Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

song (generic)

Semantic Field
culture-mythology
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
canción, canto
Meaning Portuguese
canção

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source Created By
Cahuilla taxmu'at song unique other complex Seiler & Hioki 1979 Jane Hill
Cupeño hawinily song unknown Cupeno and Cahuilla only derived, other complex Hill & Nolasquez 1973 Jane Hill
Luiseño heelaxish song unique derived, other complex Elliott 1999 Jane Hill
Gabrielino ci'e:'ey (H) song inheritance *ca Takic Stubbs 2011 1987 I don't like set, only Gab and Serran, might be a loan, correspondences not pretty derived, other complex Hill Harrington notes Jane Hill
Serrano čāç song inheritance *cha-ch Takic Hill/Miller tsa-17 other complex K. Hill Dict. Jane Hill
Kitanemuk cačuič song inheritance *ca Takic Stubbs 2011 1987 I don't like set, only Gab and Serran, might be a loan, correspondences not pretty derived, other complex Anderton 1988 Jane Hill
Tübatulabal āyānil song, singing inheritance *aya Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1492 derived, other complex K. Hill Tb>Eng Jane Hill
Bankalachi Toloim i-yan-nat', e'-lik song inheritance *aya Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1492; also in Tub; e-lā-tit singer other complex 7e'-lik is Yokuts loan, Yawelamni *7ilik (Newman 27) Merriam 49:201 Jane Hill
Kawaiisu huvija-vi song inheritance *hupiya Numic Stubbs 2011 1985 other complex Zigmund et al. 1990 Jane Hill
Chemehuevi huvijavY song inheritance *hupiya Numic Stubbs 2011 1985 other complex Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) Jane Hill
Southern Paiute uvia-vI song inheritance *hupiya Numic Stubbs 2011 1985 other complex Sapir Jane Hill
Southern Ute 7uvwiyavY song inheritance *hupiya Numic Stubbs 2011 1985 other complex Givon Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone hupiapin song inheritance *hupiya Numic Stubbs 2011 1985 other complex Dayley 1989 Jane Hill
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hupia" song inheritance *hupiya Numic Stubbs 2011 1985 simplex Crapo 1976 Jane Hill
Comanche hubija7 song, hymn inheritance *hupiya Numic Stubbs 2011 1985 simplex literally, 'sounds mournful, like crying' R Jane Hill
Western Mono hubIja song, music inheritance *hupiya Numic Stubbs 2011 1985 simplex Loether & Bethel 1993 Jane Hill
Northern Paiute hoobea to sing inheritance *hupiya Numic Stubbs 2011 1985 simplex Yerington 1987 Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok 7yy:te- song inheritance Proto-Eastern Miwok also 7ymt-7aX- simplex 7ymt- 'to sing' st. 1 Broadbent 1964 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok my:li- song inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok simplex Freedland & Broadbent 1960 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok my:li- song inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok simplex myl:i- to sing Callaghan 1987 Jane Hill
Plains Miwok hë:tik, hy:tik song inheritance Proto-Eastern Miwok see Miss 7ytte other complex hëtki 'to sing'; non-concatenative derivation Callaghan 1984 Jane Hill
Lake Miwok kója song, singing, to sing inheritance *kója Proto-Western Miwok Callaghan 1970:39 simplex Callaghan 1965 Jane Hill
Maidu sôl sing, song inheritance *sól Proto-Maiduan Ultan 1964:366 simplex Shipley 1963 Jane Hill
Nisenan sol sing inheritance *sól Proto-Maiduan Ultan 1964:366 simplex Uldall & Shipley 1966 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawelmani 7ilik- a song (noun theme) inheritance *7ilik Proto-Nim-Yokuts Probably Yok-Utian Callaghan 1997:27; note Yawdanchi 7üdük 'sing' Kroeber 1907:218; merriam 44:199 wĕ-pil 'a song' simplex Newman 1944 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi missing missing Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami 7ytykh barred i to sing inheritance Proto-Yokutsan Probably Yok-Utian Callaghan 1997:27; Gamble 1991 derived Gamble 1991 Jane Hill
Washo díšim song unknown derived šéšm 'to sing' Washo Project Dictionary Jane Hill
