| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
not productive, verbs with iterative semantics |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 56 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Allin notes that there may be some frozen reduplication, but this is not productive and the unreduplicated forms are no longer available. However, the verb phrase can be repeated in total (for simple VPs) or in part (complex VPs) to give a repetitive read |
Allin 1976: 113, 210 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
marks repetitive aspect, reduplication of the final syllable of a verbal stem. Some verbs use full reduplication, some use partial. |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 31 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no info |
|
|
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
Examples of partial and total reduplication. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 517 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no info |
|
|
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no info |
|
|
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
No other discussion of reduplication. |
Aikhenvald, 2003 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
only for onomotopaeic forms |
Facundes, 2000: 250 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1983:50, 55, 149 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no info |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-36 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:164 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007: p96 |
Mitz Perez |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
Syllables can be reduplicated in order to meet metrical restraints in kariNtaa poetry, but no indication that reduplication serves any “grammatical” purpose. |
Michael, 2008 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Rowan and Burgess 1979:82 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:96-100 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
Occurs most often with adjectives and demonstratives. |
Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:11-14 |
Melody Ann Ross, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
Seen when indicating second person singular. |
Carson 1982:97 |
Melody Ann Ross, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no info |
only one mention of reduplication |
Payne 2012:339 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 271 |
Shannon Dardis |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
The final vowel of a noun is reduplicated to derive nouns apparently from adjectives |
Quevedo 2008:50-1 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:109-11 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:32 |
Daniel Valle |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
more likely not |
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
Based on the examples on the grammar, it seems that the verbal root is fully reduplicated |
Fleck:452-7 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.188 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
It usually consists of the reduplication of the last syllable of the root |
Parker 1965:84-6 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
More likely not |
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:418 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Loewen 1954:47 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
Mitz Perez, Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001 |
Shannon Dardis |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
don't know this yet |
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
reduplicated verbs for plurality |
Cavalcante 1987:58-65 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no info |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.33 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
Pattie Epps |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no info |
|
Weir 1984 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
not indicated/expected |
Miller 1999 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
disyllabic stems tend to reduplicate final syllable only |
Chacón 2012:207-208 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no info |
|
Stenzel 2007 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no info |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993 |
Chris Clack |
|
not indicated/expected |
|
| Koreguaje |
no info |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.41-47 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.55 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no info |
|
Wheeler 1987 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no info |
|
West and Welch 2004; Ramirez 1997 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: p.364-366 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez : p.35 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
However, reduplication is not a productive phenomenon. It only happen in less than 20 words and some not all of them partially reduplicate. |
Everett 2006:210 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:308 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
more likely not |
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:153-154 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
done? |
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
25 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
s108 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
Y? |
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
99 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no info |
|
|
done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
done-Catherine |
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
108 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
not yet |
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
52 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
no |
|
44 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 27-28, 49 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
16 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
364 |
Y |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
Y-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
212 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
done-Hannah |
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
yes |
|
d43 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
115 |
Done-Hannah |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
37-38 |
Done-Emily |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
50 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
60 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
34-35 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
312 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
61 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
87 |
Done-Jessica |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
382 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
20 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
25b |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
87 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
316 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
21 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
251 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
49 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
125 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
done |
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
30 |
done-Hannah |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
done-Hannah w Dhurga) |
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
19 |
Done-Austin |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
no |
|
32 |
done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
Yes |
|
4 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
97 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
Y-Claire |
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
51 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
84 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
74, 93, 100 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
67, 91 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
17, 54 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
48 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no? |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
6 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
312 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
68 |
Done- |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
10.1.1 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
513 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
83 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
78 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
195 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
27 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
64 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 145, G 241 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
21 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
59 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
952 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
47 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
yes |
|
27 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
44 |
Y2 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
24 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
63 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
238 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
Y2 |
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no info |
|
Payne and Payne 1990: |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001:336 |
Patience Epps |
|
|
|
