Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

water

Semantic Field
environment
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
agua
Meaning Portuguese
agua

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim pahl' 205; bal (K1907) inheritance Jane Hill
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone paa inheritance Jane Hill
Cahuilla pa-l inheritance S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok ki/k:y- inheritance Jane Hill
Chemehuevi paa inheritance Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno 7o7 inheritance Klar 1977:115 Jane Hill
Chumash Cruzeno mihi inheritance Klar 1977:82 Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno 7o7 inheritance Klar 1977:115 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno to7 inheritance Klar 1977:115 Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno 7o inheritance Klar 1977:115 Jane Hill
Cocopa xa inheritance Jane Hill
Comanche paa, pai inheritance Jane Hill
Cupeño pa-l [pal] inheritance Jane Hill
Esselen asa/snax,; asa-nax loan Shaul 1995:219 Jane Hill
Gabrielino pa:r inheritance Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa 'ehaa [Ɂəˈxaˑ] inheritance Jane Hill
Kawaiisu po7o inheritance Jane Hill
Kiliwa 7-xa7 inheritance Jane Hill
Kitanemuk pach inheritance Jane Hill
Lake Miwok ki/ik inheritance Jane Hill
Luiseño pa:l inheritance Jane Hill
Maidu mo\mi/ inheritance Jane Hill
Mojave 7aha, 7ahavir inheritance Jane Hill
Mutsun si: inheritance O77:49 Jane Hill
Nisenan mom inheritance Jane Hill
Northern Paiute paa inheritance Thornes 03:113 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok kik:y- inheritance Jane Hill
Plains Miwok ki:k inheritance Jane Hill
Salinan A (t)ca7, tcha7 (A), unknown Jane Hill
Salinan M Thca', tHca', tcHxa' unknown Mason 1918:132 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) hax (fresh) unknown Jane Hill
Serrano pa:-T inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Paiute pa:-S inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok kik:y- inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Ute paa, paarI7i inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal paa-l inheritance Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone paa(ttsi) inheritance Jane Hill
Wappo me/y loan Jane Hill
Washo i/me7 unknown J556 Jane Hill
Western Mono pa/ya inheritance Jane Hill
Wintu me:m inheritance Jane Hill
Yavapai ?ha inheritance Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami 7elik' inheritance JPH &W&G Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi 7itikH inheritance K07:243 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne 7ilik' inheritance K 1963, W&G Jane Hill
Yuki 7u:k, 7u7uk loan into protolanguage S&S 1984 Jane Hill
Yuma 7axa/ H2:151 inheritance Jane Hill
Baniwa óoni úuni inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona tuna inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo oco oko inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw nâáx nǝ̌x inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano deco de ko inheritance See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa tɨna tɨna inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï au unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani æ-pæ̃ unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup děh děh inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua maʔ unique See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi tuna tuna inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu i'i ii iʔi, ii (the two differ by refering to one water being considered fresher than the other) inheritance See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam maup, maɨp (EM72) maup, maɨp (EM72) inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak kaan2de1 unique See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki oco ja oko xã inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon tuna (A1981) tuna (A1981) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Resígaro hooní hooní inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Sanumá maatu (EM72) maatu (EM72) unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani mé:ra inheritance See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana úni, úːni úni, úːni inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano ocó okó inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria ko kóo (stenz) inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam maup (EM72) maup inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami maũ ũ, maaupə (EM72) maũ ũ, ma:upə (EM72) inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna juni húni inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup dêh dêh inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana kutha inheritance Claire Bowern
Bardi uula uula inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba garuwa unknown Claire Bowern
Burarra bugula unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu gutjark loan Claire Bowern
Dhuwal gutjark loan Claire Bowern
Dhuwala wakutu(') unknown Claire Bowern
Diyari ngapa inheritance Claire Bowern
DiyariREU ngapa inheritance Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu 284 unknown Claire Bowern
Djapu gutjark loan Claire Bowern
Djinang djurumuḻ unknown Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng gabeng unique Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi gamba unique Claire Bowern
Gunin ngawa ngawa loan into proto-language? Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu wakutu(') unknown Claire Bowern
Gurindji ngawa inheritance Claire Bowern
Jabirr-Jabirr wul wul inheritance Claire Bowern
Jaru ngaba inheritance Claire Bowern
Jawi orla orrla inheritance Claire Bowern
Karajarri ngapa inheritance Claire Bowern
Kija kurlu- inheritance Claire Bowern
Malyangapa nocho inheritance Claire Bowern
Mangala kankinyjangka unknown Claire Bowern
Miriwung gelung inheritance Claire Bowern
Mithaka ngapa inheritance Claire Bowern