Wintu č'a:wi song unknown derived c'a:w 'to sing' Schlichter 1981 Jane Hill
Yuki hą:p song inheritance *hëmp Proto-North Yukian simplex Schlichter 1985 Jane Hill
Wappo 7oč'íkukh song, sweathouse song unknown copound Sawyer 1965 Jane Hill
Mutsun sa:w song inheritance *şa(:)w Proto-Costanoan Callaghan 1997:53; suwene Mason 1916:437 simplex sa:we to sing 215 Okrand 1977 Jane Hill
Esselen na me sing! unknown Arroyo; Henshaw ma-wi'-pa 'to sing', man-wi sing! simplex Kroeber 1902 Jane Hill
Salinan A T-eká:kel song unknown Proto-Salinan other complex Turner 1987 Jane Hill
Salinan M ka:/keL song unknown Proto-Salinan simplex Mason 1918 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno qle canta! unknown simplex Harrington Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno 7iwonuš' song, tune inheritance Proto-Central Chumash B 7iwon 'make sound' derived iwo 'to sound' Applegate 1972 Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno niwiš song unknown derived Wash 2001 Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno missing missing Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa 7echaayaaw song inheritance Delta-Californian derived Couro & Hutcheson 1973 Jane Hill
Cocopa suyáw song, that which one sings inheritance Delta-Californian root is -yaaw in IA?? derived sya: 'sing' Crawford 1989 Jane Hill
Mojave suuvaar song unknown derived isvar 'to sing' Munro et al. 1992 Jane Hill
Yavapai missing missing Jane Hill
Kiliwa missing missing Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) icóos song unknown simplex Moser & Marlett 2005 Jane Hill
Nheengatu nheenga (sing, v.; C11; nheenga=language/speech) ñeengari (sing, v.; ñeenga=language/speech) unknown Other complex sing, v.; ñeenga=language/speech See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin, PLE, Alyssa Wadley
Waorani ãbotabĩdi ã 'sing' (IDS) missing See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hodï lo'balei'te to sing unique See Language page Brittany Weinstein
Yanomami amoa (M72) amoa (M72) song (not necessarily ritual) inheritance Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam Simplex See Language page Kelsey Neely
Ninam #NAME? #NAME? inheritance Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam Simplex See Language page Kelsey Neely
Kotiria basaa basaa song, dance inheritance Proto-East Tukanoan Simplex See Language page Tanja Baeuerlein
Cubeo yʉraiano jʉraiano unique See Language page Tanja Baeuerlein; Alyssa Wadley
Tukano basâmo (HR 97) basâmo (HR 97) inheritance Proto-East Tukanoan Derived bâsa, “to sing” See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Desano bayari bayari sing, dance inheritance Proto-East Tukanoan Simplex Yes See Language page Addison M; Tanja Baeuerlein
Maihiki uja dai ja uxa dai xã inheritance Proto-Tukanoan Also found Cubeo See Language page Daniel Valle
Hup yamhidɔʔ jamhidɔʔ inheritance Phrase music FACTITIVE-tell/count? See Language page Pattie Epps
Dâw yʉmʉ̃ʉ́r jɨmɨ̃̌h inheritance Simplex See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Sikuani wahi wahi unknown Simplex See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Brittany Weinstein
Macaguan najuép najuép to sing unknown Simplex See Language page Ana Paula B., Brittany Weinstein
Pemon eremuk (A1981); eremuk (A1981) inheritance Akawaio-Pemon See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza; Alyssa Wadley
Akawaio ereng ereŋ inheritance Akawaio-Pemon See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Eñepa ware ware inheritance shared Wai Wai See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin; Alyssa Wadley
Yukuna ataníkaje ataníkahe unique Alternate: káwijala, lumaʔala, peʔiyoɾola, jáleji, meɾaʔaɲala, aʔahitakahe Derived atan appears to be root for “sing”, -kaje some kind of nominalizer? See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Resígaro hada?phoótsihú hadaʔpʰoó-tsi-hú unique Derived hadaʔpʰoó = sing, -tsi = nominalizer, -hú is either a classifier or singular marker See Language page Ana Paula B.
