| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Subject pronouns can be fused with the verbs, but these seem more like pronouns rather than agreement markers. |
Allin, 1976: 285-290 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 27 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 157-159 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
The verbal paradigm has the same subject prefixes for transitive, intransitive and stative verbs. |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
S and A are marked with prefixes, O is marked with suffixes. Adjectives are also marked with suffixes, but they do seem to form a separate class, suggesting nominative-accusative, rather than active-inactive, alignment. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 59-62 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos, 2006: 160 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 802 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 122 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 481-482 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
This is the "optional" case. Pronouns appear as verbal markings rather than free pronouns. It appears that Asheninka may be in the process of "shifting" systems. |
Payne 1983:1619, 2325, 9096 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-23 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
Subjects and objects are cross-referenced on the verb |
Duff-Tripp 1997:72 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
This is suggested by the relative order of affixes with respect to the verb where subject is cross-referenced as verbal prefixes whereas objects are cross-referenced as verbal suffxes. |
Souza 2008:86 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:92-3 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
Nanti is primarily nominative-accusative, although there are traces of fluid-S marking. |
Michael, 2008. p. 343 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:18 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
subject is free pronoun, object is suffixed |
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
S of transitive and intransitive marked with the same prefixes, O marked with a suffix |
Wise 1986: 586 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:65-68 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Escoriaza 1959:15-18 |
|
Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive |
|
| Makushi |
no |
The subject of transitive clauses is marked by the suffix -ya, both when it is a free form nominal or pronominal, and when it is a verbal suffix. Intransitive subject and transitive object are not marked. |
Abbott 1991: 83 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
For 2 singular and plural and 1 plural exclusive |
Gildea 1989:116 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
Not clear what the condionintg factor is. However, it seems to be related to past tense |
de Armellada 1999:114 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
This is the predominant pattern. |
Frank 1990:8 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
Person is not cross-referenced on verbs |
Quesada 2008:99-146 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:91-101 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
There is no pronominal marking on verbs |
Mortensen 1999:21 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
based on examples |
Holman:57-74 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
Subjects are cross referenced on the verb |
Levinson 1978:13, Levinson 1974:27 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:854 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 114-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:74-5 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
This is so because subjects of transitive and intransitive verbs are coreferenced by verbal person agreement. However, there are instances in which subject and object are marked by one morphe (eg. 1 subject and 2 object, 1 subject and 3 object, etc.) |
Soto 1976:93-7 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Faco Soares 1993:93 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
Subjects are obligatorily cross-referenced in the verb |
Olawsky:433 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
I have deduced this from the fact that person pronouns refer to the subject (instead of refering to the ergative NP) |
Mejía 2000:90 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
uncertain |
Landaburu 1979: 156 |
|
depends on status of pn as verbal? |
|
| Puinave |
yes |
The same prefixes appear in the verb but subject prefixes appear before the object prefixes and are obligatory while obeject prefixes are not |
Giron 2008: p229 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 126 |
|
Either the subject is marked or the relationship between the subject and object is marked. Each of these would be represented by a single suffix. |
|
| Kakua |
yes |
subject marked on verb by proclitics |
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
no person inflection |
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
Pronominal suffix on verb is used to mark the subject. |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 |
|
A rule uniquie rule for huitoto is that a relative pronoun that is in the initial clause may not be used in the subordinate. |
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 123 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 110 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2007 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.43 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31, 53 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.112-117 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
In most cases, subjects are unmarked on the verb; objects are always marked. |
Wheeler - 1987:124-133 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1997: 108 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 112-114 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Surui |
no |
|
Van der Meer (?):2 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:300 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:133-134 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Zarratea 2002 :83-5 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no |
There are not verbal person markers |
Rossler 2008:73 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
107 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
no? |
|
BS152 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
83, 105 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
74-76 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 41 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
27 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
N/A |
|
352 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
105 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
51; 53; 114-115 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
89-90 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
n/a |
|
136-152 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
N/A |
|
301 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
148 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
399 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
27 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes? |
|
68-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
283 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
139 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
51-52 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
32 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
30 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
81 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
n/a |
|
169 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
43 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
N/A |
|
21 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
304 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
n/a |
|
K85c 82-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
186 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
N/A |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
82 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 22 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
44 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
13 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
5.1.1 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
65 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
N/A |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
77 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
Set I clitics for S, Set II for O |
Payne and Payne 1990:361 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
