Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

sun

Semantic Field
time
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
sol
Meaning Portuguese
sol

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Arabana muju unique Claire Bowern
Bardi aalga aalka inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Burarra marnnga unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu ḏaykun(') unknown Claire Bowern
Dhuwal walu Claire Bowern
Dhuwala walu inheritance Claire Bowern
Diyari diji inheritance Claire Bowern
DiyariREU [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu walu unknown Claire Bowern
Djapu walu unknown Claire Bowern
Djinang maṉngi unknown Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi middi Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu walu inheritance Claire Bowern
Jabirr-Jabirr walg walk inheritance Claire Bowern
Jaru walurra semantic shift Claire Bowern
Jawi algarr aalkarr inheritance Claire Bowern
Karajarri parra inheritance Claire Bowern
Malyangapa yako loan direction unknown Claire Bowern
Mangala ngulungulu unknown Claire Bowern
Mithaka warlka loan Pitta-Pitta Claire Bowern
Mudburra wangku Claire Bowern
Mudburra wangku doubtful loan Claire Bowern
Ngamini dityi inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngandi ma-warlirr inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngarluma yarnda Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl roomarra, walga rumarra inheritance Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi kulthurru unique Claire Bowern
Nimanburru warlg warlk inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla ngulungulu Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta karrpu unknown Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta janja unknown Claire Bowern
Nyikina barra; burangu; walga barra; burangu; walka inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul waalg waalk inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi yugu loan direction unknown Claire Bowern
Pirriya garriː Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta warlka inheritance Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu waḻirr; walu (also time, watch) loan Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu warlirr loan Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru warlka inheritance Claire Bowern
Warrwa gidi; giidi; waalga kidi; kiidi; waalka inheritance Claire Bowern
Wubuy arlirr inheritance Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu warlirr loan Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha dritji inheritance Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi ditji inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka dritji inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawuru rumarra rumarra unknown Claire Bowern
Baniwa kámoi kámoi inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Achagua káiwia (h&r) káiwia (h&r) inheritance? See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco èeri èeɾi See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yukuna kamú kamú inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Tariana ehkwapíte kéɾi (ehkwapíte 'day', kéri 'sun') ehkwapíte kéɾi inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Resígaro há?í háʔí inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Kabiyari abe, eri abe, eri See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero ka'muľ̥i ka'muľ̥i See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Wapishana kʰamuu kʰamuu inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Mandawaka gamúːwi gamúːwi See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu kaʔi See Language page PLE Also means 'day' 14.410.
Yine tka-či See Language page PLE *Piro-Apuriná form is *ata'ka-č/c̷i.
Paresi kamai kamai inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano sače See Language page PLE
Trinitario sače See Language page PLE Also means 'day'.
Baure se-s se-s inheritance See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá kamɨ kamɨ inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Arutani uši uʃi See Language page John Blaha
Sape ñam ɲam See Language page John Blaha
Cha'palaa 'pahta See Language page PLE Means 'orb'. Cf. 'moon' 01.530.
Bora nïʔ-pa (kʰóóxɨ́-expʰi) nɯʔ-pa (kʰóóxɨ́-ɛxpʰi) inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane (kúuxe-o) nɨ́ʔɨ-ba (kúuxɛ-o) nɨ́ʔɨ-ba See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio wöi wöɪ inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect yei (SM) yei (SM) See Language page Lauren Franklin
Apalai xixi xixi inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana sisi sisi inheritance See Language page PLE
Carijona wei inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Tiriyó wei wei inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Eñepa ehčerekun ehtʃerekun unknown See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Makiritare šī (IDS); shi: (KH) ʃi: inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Makushi wéi wéi inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Mapoyo miroi miroi See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Pemon wei (A1981); wei (M2000) wei (A1981) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Wai Wai kaamo kaamo loan Arawak See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Waimiri Atroari wyie; var. woi (ACB 2003) wɨie; var. woi (ACB 2003) See Language page Melody Ann Ross, PLE
Yabarana jatunu See Language page Ana Paula B., John Blaha
Yukpa uicho wets̺u See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Kalapalo Giti Giti unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick
Muisca sua sua See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí nyaa See Language page PLE Colombia: yããnə. *Chibchan forms are *di; *'ka; and *dui.