Yir-Yoront woy song, song-cycle; dance; ceremony inheritance *wu:ci Local Only to YY, TMel, KThaayorre; poss. to Pakanh wu:ci 'taboo' Barry Alpher
Bardi ilma unique Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul jerrm; nurl inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawuru jirrmu inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngarluma kunaŋu doubtful inheritance Claire Bowern
Burarra manakay inheritance Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu manikay inheritance Claire Bowern
Djinang manikay inheritance Claire Bowern
Dhay’yi manikay inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl <nooloo> inheritance Claire Bowern
Warrwa nulu inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyikina nulu loan direction unknown areal probably loan into Nyulnyulan Claire Bowern
Rembarrnga puŋkul loan direction unknown areal WW %pungkurl Claire Bowern
Yulparija rturlku inheritance Claire Bowern
Mangala tyapi loan direction unknown WW %tyapi Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta tyulurr unique Claire Bowern
Karajarri waŋka semantic shift ‘say’ Claire Bowern
Walmajarri tyutyu inheritance WW %tyutyu Patrick McConvell
Mudburra wangka loan Murrinh Patha Patrick McConvell
Jaru tyunba loan direction unknown Patrick McConvell
Gurindji tyunpa loan direction unknown WW %tyunpa Patrick McConvell
Gooniyandi tyunpa loan direction unknown WW %tyunpa Patrick McConvell
Gajirrabeng wangkang loan Murrinh Patha Patrick McConvell
Wardaman pantimi loan direction unknown women's songs WW %pantimi Patrick McConvell
Jingulu kutyika loan direction unknown WW %kutyika Patrick McConvell
Kija tyunpa loan Ngarinyin Patrick McConvell
Miriwung yerinting loan direction unknown song type; sorcery song in some other lgs. Cf. Anmaty. Arreny 'song' WW %yarinti Patrick McConvell
Achagua ʃímaʃi ʃímaʃi unique See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco pùicái ('forefathers' song') pùikái ('forefathers' song') See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari pua 'sing' pua 'sing' See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Wayuu eir̃ɨha See Language page PLE
Yine šikaľe-ta Song' is šikaľɨ. *Piro-Apuriná form is *sikarV-ta. See Language page PLE
Paresi imamaka imamaka loan, direction unknown Moseten hi'maki See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano #NAME? See Language page PLE
Trinitario (ha) ual See Language page PLE
Waurá a'pa-i (R73) a'pa-i (R73) unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE
Cha'palaa 'beesan-'ge-nu; 'beesa Respectively: verbal; noun 'song'. See Language page PLE
Bora majtsíyu (song); llééneba (insulting); ijchóju (drinking) matsʰíjɯ, tʃéénepa, ixtʃʰóxɯ inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane másijɨ (W97) másixɨ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Apalai eremiãko (vb) eremiãko (vb) inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana elemi elemi inheritance See Language page PLE
Tiriyó eremi eremi inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare ay'chudi (KH) ʔajʔtʃudi unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza; Alyssa Wadley
Wai Wai waano waano inheritance shared Eñepa See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Waimiri Atroari maryba 'song, party' marɨba 'song, party' See Language page Melody Ann Ross, PLE
Yukpa yomaikö jomaikɔ See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Muisca ty-scua (vb.) tɨ-skua (vb.) See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí čibaa Colombia: čibaarə. *Chibchan form is *'ta. See Language page PLE
Northern Emberá trɨ̃ã- (vb.) (IDS) trɨ̃ã- (vb.) (IDS) See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena kʰari- See Language page PLE
Cofán setta'poen'cho sethaʔpoenʔtʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page Daniel Valle
Candoshi-Shapra vayaasi wajaasi doubtful loan Ticuna wiʔjaé See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez mem- (vb.) mem- (vb.) See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna vi-iaé (Alv44) wiʔjaé doubtful loan Candoshi wajaasi See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina ne-nate 'sing' ne-nate 'sing' unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Puinave -au (vb.) -au (vb.) unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Ashuar anen (trad Achuar song type) anen (trad Achuar song type) See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa eresemau, kantamrutai, anen (trad. love song) eresemau, kantamrutai, anen (trad. love song) See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna kantamtái (Sp.), anen (trad. song type), nampét kantamtái (Sp.), anen (trad. song type), nampét loan; inheritance Spanish See Language page Daniel Valle
