʃaj See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Sáliva ajadajaha, cañadajaha ahadahaʔa, kaɲadahaʔa unknown See Language page Becky Walker
Carapana pããrĩqũẽ pããɾĩkẽ See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna jãna-re xãna-ɾe inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Tanimuca dyaʔ'a ri'ka ʎaʔ'a ri'ka unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya pa'pa (abrirse) paʔpa See Language page Amanda N
Kokama yatse (to ~) yatse unique See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi #NAME? #NAME? inheritance? See Language page PLE
Aché ǰeɨwɨ unique See Language page PLE
Chiriguano pea inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní peʔa See Language page PLE
Sirionó eekia hi eekia hi inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Ocaina fuura ɸɯɯra unique See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Murui Witoto tuide, cuaranote tuidɛ, kuaranotɛ (B83) unknown See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Wari pa' (E&K97) paʔ (E&K97) See Language page PLE
Araona eotata; silo See Language page PLE Also bi-silo; ota.
Ese Ejja paahea-; kaʔa-peho- unique See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo šeʔa-kwe; pa-a-he- (Girard 1971) šeʔa-kwe; pa-a-he- See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana ď̶ia- See Language page PLE 'To open the door' is c̷eke-ď̶ia-. ha-poho-ti- refers to a flower opening.
Cavineña pakaša-ya; pototaša-ya; bosa-ya (The latter is "burst open") pakaša-ya; pototaša-ya; bosa-ya unique See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara jist´arata xistˀxa-ɲa See Language page PLE
Cayuvava koporo See Language page PLE
Itonama itʸɨhne; kamabɨ See Language page PLE Respectively: trans.; intrans. (the door).
Kwazá dei-, tsirje- dei-, tsirje- See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané wa'nakheʔ See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE
Movima kel-na kel-na See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai (ha) analat̯-ka (ha) analat̯-ka unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang nor, nognor nor; noŋnor; row; roŋrow See Language page PLE
Karajá iǰɔ See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi be be See Language page PLE
Chipaya kʰet- See Language page PLE
Mocoví y-awač-igi See Language page PLE
Pilagá y-ʔo'wač-iyi See Language page PLE Lit. '3pa-open-through'.
Toba y-awač-igi See Language page PLE
Lengua #NAME? See Language page PLE Also means 'untie' 09.161.
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité ilik See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet neŋmaayeeskama; neŋleklama atoŋ See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay huyen'če See Language page PLE
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja axlinityam ~ -talinityam See Language page PLE Also varies with ~ elinityam.
Maca #NAME? See Language page PLE Means to open the door. -itˀix kˀax means to open the mouth. To open a flower is kˀufxem neʔ ɬʔopˀom.
Nivaclé -nkˀaʔt open https://ids.clld.org/ PLE
Ayoreo ge'saa-i; gesaa-'ge See Language page PLE Also e'dogesaa-i; e'dogesaa-ge; verbal form is u'čere-ŋaay.
Mapudungun nɨla See Language page PLE Ranquel form is ɨla-.
Qawasqar yetaḳsa See Language page PLE Also kseksa.
Selknam àṣ-yeʔ See Language page PLE Cf. 'mouth' 04.240.
Tehuelche gon m 'kˀe-; aš m 'kˀe- See Language page PLE
Kanamarí onohik onohik abrir Magalhães 2018:373 Maria Castillo
Lokono tholhodon tʰoɽodon open Pet 1987:366 Camille Unger
Kariña apurùmàka epuruʔmaɁka open Courtz 2007:236 Camille Unger