Northern Emberá mmãndáu mmãndáu See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena a'kʰõre 'hĩru See Language page PLE Lit. 'father's foot'. Also 'tači a'kʰõre, 'our father'.
Guayabero huím-t matkói píh-in inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan ikóti ikóti inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Sikuani ikotia (1), juameto (3)(this is a general term that means "astro." It is also applied for moon), juametoikotia (15) inheritance; inheritance See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Cuiva xomé-to sol, sun Huber & Reed 1992:64 Rebecca Khorram
Cofán coeje chiga kwɛhɛ tʃiɣa See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra zaari ʂaaɾi unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro a´cu´ aʔkuʔ See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez itaqui itaki See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna üaxcü [3-5, 5, 3] ʔɯakɯ unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina enoto enoto unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Andoke ĩɒ̃ ĩɒ̃ unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Waorani dæ̃ke unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hodï tinawa unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Pumé dó See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave yãmat jãmat unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Máku keʔle keʔle See Language page PLE
Warao hokohi hokohi See Language page John Blaha
Ashuar etsáa ɯtsa: See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa etsa ɨtsa See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna étsa ɨtsa inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Nukak widʔ4 unique See Language page Lauren Franklin
Kakua yêw unique See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Hup wædhɔ́ wædhɔ́ inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Yuhup wædhɔ̌ wædhɔ̌ See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Dâw xʉtʉʉ̀m, xotʉʉ̀m xɨtɨ̂m, xotɨ̂m inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Nadëb/Roçado dialect papɨ̃ːj unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect papãːj See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses ushë uʃɨ unknown See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo βari See Language page PLE kaš'ta-ti 'the sun shining while it is raining'. *Panoan *βari.
Katukina βari See Language page PLE Also means 'day' 14.410.
Pacahuara 'waři See Language page PLE Also means 'day'14.410. d'Orb vari. Heath huá-ri. Arm wari.
Shipibo-Konibo βari See Language page PLE
Yaminahua ṣ̌ini See Language page PLE Also means 'year; old' 14.150, referring to time, e.g. 'old person'; 'ancestor' 02.560.
Chácobo βari βari inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua jiñi xiɲı̃ unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua indi indi See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá indi See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua indi indi See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano inti inti See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa kjäwa khæ̃wã unknown See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva joxoote hoxoːte unknown See Language page Becky Walker
Bará ɨ̃'bɨ̃riko-bãkɨ̃ bũ'ĩpũ See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano ~buihu, ~buhihu (YM) ~buihu, ~buhihu (YM) See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Cubeo aviá, aviá jãravʉcacʉ, jãravʉcacʉ aviá, aviá hãlavɨkakɨ, hãlavɨkakɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana moipʉ, muipʉ mɔipɨ, muipɨ See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Desano abe abe inheritance See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Kotiria sʉ̃ (Waltz) sʉ̃ (Waltz) inheritance See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Makuna ~ubakaji; ~ɨbɨa gagɨ ~ubakaji; ~ɨbɨa gagɨ unknown See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti bɨ́reko bãkɨ̃ bu'ĩpɨ bɨ́reko bãkɨ̃ bu'ĩpɨ See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana a'sɨ̃ de'ko kʰɨ̃dõ a'sɨ̃ de'ko kʰɨ̃dõ See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano abé abé See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca aidya'ka aiʎa'ka inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo bũ'ĩ̃pɨ̃ ɨ̃bɨ̃-rc'kó bã'kã-kɨ̃, bũ'ĩpɨ̃ 'ɨbɨ̃-'re'ko bã'kãã-kɨ̃ ("sun of the day") bũ'ĩ̃pɨ̃ ɨ̃bɨ̃-rc'kó bã'kã-kɨ̃, bũ'ĩpɨ̃ 'ɨbɨ̃-'re'ko bã'kãã-kɨ̃ ("sun of the day") See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tukano mujĩ́ pũ muhĩ́ pũ inheritance See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Tuyuka bũ'ĩpũ ('bɨreko-bãkɨ̃) bũʔĩpũ (ʔbɨreko-bãkɨ̃) See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja ɨ̃́mɨ̃́ňẽkʰò mãkʰɨ̆̃ muiᵽũ̀ ɨ̃́mɨ̃́rẽkʰò mãkʰɨ̆̃ muiɸũ̀ See Language page Kelsey Neely
