Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

leaf

Semantic Field
environment
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
hoja
Meaning Portuguese
folha

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone syki unique Jane Hill
Cahuilla pala-t loan S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok ta:ta- inheritance Jane Hill
Chemehuevi nanka/-v(a) inheritance Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno s-qap loan Ono 1996:141 Jane Hill
Chumash Cruzeno tsuluqap loan JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno qap “leaf, feather” loan A 236 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno tu7 (see “ear”) loan direction unknown JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno staqapqap loan JPH Jane Hill
Cocopa wal unknown Jane Hill
Comanche puhi, puhipY semantic shift Jane Hill
Cupeño -pel'a [-pəlɁa] loan Jane Hill
Gabrielino ah-nan/-nahCH inheritance CHM/MC269 Jane Hill
Kawaiisu naga-vy inheritance Jane Hill
Kiliwa smaq inheritance Jane Hill
Kitanemuk kavac inheritance Jane Hill
Lake Miwok Sa/anim unique Jane Hill
Luiseño pavla-sh loan Jane Hill
Maidu boto/ unknown Jane Hill
Mojave hamaly unknown Jane Hill
Mutsun marah “leaf, body hair” O 249 unknown O77:249 Jane Hill
Nisenan bakkal, bakka:l unknown Jane Hill
Northern Paiute naka inheritance SAA 1982:16 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok tat:a- inheritance Jane Hill
Plains Miwok pate- unknown Jane Hill
Salinan A ctan' (A only) stanane/L (pl) unknown Jane Hill
Salinan M sta unknown Mason 1918:17 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) istj unknown Jane Hill
Serrano -qAv, qAva:-c "ear, leaf" inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok tat:a- inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Ute nyka7avI inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal nanghapyyl inheritance Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone pisi(ttsi) inheritance Jane Hill
Wappo hol-pe/l loan direction unknown Jane Hill
Washo dayáyʔ unknown Washo Project Jane Hill
Western Mono pi/sI inheritance Jane Hill
Wintu dalas inheritance Jane Hill
Yavapai the_qa unknown Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami t'apt'ap inheritance JPH Gamble 91 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi tapHtapH inheritance K07:239,243 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne da/\pdap, t'ap'p'aS (N1) inheritance K 1963 Jane Hill
Yuki pal, 7olpal loan direction unknown S&S 1984 Jane Hill
Baniwa panáphe panáphe inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona wewarɨ inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo cainiyoca, yoca (both generic) kainijoka, joka (both generic) unique See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw keét kæ̌t inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano pũ pũ inheritance See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa ijchan, tyan, -yan (MM) ihtʃan, tjan, -jan (MM) unknown See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï tuhkuhia unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani mǫ́ǫ mǫ unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup cug'æ̌t, -g'æt cug'æ̌t, -g'æt inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua nɨ̂w̃ inheritance See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi yare (IDS) yare (IDS) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu awa, ka'a, uá awa, kaʔa, uá inheritance; inheritance; unknown See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam hena hena inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak nɨu3 inheritance See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki jao ja xao xã inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon dare (A1981); taadare (M2000) daɾe (A1981) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Resígaro apáná?aamí apánáʔaamí inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Sanumá hena hena inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani pe-báxɨ-to unique shared Playero See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana paná-phe paná-pʰe inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano pũrî pũrî inheritance E Tuk See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria ~phu ~pʰu inheritance E Tuk See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam fena fena inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami yãã hena jã: hena inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna wíchu'upe wítʃuʔupe unique See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup k'æ̂t k'æ̂t inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana kadlha unique Claire Bowern
Bardi bilil(i) bilil(i) inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba wanjali unknown Claire Bowern
Burarra jarlawurra unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu man'tjarr loan Claire Bowern
Dhuwal [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Dhuwala [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Diyari tharlpa inheritance Claire Bowern
DiyariREU [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Djapu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Djinang [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng jalying loan NGY Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi yimarraarra inheritance Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Gurindji jalyi inheritance Claire Bowern
Jaru jalyirr inheritance Claire Bowern
Jawi peelel bilel inheritance Claire Bowern
Karajarri ngalyawata loan Claire Bowern
Kija kanarra- inheritance Claire Bowern
Malyangapa paka doubtful loan Claire Bowern
Mangala jalyjarr unknown Claire Bowern
Miriwung ganarrang inheritance Claire Bowern
Mithaka [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Mudburra yurrwalyi Claire Bowern
Mudburra yurrwalyi inheritance? Claire Bowern
Ngamini talpa inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngandi manjarr' inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngarluma barrga inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl wirrgin, beeramal <wirrgin, beeramal> inheritance Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi marrgala loan Wangkumarra Claire Bowern
Nimanburru bilibil bilibil inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla jalyjarr Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta parrka inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta parrka loan Ngarluma Claire Bowern
Nyikina wirriny; warnjal XXngl latter are tea leaves wirriny; warnjal inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul bilibil; birlabirl bilibil; birlabirl inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi baga inheritance Claire Bowern
Pirriya [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta karrapati unique Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu man'tjarr loan Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu manjarr' loan Claire Bowern
Walmajarri jalyirr inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Warrwa wirrwiny wirrwiny inheritance Claire Bowern
Wubuy yirr inheritance Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha thalpa inheritance Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka ngarilju unique Claire Bowern
Yawuru wirrkin wirrkin inheritance Claire Bowern
Achagua bánabai bánabai inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco ibáiná ('hojas suyas') ibáiná ('hojas suyas') See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari apana apana See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero hasi hasi See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Wapishana anaˀba anaˀba inheritance Proto North Arawak See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu hɨ-pana See Language page PLE Same as 'liver' 04.450.
