Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

stingray (generic)

Semantic Field
flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
rayas látigo, raya
Meaning Portuguese
arraia

Languages

Language Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
Baniwa Potamotrygon sp. ñámaro ɲámaɻo loan direction unknown Yanomami/Ninam Ninam, Yanomami jãmãɾu uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Carijona Potamotrygon sp. dziha:ri (M2000) doubtful loan - WW note similarity to WW spear/machete (from Span. sable?) See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Cubeo Potamotrygon sp. pãramebo (with stinger) pãlamɛbo (with stinger) unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Dâw Potamotrygon sp. çeé’ cæ̌ʔ inheritance missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Eñepa Potamotrygon sp. pankeik; panke' (MM) pankeik; pankeʔ (MM) unique See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Hodï Potamotrygon sp. ku'laka'we iʰti unique iʰti (Rodman) uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Waorani Potamotrygon sp. boyotai doubtful loan, direction unknown Yagua buryatu buryatu uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Hup Potamotrygon sp. j'æ̌ʔ ɟ'æ̌ʔ inheritance underived See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Kakua Potamotrygon sp. ~pêjep ~pêjep-tɨb-~di (stingray-hurt-adjvz) unknown also means 'clay pan'? underived See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Macaguan Potamotrygon sp. póin póin inheritance uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Nheengatu Potamotrygon sp. yawawira jawawira inheritance Proto-Tupi-Guarani Reconstructed PTG Mello 2000 No info Probably complex See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Ninam Potamotrygon sp. ~camaro (gom) ~tʃamaɾo (gom) loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown North Arawak: Baniwa, Tariana Tariana, Baniwa ɲámaɻo uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Resígaro Potamotrygon sp. bahí (Seifart2011) bahí (Seifart2011) loan Bora missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Sikuani Potamotrygon sp. pone (2) póne inheritance missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Tariana Potamotrygon sp. hayámaɾu hajámaɾu loan direction unknown Yanomami/Ninam Ninam, Yanomami jãmãɾu uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Tukano Potamotrygon sp. ãyâ ãjâ semantic shift East Tukanoan, Branch II from poisonous snake uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Wapishana Potamotrygon sp. ˀdyɨɨˀbɨrɨ ˀdyɨɨˀbɨrɨ loan - WW Carib, e.g. Tiriyo cipari See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Yanomami Potamotrygon sp. yãmãru jãmãɾu (IDS) loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown North Arawak: Baniwa, Tariana Tariana, Baniwa ɲámaɻo underived See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Yukuna Potamotrygon sp. nukumi, jiña iwaká nukumi, hiɲa iwaká unique Also hiɲa iwaká uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
Bardi Dasyatidae barnamb barnamb unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Burarra Dasyatidae an-maka an-maka unique “an” marker of noun class, “maka” can mean father’s mother 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Dhangu Dasyatidae djuḻaymuŋ dyuḻaymuŋ unique 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Dhay’yi Dasyatidae missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Dhuwal Dasyatidae maranydjalk ba:rrinyinŋa unique 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Djapu Dasyatidae rda:ŋgu'rtaŋgu unknown 0 1 0 0 0
Djinang Dasyatidae ḻawarranya rlawarranya unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Gooniyandi Dasyatidae paya loan Nyikina from Marrngu WW %paya missing 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Gumatj Dasyatidae maranydjalk belpil semantic shift also word for “knife” underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Gupapuyngu Dasyatidae markala dhawatyiri unique 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Guugu Yimidhirr Dasyatidae mirbuy & warramarrathirr mirbuy & warramarrathirr white-spotted shovelnose ray & shovelnose ray unique underived /digarra/ 'stingray spine' is possibly generic 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Karajarri Dasyatidae galo-galo-bigi galo-galo-bigi unique reduplicated 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Koko-Bera Dasyatidae CHERNT; KO- & PONGKÓM; KO- KO-CHERNT & KO-PONGKÓM STINGRAY unique simplex
Kuku-Thaypan Dasyatidae atikarr atikarr unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Kuku-Yalanji Dasyatidae yawu yawu inheritance *yawu Local To GYim yawu 'small shark sp' and perhaps more widely (CYP E & W) to stingray terms in *ya(:)wa(ra) underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Kurtjar Dasyatidae ntooth & lkoyergh & lmoworth & mpechilgh & tharkithark ntooth & lkoyergh & lmoworth & mpechilgh & tharkithark unique No generic underived wanhthork ~ wooy 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Kuuk Thaayorre Dasyatidae thip; ngat- & punhth+aacin; ngat thip; ngat- & punhth+aacin; ngat calque *ngata, *cipa *ngata (fish) pPaman; *cipa (liver) pPama-Nyungan and poss. pre-PNy (cognates in Gunwinyguan) Unknown protoform poss. *kipa; 'liver' is a reference to the prominence of the liver in preparation as food mutual calque, Local; OR loan with source undeterminable: YYoront OR KThaay To judge from YYoront usage, ngat-thip is a generic and ngat punhth+aacin less likely; there are other specific terms not cited here underived 0 1 All rays are prepared for eating in an elaborate manner prominently involving the liver (thip), hence the name 0 speared (usually from hand); beginning in Post-Wet & peaking in Dry & Pre-Wet 0 0 variable