Maihiki mai aguɨ mai agɨ unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Koreguaje ʉsʉʉ ʉ̃sʉʉ inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona ɨ̃sɨ-kˀɨ ɨ̃sɨ-kˀɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya ësë ɨ̃'s'ɨ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana go, gokyp go, gokɨp unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Nheengatu kuraci kuɾasi inheritance See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Kokama cuarachi kuaɾatʃi inheritance See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi kwalaɨ inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché kreɨʔɨ unique See Language page PLE
Chiriguano kʷarasɨ; kʷaraɨ inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní kuarahɨ See Language page PLE
Sirionó tena tena doubtful loan cf. Movima tinno See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá kʷat (M2000) kʷat (M2000) unknown See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina núúna nɯ̃'ɯ̃'na loan Boran See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto hiɗóma hiɗóma See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto hitóma hitóma See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto hitoma hitoma inheritance/Witoto See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Ninam mothok, poremšĩi (EM72) motʰok, poɾemʃĩi inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomam motokaši (EM72) motokaʃi inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami motʰoka, motoka (EM72) motʰoka, motoka (EM72) inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sanumá motokɨ (EM72) motokɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Iquito nunamíja (Possible MC: 3sg poss + eye) nunamíha (Possible MC: 3sg poss + eye) unique See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo yanawkwa yanawkʷa See Language page Becky Walker
Wari šina See Language page PLE
Araona zeti See Language page PLE *Tacn form is *ićeti.
Ese Ejja išeki ~ ešeki inheritance See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e-šeti; e-s̆eki (Girard 1971) (related to the word for "sun") e-šeti; e-s̆eki (Girard 1971) (related to the word for "sun") See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana iď̶eti See Language page PLE
Cavineña iheti iheti inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara inti inti; wilʸka See Language page PLE
Cayuvava maka See Language page PLE
Itonama wapačˀa See Language page PLE Verbal form is yuʔwahna.
Kwazá kosa kosa See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané 'c̷œɲ See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE Cf. 'noon' 14.450.
Movima tinno tinno See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai atetla atetla unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang rã, rãrĩr rã; rãrĩr; rɛ̃rĩr See Language page PLE
Canela pɨt; pɨtɨ See Language page PLE *Jê form is *mɨt.
Suyá múφu múφu See Language page Rebekah Evans
Karajá čuu See Language page PLE Also means 'day' 14.410.
Djeoromitxi tõhõ tõhõ See Language page PLE
Chipaya tʰuɲi See Language page PLE Also means 'day' 14.410. 'Sunshine' is siis. Uru-J form is tʰuɲi.
Mocoví raʔaasa See Language page PLE
Pilagá hasoʔ kʔaten-a See Language page PLE Lit. 'the (fem.) see-fem. thing'.
Toba nalaʔ See Language page PLE The feminine article aso is always used with the sun.
Lengua (ik)him See Language page PLE The first syllable is often deleted.
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité aknim See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet aknemˀ See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay hʷa'laʔ See Language page PLE Cf. 'day' 14.410.
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja kilay See Language page PLE
Maca xunuʔ (f.) See Language page PLE
Nivaclé xunkuklaʔy sun https://ids.clld.org/ PLE
Ayoreo gee-'deʔ See Language page PLE Lit. 'father of the cloud'.
Mapudungun an̯tɨ See Language page PLE Also means 'day' 14.410. Ranquel form is antɨ.
Qawasqar aswal-ḳ-seles See Language page PLE Lit. 'day-(suffix)-female' 14.410 + 02.240. Also arka-k-seles, which also means 'moon'. Also ac̷e-ksta; ac̷ˀayes, which both mean 'hot'. Bo, Sk, Be, SpC, Gui record arx-alok for Central QWS. South QWS is [lom], from Yagan 'lam'.
Selknam k-re-nn See Language page PLE
Tehuelche 'ḳēngenkn See Language page PLE
Lokono hadali hadali sun Pet 1987:373 Camille Unger
Kariña weju weju sun Yamada 2010:825 Camille Unger