Yine sɨre See Language page PLE
Paresi ehana ehana inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano tapakahi See Language page PLE
Trinitario -'pokohi See Language page PLE
Baure e-pono'e e-pono'e inheritance See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá -pana; ata-pana -pana; ata-pana inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Arutani aña aɲa See Language page John Blaha
Sape muyra muyra See Language page John Blaha
Cha'palaa 'haki See Language page PLE Also means 'thatch' 07.520; 'roof' 07.510.
Bora ɨ́na-ʔáámɨ, -ʔáámɨɨ́, ḯna-ʔáámɨ, -xḯḯʔoó, mɨ́ɨ́ïmï, xɨ́ʔoó ɨ́na-ʔáámɨ, -ʔáámɨɨ́, ɯ́na-ʔáámɨ, -xɯ́ɯ́ʔoó, mɨ́ɨ́ɯmɯ, xɨ́ʔoó inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane áame áamɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio yaree (E1977) yare (E1977) inheritance; unknown Proto-Carib See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect alaŋ alaŋ See Language page Lauren Franklin
Apalai zary zarɨ inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana ale ale inheritance See Language page PLE
Tiriyó arï arɨ inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare yadɨ (IDS) jadɨ inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Mapoyo yaari jaari See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai ∅-yaa-rɨ ∅-yaa-rɨ inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Waimiri Atroari ia ja See Language page Melody Ann Ross, PLE
Yabarana eta'reri See Language page Ana Paula B., John Blaha
Yukpa dʒats̺e See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Kalapalo itagï itagɨ unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick
Muisca quye kuɨe See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí ahḳaadu See Language page PLE Colombia: təθərə. *Chibchan form is *'ka.
Northern Emberá kédua kédua See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena 'kʰiru; kʰi'tua See Language page PLE Latter is large leaf.
Guayabero nɨaɸɨ́-t inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan nópat nópat inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cuiva noxú-to, pe-toáxu hoja, leaf Huber & Reed 1992:153 Rebecca Khorram pe-toáxu - 'pluma' ('feather')
Cofán naje, ccaque, ccaqueje khakyɛ, khakyɛhɛ See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra masharo maʃaɾo unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro ava´ya awaʔja See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez ez ez See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna atɨ unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina n-alo n-alo unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Camsa tsubaná-tʃe tsubaná-tʃe See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke -pu (round leaf), -senə (allongated leaf) -pu (round leaf), -çenə (allongated leaf) unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé to pjüdá See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave -wan; soyõn wan; sojõn unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Máku de:mu de:mu See Language page PLE
Warao yaroko yaɾoko See Language page John Blaha
Ashuar núka nuka See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa nuka nuka See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna dúka dúka inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect ga̰ːd inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect ga̰ːd See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses bëpucte, podo bɨpukte, podo unknown See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo pɨi; pɨči See Language page PLE Also mean 'feather'.
Katukina pɨʔi See Language page PLE Also means 'feather' 04.393; 'thatch' 07.520.
Pacahuara 'pɨʔi See Language page PLE
Shipibo-Konibo pɨi See Language page PLE
Yaminahua pɨi See Language page PLE Also means 'feather' 04.393.
