| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 154 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 370-372 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no info |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 150-183 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
No mention in discussion of dependent clauses. |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 21-23 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 93 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
There are particles that do switch-reference and also marks the difference between concurrent and sequential clauses. |
Mansen & Mansen, 1976: p. 166-172, Mansen & Captain 2000: p. 804 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
The same/different subject markers are also differentiated to distinguish between prior and simultaneous clauses. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 516 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 560-612 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:54-58 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:189 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
"As there are no other switch-reference markers, the position of the subject os the pragmatic means of marking the change of the subject." |
Danielsen 2007: p333 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 427-440 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
Instead, the classifier of the suejct is used as a reference. No special marker. |
Seifart - 2005:248-257 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no info |
|
Hall 1988:349 |
|
"There is generally an assumption that the subject of the first verb will be the subject of verbs that have the same person/number agreement in subsequent clauses unless otherwise indicated." |
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 72 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:204-421 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
more likely not |
|
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1990:91-5 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:99-146 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000; 49-206 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:390-404 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
more likely not |
Mortensen 1999:59-88 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1987:27-9 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:1132 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 102-94 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:165 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:53 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:161 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:734-ss |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p216-311 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 308 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.76 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no info |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 157 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no info |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 148 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2007:320 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.68 |
|
not indicated/expected (order dependent with subject final position) |
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
-na marks a change in subject |
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.90 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
The same-subject switch reference morphemes are the animate nominalizers, which show agreement in gender and number with the subject of the main clause. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.138 |
|
Switch reference of the subject is expressed either by overt markers or by no markers. In the second case, the construction is pragmatically interpreted by the hearer based on the lexical content of the verbs and the general context. |
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992,p.159-161 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
Attached to verb of second(ary) clause. |
Wheeler - 1970:92 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1997: 115, 256-8 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no info |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
Borgman 1990 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:567-665 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
yes? |
|
118-21 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes? |
|
87-91 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
175-183 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes? |
|
236 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
128-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 50 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No info |
|
380 |
|
|
x |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
214-215 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
218 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
62-64 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
120 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
251-255 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
339 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
567 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
434 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
110-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
135 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
347 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
120 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
77-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
102 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
64 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
189; 193; 204; 221 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Biri |
no |
|
61-4 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
266-82 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
108 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
202 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
89 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
95-101 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
cf 266, 8.2 |
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
24-25 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
339 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
FO 133 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
235 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
118 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
157 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
358 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
404 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 24 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
108 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
71 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
923 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
8.1999999999999992895 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
97 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
43-5 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
113 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no info |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