Matses cuëdën kuɨdɨn unknown See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo tupu-ti ša'ku-ti 'sing for the dance before a fight'. See Language page PLE
Katukina ṣ̌irĩ i; sai i- See Language page PLE
Shipibo-Konibo ɨraseɨ See Language page PLE
Yaminahua gõã See Language page PLE
Yagua cusivyã (set of ritual songs); no generic term? kusiwjã (set of ritual songs); no generic term? unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá takii (traditional/festival) takii (traditional/festival) See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua cantana (Sp), taquina 'shamanic song' kantana (Sp), takina 'shamanic song' See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano takiy 'sing' (CP94) takij 'sing' See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa ra'úh raɁúh unique See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva coja koha unique See Language page Becky Walker
Makuna basa basa inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Tanimuca ba'dya ba'dja inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje uja uxa inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Karitiana hỹrỹnh (vb.) hɨ̃rɨ̃ñ (vb.) unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama ikara (ritual song) ikara (ritual song) unknown See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi #NAME? #NAME? unknown See Language page PLE
Aché preʔe inheritance See Language page PLE
Chiriguano purae inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní pura'hei See Language page PLE
Sirionó sac̷o- sačo- unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Ocaina ñomunhxa ádsa ɲomũʔxa ádsa unique See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto rua rua (B83) unique See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Sanumá ama ama inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Iquito arihuáani ariwáani unique See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo uranu ('sing') uranu ('sing') See Language page Becky Walker
Wari tamaraʔ (Sousa2009) tamaraʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page PLE
Araona hehe Bird singing is kʷei. See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja sowikʷaya- unique See Language page PLE
Cavineña hero-išo-ke hero-išo-ke unique See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara xaylʸi-ɲa See Language page PLE
Cayuvava itɔɲɔ; tõnõ; tɨtɨβɨ 'Music' is 'soropa. See Language page PLE
Itonama yakane; ča-yakane Latter means to sing for another. See Language page PLE
Mosetén-Chimané hi'maki See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE
Movima lehuansini lexuansini See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai faŋu faŋu unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang tə̃ɲ; tɨ̃ɲ; tɨ̃ŋtɨ̃ɲ; yãr (vb., IDS) tə̃ɲ; tɨ̃ɲ; tɨ̃ŋtɨ̃ɲ; yãr See Language page PLE
Canela #NAME? *Jê form is *ŋrɛ; *ŋrɛr. See Language page PLE
Karajá awinɨ 'Song' is wii. See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi howa howa See Language page PLE
Chipaya it-s A special kind of singing with words is rim-š. See Language page PLE
Mocoví y-oʔwen See Language page PLE
Pilagá apkaikmaski [loan Mascoyan] See Language page PLE
Toba #NAME? Also means 'read'. See Language page PLE
Lengua #NAME? See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité neŋmenaekmaskama Also neŋaapenyawaam; nempaʔaywaam. See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet βɨwa; βɨwa-ti See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay tˀičui-'ɬi See Language page PLE
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja #NAME? See Language page PLE
Maca #NAME? See Language page PLE
Nivaclé -iši; -tˀeyšey; tišxan Respectively: humans; birds; intrans.verb. See Language page PLE
Ayoreo iɲ̥e'kãreʔ See Language page PLE
Mapudungun ɨlkan-tu Ranquel form is ɨlkantɨ-. See Language page PLE
Qawasqar yeḳtal Bo, Li record lektal for Central QWS. See Language page PLE
Selknam yewi See Language page PLE
Tehuelche k 'wor-; k 'maʔy- The latter is to sing a sacred song of another person or other family, a thing which is prohibited. A 'song' is 'ḳˀēws. See Language page PLE
Lokono jeni (-hi) jeni(-ji) song Pet 1987:372 Camille Unger
Kariña eremi eremi song Yamada 2010:732 Camille Unger