Chácobo pɨ-ʔi; mani (the former also means "feather") pɨ-ʔi; mani (the former also means "feather") inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua {-vi} wı̃ unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua panga panga See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá panga panga See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua panga panga See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano llaqe, rapi ʎaqe, ɾapi See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa ojiyä ɤhijæ inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva oxoxo oxoxo inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Bará pũũrõ See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano ~hu-ro ~hu-ro See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana pũrõ, pũũrõ pũɾɔ̃, pũũɾɔ̃ See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna ~hu ~hu inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti pũũ pũũ See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana pũ pũ See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano pṹ pṹ See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca pũ'dyũã pũ'ʎũã inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo pũũ pũũ See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka 'pũũ ʔpũũ See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja ᵽṹňõ ɸṹrõ See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje ja'ova xaʔoba inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona haʔo haʔo inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya ja'o haʔ'o See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana epesap (ep{tree}-esap?) epesap unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama tsa tsa inheritance See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi kaʔa-lɔ 'plant-flesh' kaʔa-lɔ 'plant-flesh' inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché wɨra oʔo inheritance See Language page PLE
Chiriguano roo; hoʔo; h-okɨ inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní toɣʷe See Language page PLE
Sirionó ero; iraro ero; iraro inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá kaˀa, op kaˀa, op inheritance; inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina opaavi opaaβi unknown See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto rábe rábɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto rábe rábɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto rabe rabɛ inheritance/Witoto See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito íimɨ, naámɨ íimɨ, naámɨ inheritance See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo u+m+ uɨmɨ See Language page Becky Walker
Wari tenenein tenenein See Language page PLE Means 'its hair' 04.140. 'Leaf (referring to money) is tan tayišiʔ. (?)
Araona akʷi-iɲa See Language page PLE akʷi is 'tree'. Cf. 'hair' 04.140. *Tacn form is *e-ina.
Ese Ejja iɲa inheritance See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo akwi ʔiɲa akwi ʔiɲa See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana e-ina See Language page PLE Also means 'hair' 04.140; 'feather' 04.393.
Cavineña e-haki; hata e-haki; hata inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara laphi lapʰi See Language page PLE
Cayuvava ene See Language page PLE
Itonama u-mado See Language page PLE To be leafy is melepahte.
Kwazá hesyxe, -xy, -xe (latter is a small leaf) hesyxe, -xy, -xe (latter is a small leaf) See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané 'šan See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE Cf. 'green' 15.680.
Movima loran-kʷa loran-kʷa See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai sida ~ siʔda sida ~ siʔda unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang fèj #NAME? See Language page PLE
Canela ii-tɛ See Language page PLE *Jê form is *tɛ.
Djeoromitxi nĩ nĩ See Language page PLE
Chipaya čʰaɲi; šika See Language page PLE The latter means 'green and dry (leaf)'.
Mocoví la-we See Language page PLE Also means 'hair' 04.140; 'wool' 06.220.
Pilagá l-ayo-ḳte See Language page PLE Feminine form. Cf. 'hair' 04.140 and 'wool' 06.220.
Toba l-awe See Language page PLE Also means 'hair' 04.140; 'wool' 06.220.
Lengua a-wa See Language page PLE Probably 'covering'; also means 'hair' 04.140; 'feather' 04.393; 'wool' 06.220; 'fur' 06.280.
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité awa See Language page PLE Same as 'hair' 04.140.
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet aawaʔ; yamtaʔ aawaʔ See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay -la-wu'le See Language page PLE Also means 'hair' 04.140.
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja alaʔ-woleʔ (m.) See Language page PLE Lit. 'tree-hair covering' 04.140, -woleʔ also means 'feather' 04.393; 'wool' 06.220.
Maca ɬesex (m.) See Language page PLE
Nivaclé ɬ-saʔš leaf https://ids.clld.org/ PLE
Ayoreo poor-ãaka'raai See Language page PLE Lit. the tree's hair (covering), 04.140.
Mapudungun tapɨl̯ See Language page PLE Ranquel form is tapɨl.
Qawasqar ḳse See Language page PLE Also means 'branch' 08.550; and 'fishscale' 03.653. Sk records kɬe for Central QWS. SpS records kenar.
Selknam ḳˀèl See Language page PLE
Lokono bana bana leaf Pet 1987:362 Camille Unger
Kariña ary arɨ leaf Courtz 2007:242 Camille Unger