Mudburra nguku Claire Bowern
Mudburra nguku loan Alawa Claire Bowern
Ngamini ngapa inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngandi bun- gu-jark unique Claire Bowern
Ngarluma baba Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl woola, oola <woola, oola> inheritance Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi ngapa inheritance Claire Bowern
Nimanburru wol wol inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla kaninyjangka Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta ngapa inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta wanayirti inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyikina wila wila inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul wu(r)l wu(r)l inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi ŋugu inheritance Claire Bowern
Pirriya kaku unique Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta ngapu inheritance Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu gapu, wakudu inheritance Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu gutjark loan Claire Bowern
Walmajarri ngapa inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru kutha loan Claire Bowern
Warrwa wela, wila wela, wila inheritance Claire Bowern
Wubuy guugu unique Claire Bowern
Wunambal ngawa, ja:wal (C40) ngawa, ja:wal (C40) loan into proto-language? Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu gapu inheritance Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha ngapa inheritance Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi ngapa inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka ngapa inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawuru wula wula inheritance Claire Bowern
Achagua ʃiátai ʃiátai unique See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco ú(u)ni ú(u)ni See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari úuni úuni See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero weni weni (=river) See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Bare ũni ũni See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wapishana wɨnɨ wɨnɨ inheritance Proto-Arawak See Language page Ana Paula B.
Mandawaka ú:ni ú:ni See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu wɨin See Language page PLE paľaa refers to sea water. kučisa refers to rain water.
Yine ha; honɨ See Language page PLE 'Churning water' is pomča. 'Fluid' is xha; xpa.
Paresi one one inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano une See Language page PLE 'Liquid' is amairi-ama; -(a)ma is the shape class suffix for 'water, liquid'.
Trinitario une; -'une-ra See Language page PLE Possessed form, 'nunera 'my water' (for drinking). 'Liquid' is unʸomo.
Baure in in inheritance See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá unɨ unɨ inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Arutani akohã (also used for rain) akohã (also used for rain) See Language page John Blaha
Sape nam nam See Language page John Blaha
Cha'palaa pi See Language page PLE 'Rain water' is 'šu-pi; 'clear water' is 'iš-pi.
Bora nḯ-xphakhyo nɯ́-xphakhjo inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane ɸaiʔu, nɨ́-ɸáíʔu {water-liquid/gas} ɸaiʔu, nɨ́-ɸáíʔu {water-liquid/gas} See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio tuuna tuna inheritance Proto-Carib See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect tuna tuna See Language page Lauren Franklin
Apalai tuna tuna inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana tuna tuna inheritance See Language page PLE
Tiriyó tuna tuna inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare tuna (IDS, KH) tuna inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Mapoyo tuna tuna See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai tuuna tuuna inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Waimiri Atroari syna sɨna See Language page Melody Ann Ross, PLE
Yabarana tuna See Language page Ana Paula B., John Blaha
Yukpa ku'na See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Kalapalo tuwa; tűwakoŋofo tuwa; tűwakoŋofo inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Muisca sie sie See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí šiima See Language page PLE Colombia: šimənə. *Chibchan form is *'diʔ. *Chibchan forms for 'liquid' are *di- and *'li.
Northern Emberá bháidho bháidho See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena pa'nia See Language page PLE
Guayabero min inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan men inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cuiva méra agua, water Huber & Reed 1992:48 Rebecca Khorram
Cofán tsa´ccu tsaʔkʰɯ See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra kógó kónkó unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro vei wɨi See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez yo yo See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna dexa [3-5, 1] deʔa unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina akaʉ akaʉ unknown cf. similar forms in Tukanoan, Zaparo, Quechua See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Camsa buyísh buχiʃ See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke dú'u dúʔu unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé uí See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave ɨt ɨt unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Máku naʔme naʔme See Language page PLE
Warao ho ho See Language page John Blaha
Ashuar yúmi jumi See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa entsa ɨntsa See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna yúmi júmi inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect naʔǝŋ inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect naʔǝŋ See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses acte akte unknown See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo ʔõ'paṣ̌ See Language page PLE Means 'water in container'. *Panoan *ʔomapaṣ̌a; *waka. *Panoan *ɨnɨ with related meanings 'liquid, broth, river'.