Mangala Dasyatidae paya paya unknown WW %paya underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Mbabaram Dasyatidae missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Ngandi Dasyatidae missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Ngarinyin Dasyatidae ngubun (di) ngubun (di) inheritance *ngupunV proto-Worrorran uncoded (di, nW classifier) 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Ngarluma Dasyatidae pilaŋara unique 0 1 0 0 0
Ngumbarl Dasyatidae yamburna yamburna inheritance perhaps with meaning change WW ??tyarrampu underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Nimanburru Dasyatidae yamban yamban inheritance perhaps with meaning change underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Nyikina Dasyatidae baya baya loan Marrngu WW %paya underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Nyulnyul Dasyatidae yamban yamban inheritance perhaps with meaning change underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Pakanh Dasyatidae weempa; nga'a- nga'a-weempa unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Rembarrnga Dasyatidae missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Ritharrngu Dasyatidae missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Tjaapukay Dasyatidae missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Uw-Olkol Dasyatidae missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Uw-Oykangand Dasyatidae missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Walmajarri Dasyatidae paya paya loan Marrngu also in Nyikina WW %paya underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Wardaman Dasyatidae nuŋgurlma nuŋgurlma unknown uncoded 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Wik Ngathan Dasyatidae katheng kathvng sharks & rays (generic) unique underived gerundial of kathe- 'to tie': 2nd-order generic, as in minh katheng 'tying meats, i.e. sharks & rays', katheng warp 'sawfish' 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Worrorra Dasyatidae balgudja inheritance proto-Worrorran 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Wunambal Dasyatidae balguja inheritance proto-Worrorran 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Yan-nhangu Dasyatidae bambi ba:rrka semantic shift cf Gupapuyngu “ba:rrkarr” meaning penetrating simplex 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Yawuru Dasyatidae bindanj bindanj unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Yidiny Dasyatidae murujum murujum unique underived minya 0 1 0 0 0 variable
Yir-Yoront Dasyatidae thip; ngar- ngar-thip calque *ngata, *cipa *ngata (fish) pPaman; *cipa (liver) pPama-Nyungan and poss. pre-PNy (cognates in Gunwinyguan) Unknown Protoform poss. *kipa; 'liver' is a reference to the prominence of the liver in preparation as food. Mutual calque, Local; OR loan with source undeterminable. YYoront OR KThaay Various spp; can also refer to sharks, hence generic for elasmobranch fish. underived 0 1 All rays are prepared for eating in an elaborate manner prominently involving the liver (thip), hence the name 0 speared (usually from hand); beginning in Post-Wet & peaking in Dry & Pre-Wet 0 0 variable
Achagua Potamotrygon sp. ijáduli ijáduli inheritance See Language page
Piapoco Potamotrygon sp. itàanàa machàníiri (itàanàa '?', machàníiri 'without power') itàanàa matʃàní:ɾi See Language page
Kabiyari Potamotrygon sp. jatúrí jatúɾí See Language page
Yavitero Potamotrygon sp. yajíwe jahíwe See Language page
Mandawaka Potamotrygon sp. náːtuli náːtuli See Language page
Wayuu Potamotrygon sp. atša See Language page
Waurá Potamotrygon sp. iyapu; ka-pala-'ka ijapu; ka-pala-'ka inheritance? reflex of N.Arawak *inatu-li (Ramirez)? See Language page
Cha'palaa Potamotrygon sp. ['raya] See Language page
Bora Potamotrygon sp. bajɨ baxɨ inheritance See Language page
Muinane Potamotrygon sp. báje (W97) báxe See Language page
Wayana Potamotrygon sp. sipali sipali doubtful loan - WW note similarity to WW spear/machete (from Span. sable?) See Language page
Tiriyó Potamotrygon sp. cipari cipari doubtful loan - WW note similarity to WW spear/machete (from Span. sable?) See Language page
Mapoyo Potamotrygon sp. supari supari See Language page
Wai Wai Potamotrygon sp. šΦari šΦari doubtful loan - WW note similarity to WW spear/machete (from Span. sable?) See Language page
Yabarana Potamotrygon sp. su'pari See Language page
Yukpa Potamotrygon sp. maschi mastʃi See Language page Phon only in source
Cofán Potamotrygon sp. shipare See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Páez Potamotrygon sp. yoguaz yoguaz See Language page
Tikuna Potamotrygon sp. na-ûn (Alv44) naʔun unique See Language page
Pumé Potamotrygon sp. kʰũĩnã See Language page
Puinave Potamotrygon sp. iwin iwin doubtful loan Panoan *iwi See Language page
Warao Potamotrygon sp. hue hue See Language page
Ashuar Potamotrygon sp. tsentsármau tsɯntsarmau See Language page
Huambisa Potamotrygon sp. kaashap ka:ʃap See Language page
Aguaruna Potamotrygon sp. kaáshap ka:ʃap inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect Potamotrygon sp. t'aa inheritance See Language page
Matses Potamotrygon sp. i, secte [generics] i, sekte inheritance See Language page
Kakataibo Potamotrygon sp. ʔii See Language page *Panoan *ʔiwi with related meaning 'spindle'.
