| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 53 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
All verbal derivation morphology derive verbs from verb roots. |
Allin, 1976: 106-107 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 39 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
Adjectives and nouns can act as stative verbs without any sort of special morphology. |
Galindo, 2002: 152-153 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
Applies to nouns, adjective, adverbs AND verbs. There are only a few verb nuclei that consist solely of a vebral root. |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 48 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
No mention of a verbalizer under verbs or nouns. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 45-47, 69-70 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006:157 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
The particle calacá is used with a verbalizing capacity with non-verbs. Perhaps this is better described as a light verb, since it's called a “verb auxiliary” and used with a verbalizing function?? |
Mansen & Captain 2000: p. 801, Mansen & Mansen 1976: p. 155 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
The morphological causative -ita is used to nominalize some verbs, but this is not fully productive. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 77 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
No indication of how productive it is, but it is also used on verbal roots. |
Facundes, 2000: 324 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
According to Mihas, some nouns may be derived from verbs |
Payne 1981; Payne 1983; Mihas 2010:143 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
author does not note how productive it is |
Zamponi 2003:44 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
The orthographic form is -V´t/-Vt/-t where V stands for a vowel |
Duff-Tripp 1997:42 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
|
Souza 2008:83 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
suffix -si attached to nominal root |
Danielsen 2007: p89 |
Mitz Perez |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 247-290 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Rowan and Burgess 1979:90 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:73-4 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:58 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no info |
|
Hall 1988: 104 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
"seem to be partially nominal in origin" |
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Carson 1982:134 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
To form intransitive verbs |
Thomas Payne 1995:304 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 260 to 263 |
Shannon Dardis |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:49-146 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
For verbalizing, nouns are usually combined with verbs to create new verbs |
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Aguirre 1999:41-3 |
Daniel Valle |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
It indicates a change of state |
Levinson 1976b:31-2 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:457 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
However, the main strategy to verbalize nouns and adjective (and even any word category) is by zero nominalization. In other words, the noun or adjective (or other grammatical category) just takes verbal morphology (like tense) to behave as a verb. |
Salas 1992, p.193-5 |
Daniel Valle |
|
It seems that verbalization is possible by only adding verbal morphology to nouns or adjectives. However, there are certain nouns which require a verbalizer suffix. Further, there are some verbalizers which derive meanigs as: "become X" or "to perfomr the |
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
The first usually derives a transitive verb whereas the second derives an intransitive verb |
Parker 1965:67-9 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2004b:80 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
There is a denominal verbalizer |
Olawsky:406 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
2: prefix: í- attaches to 'relative nouns' (generally classifiers or inalienably possessed nouns) , suffix -i attaches to nouns, means 'get/make N' |
Landaburu 1979: 182 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
The author states that "there is no morphology to produce verbs out of names" |
Giron 2008: p186 |
Mitz Perez, Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 168 |
Shannon Dardis |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.49, 101 |
Christopher Clack |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
related to verb 'be' |
Epps 2008 |
Pattie Epps |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no info |
|
Weir 1984 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
not a morpheme actually, but a tone change: deverbizers. Martins 2005:155 |
Martins 2004 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
There are several derivational suffixes in Desano that are used to derive verbs from nouns. The most productive is -ki that makes a possessive verb out of a noun. |
Miller 1999, p.110-111 |
Chris Clack |
|
Also, -ye added to a noun has the meaning of 'give'. Verbs derived with -ye are bitransitive. |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
occurs very rarely |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 54 |
Amanda Novak |
|
Denominal verbs are quite rare in Cubeo. One of the few examples of a suffix which derives a (stative) verb from a noun is -xi 'have a bad taste or odor of X', where X is the noun. |
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.33-42 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.79 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.63 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.28-33 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no info |
|
Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
suffix: -ti; usually means "to have N" |
Ramirez 1997: 353 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 367 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.117-118 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
Borgman 1990 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
There are more than 10 verbalizers These are mainly verbal suffixes |
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:116-8 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:385-393 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
done? |
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
Y? |
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
99 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
83-91 |
done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
done-Catherine |
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
177 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
not yet |
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
35-6 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
101-2 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 49-50 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
50 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
38 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
334 |
Y |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
177, 181 |
Y-Hannah |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
211 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
137-145 |
done-Hannah |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
89 |
Done-Hannah |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
118 |
Done-Emily |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
yes |
|
14 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
130 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
55 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
142 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
319 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
422 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
89 |
Done-Jessica |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
414 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
15 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
85-6, 29b |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
65 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
305-308 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
99 |
done-Jessica |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
yes |
|
107 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
85-9 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
89-90 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
118 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
done |
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
164-169 |
done-Hannah |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
maybe |
|
57; 61 |
done-Hannah w Dhurga) |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
38-9 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
66 |
Done-Austin |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
137-40 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
66-7 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
Y-Claire |
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
47 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
maybe |
|
90 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
101 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
83-84 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
57 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
84-86 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
153-156 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
150-157 |
done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
9 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
329 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
74 |
Done- |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
FO 121 |
done |
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
10.2.3.2 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
513 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
87 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
71 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
194 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
27 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
87 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 9 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
60 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
72 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
955 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
44 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
112-4 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
yes |
|
19 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No info |
|
73 |
Y2 |
|
|
x |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
62 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
36 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
93 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
310 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
Y2 |
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
Patience Epps |
|
|
|
