| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 143 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
The relative clause fills the "modifier" slot. |
Allin, 1976: 368 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 47 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
All examples are N-Rel. The source discusses relative clauses as a type of adjective, which follow the noun unless the noun is topicalized or the adjective is acting on a complex noun phrase. |
Galindo, 2002: 241-242 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
The "appositive" (which the relative clauses are identified as) follows the noun. |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 94 |
Ana Paula Brandão, Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos, 2006: 247 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
Relative clauses can either follow or precede the head noun. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 479 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
Postnominal relative clauses are the most common and the most easily accepted by speakers. |
Facundes, 2000: 572 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1981:1011 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:42,58 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:206 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:399 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
There are several types and several types of relative clauses. It looks like it is most common for relative clauses to appear postnominally, and there are some subtypes that can only appear postnominally. Internally-headed relative clauses occur, but it l |
Michael, 2008. p. 402-414 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:16 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
author does not address relative clauses |
Matteson 1965 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
author does not discuss complex structures |
Patte 1989 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:69-73 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988: 53 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Carson 1982: 168 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Gildea 1989:103 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
|
Smith texts |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
li relativizer |
Quesada 2000 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1990:5 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:173-5 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:4; Queixalós - 2000:2-26 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:243 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
Relative clauses are internally headed |
Mortensen 1999:11 |
Daniel Valle |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
|
Orr et all. 1991:22 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
However, there are not "relative" clause strictum sensus but nominalizations |
Fleck:1019 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 249-51 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Soto 1976:152-4 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Faco Soares 1992:108 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
There are no relative clauses in the language |
Olawsky:320 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p408 |
Mitz Perez, Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 304 |
Shannon Dardis |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no info |
not sure yet |
Bolaños fieldnotes |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.95-96 |
Christopher Clack |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
Pattie Epps |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
flexible order of Rel and N positions |
Weir 1984:71 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 6 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 151 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.41 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, iv |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.149 |
Chris Clack |
|
There seem to be no relative clauses in Barasano just as there are no relative pronouns. |
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.151 |
Chris Clack |
|
Relative clauses are not common. |
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:117 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997: 279-285 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
most common order; from examples |
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
evidenced by what few relative examples I could find |
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: 129, 133 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
based on examples |
Everett 2006:383-4 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:510 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:152-3 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
RC can precede or follow the head noun |
Vallejos 2010:585 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
done? |
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
ms17.1.1.i |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
L51 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
Y? |
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
183-184 |
done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
done-Catherine |
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
n/a |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
not yet |
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
58 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
Maybe |
|
378-80 |
Y |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
Y-Hannah |
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
216 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
done-Hannah |
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
131 |
Done-Hannah |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
294-301 |
Done-Emily |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
226 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
72-73 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
240-249 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
336 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
533 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no info |
|
181 |
Done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
389 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
13 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
100-1 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes? |
|
168-9 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
366 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
116 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
99 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
104 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
207 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
done |
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
188-189 |
done-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
done-Hannah w Dhurga) |
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
61 |
done-Jessica |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no info |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
135 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
N/A |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
Y-Claire |
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
69-70 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
198 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
32 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
229-234 |
done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
no info |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
x |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
47 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
336 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
56 |
Done- |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes? |
|
FO 134 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
241 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
123 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
114 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
268 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
396 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 154 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
111 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
72 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
n/a |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
137 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Maybe |
|
73 |
Y2 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
53 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
114 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes? |
|
613 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
Y2 |
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:342 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
Patience Epps |
|
|
|