Katukina Potamotrygon sp. iwi See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo Potamotrygon sp. iwi See Language page Same as 'spindle' 06.320.
Yaminahua Potamotrygon sp. payo See Language page
Chácobo Potamotrygon sp. iwi iwi inheritance See Language page
Yagua Potamotrygon sp. ratu ratu unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua Potamotrygon sp. raya (Spanish loan) ɾaja See Language page
Piaroa Potamotrygon sp. cibárih sibárih loan - WW Carib See Language page
Sáliva Potamotrygon sp. dechowa deʧowa unknown See Language page
Tuyuka Potamotrygon sp. ãñacase-ro ãñakase-ro See Language page
Koreguaje Potamotrygon sp. janameo xanameo inheritance See Language page
Siona Potamotrygon sp. janame haname inheritance See Language page
Secoya Potamotrygon sp. ñanami ñanami See Language page
Kokama Potamotrygon sp. yawawira jawawiɾa inheritance See Language page
Wayampi Potamotrygon sp. yawɛwɨy, [sɛpali], from Wayana (Cariban) jawɛwɨj, [sɛpali], from Wajana (Cariban) inheritance, loan Carib: Wayana See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní Potamotrygon sp. ǰave'vui; ǰave'vɨi See Language page
Sirionó Potamotrygon sp. hi̯rae ~ si̯rae hi̯rae ~ si̯rae unknown See Language page
Kamayurá Potamotrygon sp. jawewɨt jawewɨt inheritance See Language page
Ocaina Potamotrygon sp. bohtáñ̈i boʔtáɲ:i unique See Language page
Murui Witoto Potamotrygon sp. coreño koreɲo (B83) unique See Language page
Iquito Potamotrygon sp. mɨyaára saápi (tigre raya) saápi (especie de raya mas común de la zona) mɨjaára saápi (tigre raja), saápi (especie de raja mas común de la zona) inheritance See Language page
Záparo Potamotrygon sp. sapi sapi See Language page
Wari Potamotrygon sp. papa (Sousa2009) papa (Sousa2009) See Language page
Araona Potamotrygon sp. babi See Language page *Tacn form is *ibabi.
Ese Ejja Potamotrygon sp. iɓaɓi See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo Potamotrygon sp. ibabi ibabi See Language page
Tacana Potamotrygon sp. ibabi, tada ibabi See Language page
Cavineña Potamotrygon sp. ibabi ibabi See Language page
Cayuvava Potamotrygon sp. bikidi See Language page
Itonama Potamotrygon sp. a-nɨ See Language page
Kwazá Potamotrygon sp. tsã-kã'rũ tsã-kã'rũ See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané Potamotrygon sp. i'sinœ See Language page
Movima Potamotrygon sp. čaβoʔo tʃaβoʔo See Language page
Trumai Potamotrygon sp. patʔak patʔak See Language page
Djeoromitxi Potamotrygon sp. txaõ tʃaõ See Language page
Pilagá Potamotrygon sp. kataik See Language page
Toba Potamotrygon sp. lakataik See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité Potamotrygon sp. pinyit See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay Potamotrygon sp. puh'ɬin See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja Potamotrygon sp. siyixsyenatakiʔ See Language page
Maca Potamotrygon sp. kˀeyeykiʔ (f.) See Language page
Nivaclé Potamotrygon sp. kˀiyeyki See Language page
Ayoreo Potamotrygon sp. dikaa're See Language page An edible stingray. Nonedible is 'dika-če'ke; cf. 03.130.
Kanamarí Potamotrygon sp. hihna hihna arraia Magalhães 2018:356
Lokono Potamotrygon sp. dobori dobori sting ray Fanshawe 1949:61 no