| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 143 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
The relative clause fills the "modifier" slot. |
Allin, 1976: 368 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 47 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
All examples are N-Rel. The source discusses relative clauses as a type of adjective, which follow the noun unless the noun is topicalized or the adjective is acting on a complex noun phrase. |
Galindo, 2002: 241-242 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
The "appositive" (which the relative clauses are identified as) follows the noun. |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 94 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos, 2006: 247 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
Relative clauses can either follow or precede the head noun. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 479 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
Postnominal relative clauses are the most common and the most easily accepted by speakers. |
Facundes, 2000: 572 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1981:1011 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:42,58 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:206 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:399 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
There are several types and several types of relative clauses. It looks like it is most common for relative clauses to appear postnominally, and there are some subtypes that can only appear postnominally. Internally-headed relative clauses occur, but it l |
Michael, 2008. p. 402-414 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:16 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
author does not address relative clauses |
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
author does not discuss complex structures |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:69-73 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988: 53 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Carson 1982: 168 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Gildea 1989:103 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
li relativizer |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1990:5 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:173-5 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:4; Queixalós - 2000:2-26 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:243 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
Relative clauses are internally headed |
Mortensen 1999:11 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
|
Orr et all. 1991:22 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
However, there are not "relative" clause strictum sensus but nominalizations |
Fleck:1019 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 249-51 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Soto 1976:152-4 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Faco Soares 1992:108 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
There are no relative clauses in the language |
Olawsky:320 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p408 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 304 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no info |
not sure yet |
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.95-96 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
flexible order of Rel and N positions |
Weir 1984:71 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 6 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 151 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.41 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, iv |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.149 |
|
There seem to be no relative clauses in Barasano just as there are no relative pronouns. |
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.151 |
|
Relative clauses are not common. |
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:117 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997: 279-285 |
|
most common order; from examples |
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
evidenced by what few relative examples I could find |
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: 129, 133 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
based on examples |
Everett 2006:383-4 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:510 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:152-3 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
RC can precede or follow the head noun |
Vallejos 2010:585 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
ms17.1.1.i |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
L51 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
183-184 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
58 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
Maybe |
|
378-80 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
216 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
131 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
294-301 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
226 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
72-73 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
240-249 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
336 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
533 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no info |
|
181 |
|
|
x |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
389 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
13 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
100-1 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes? |
|
168-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
366 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
116 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
99 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
104 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
207 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
188-189 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
61 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
135 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
69-70 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
198 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
32 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
229-234 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
336 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes? |
|
FO 134 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
241 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
123 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
114 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
268 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
396 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 154 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
111 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
72 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
137 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Maybe |
|
73 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
53 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
114 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes? |
|
613 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:342 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