Katukina waka See Language page PLE
Pacahuara 'hɨnɨ See Language page PLE d'Orb xene, ene, jene. Heath xéne, xene, {jé-ne}. Arm xene, jene.
Shipibo-Konibo hɨnɨ; õpaṣ̌; na-; nɨ- See Language page PLE First form refers to water in natural state.
Yaminahua βaka [waʔa] See Language page PLE Also means 'river' 01.360. See 'soup' ɨnɨ 05.640; 'milk' 05.860, also means 'liquid, water'.
Chácobo hɨ-nɨ hɨ-nɨ inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua ja xa unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua yacu jaku See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá iaku iaku See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua yacu jaku See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano yaku yaku See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa ajiya ahija unknown See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva caha kaʔa unknown See Language page Becky Walker
Bará o'ko See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano oko oko See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana oco ɔkɔ See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna ide ide unique See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti óko óko See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana a'ko a'ko See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano decó de kó See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca o'koa o'koa inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo óko óko See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka o'ko oʔko See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja ókʰó ókʰó See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje oko okho inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona ʔoko ʔoko inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya oco ɔh'k'ɔ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana ese ese unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama uni uni loan Arawak See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi ɨɨ ɨɨ inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché ɨʔɨ inheritance See Language page PLE
Chiriguano ɨ (> ɨɨ) inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní ɨ See Language page PLE
Sirionó i; ama i; ama inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá ˀɨ ˀɨ inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina noon(jun) ɲõõ(hɯ̃) unknown See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto háïnoi háɯnoi See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto háïnoi háɯnoi See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto hïnui hɯnui inheritance/Witotoan See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito aáca aáka unknown cf. similar forms Tukanoan, Quechua, Ticuna See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo murichaha muɾitʃaha See Language page Becky Walker
Wari kom (komišiʔ) kom (komiʃiʔ) See Language page PLE
Araona e-na; eowi See Language page PLE Respectively: river w. (also means 'liquid'); potable w. To water something is kʷiso; name; zaza. *Tacn form is *ena.
Ese Ejja ena inheritance See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e-'na e-'na See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana yawi See Language page PLE 'Liquid' is na; 'rainwater' is nai, see 'rain' 01.750.
Cavineña e-na e-na inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara uma uma See Language page PLE
Cayuvava ta; kita; dabe See Language page PLE 'The water' is ki-dabe. 'Liquid' is ki-ta-re; 'juicy' is kunu.
Itonama wanuʔwe See Language page PLE 'A current of water' is sululu.
Kwazá hã, -mã- hã, -mã- See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané uh'ɲi See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE Also means 'river' 01.360.
Movima tomi tomi See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai misu misu unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang goj ŋoy See Language page PLE
Suyá ŋó ŋó See Language page Rebekah Evans
Karajá be; bera See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi bziru bziru See Language page PLE
Chipaya ḳʰaš See Language page PLE Uru-J form is ḳʰaši. Uru-I form is ḳoši.
Mocoví waʁayaḳ See Language page PLE
Pilagá noʁop See Language page PLE
Toba ʔet-aʁat See Language page PLE Lit. 'drink-item (masc.)'.
Lengua yiŋmin See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité yimin See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet yeŋmen; ayeŋmenek See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay i'not See Language page PLE
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja anat See Language page PLE
Maca iweli (m.) See Language page PLE
Nivaclé inɔʔt water https://ids.clld.org/ PLE Arribeños dialect has innaʔt.
Ayoreo yoo'di See Language page PLE
Mapudungun ko See Language page PLE Same form in Ranquel.
Qawasqar c̷efa-lay See Language page PLE Also akc̷awes; akc̷o-lay. Bo records akc̷o-lay for Central QWS. AgC, Gus, Sk, Bo, Be, SpC, Cy record akc̷o-kwar for Central QWS. All these forms also mean 'drink'. Fi, Hy, SpS record c̷awas for South QWS.
Selknam čòhwn See Language page PLE
Tehuelche 'leʔ See Language page PLE Also means 'drink' 05.130.
Lokono iniabo iniabo water Pet 1987:376 Camille Unger
Kariña tuna tuna water; river Yamada 2010:814 Camille Unger