| Bankalachi Toloim |
Haliotis spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Big Smokey Valley Shoshone |
Haliotis spp. |
missing |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Central Sierra Miwok |
Haliotis spp. |
hás:yny- |
|
abalone |
loan |
|
|
Costanoan |
Also in Miss; Mutsun haşʸşʸan (perhaps Utian?) |
WW |
%kys |
|
other complex |
-y nominalizer |
|
|
|
Freeland & Broadbent 1960 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
Haliotis spp. |
pú·taravə |
|
shell of any kind |
unique |
|
|
|
pu:- probably from *powa (see Mono “olivella” powa); taravV <*ta-ta-pɨ |
|
|
same |
other complex |
has -pɨ ABS, stem probably complex |
|
|
|
Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Barbareno |
Haliotis spp. |
qaʃi |
|
abalone |
inheritance |
|
Central Chumash only |
|
also in Ineseno, Ventureno |
WW |
%kys |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Beeler 1978:182 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ineseno |
Haliotis spp. |
t'aya (kaše Pinart) |
|
abalone |
inheritance |
|
Central Chumash only |
|
looks like a “shellfish” word, but probably a mistake, Pinart form is probably right |
WW |
%kys |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Applegate 134; |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Obispeno |
Haliotis spp. |
tspete7; Lkupekupe |
|
aulon; red abalone (-kupe “red”) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
other complex |
c-; red abalone is reduplicated, obviously |
|
|
|
Harrington III:1:0292 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ventureno |
Haliotis spp. |
kaše; t'aja “aulon” JPH |
|
abalone |
inheritance |
|
Central Chumash only |
|
Central Chumash |
WW |
%kys |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Heizer/Pinart I:60 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cocopa |
Haliotis spp. |
şxkwi.l |
|
seashell |
unique |
|
|
|
Note 'Iipay Aa kwellyhiiw “money” |
|
|
broader (although I suspect Haliotis or Glycimeris is prototype) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Crawford 1989 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
Haliotis spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
Haliotis spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Esselen |
Haliotis spp. |
klači |
|
abalone |
unique |
|
Esselen |
|
compares Scr karačmin “crayfish”; seems too semantically distant JHH |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Shaul 1988:699 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
Haliotis spp. |
7a:po' |
ˈʔa:poʔ |
aulon |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
no info |
underived |
no npn |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Harrington 412 |
no info |
2 |
shells used for ritual caches and in shell inlays on ritual wands |
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
meat cooked, shells saved for containers, ornament |
0 |
|
1 |
shells traded inland |
West coast of North America |
cold coastal waters |
no |
|
|
|
| Iipay 'Aa |
Haliotis spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
Haliotis spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kiliwa |
Haliotis spp. |
x?al=spa?i |
|
abalone |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
phrase |
abalone-seashell (x?al also appears in word for “boss” |
|
|
|
Mixco 1985 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
Haliotis spp. |
cikarat |
ˈʦikarat |
shell sp., the beads made from them |
loan |
|
|
Gabrielino |
Looks like the Gab. augmentative from cikat “shellfish sp.”, (probably mussel), but this is NOT Gab. word for “abalone” which is 7apo |
|
|
broader (includes the animal, the shell, and the beads) |
other complex |
ˈʦikara-t Abalone-npn Note: This is in fact derived: cika-t “shell sp.” -- maybe from Gab. cika-ro-t “big shell”??? But Anderton consideres it a fixed form |
-niw "possession, belongings" |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:283 |
no info |
2 |
ritual objects decorated with Haliotis inlays |
1 |
|
1 |
lime from this shell taken with tobacco in pespibata |
N/A |
N/A |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
obtained from Chumash |
West coast of North America |
cold coastal waters |
no |
|
|
|
| Lake Miwok |
Haliotis spp. |
wákkah |
|
abalone |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Callaghan 1965 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
Haliotis spp. |
7áyla |
ʹɁajla |
abalone (generic), archaic to Mrs. Hyde, perhaps used in a song. Harrington: Black abalone. |
semantic shift |
*ayaC |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2359 “turtle” (Stubbs 2009:316). Problematic, as “tortoise shell” is 'aya-t, which is regular. Why is second vowel lost? Stubbs' etymology may be wrong and this is from Chumash t'-aya (attested in Ineseno (Applegate 134) |
|
|
narrower (Black abalone only) |
other complex |
ʹɁaj-la black.abalone-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
no info |
Elliott 1999:163 |
no info |
2 |
used in shell inlay on ceremonial wands and staffs |
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
no info |
fishooks from the “central portions of haliotis shell where the grain twists” (Kroeber 1925:652) Used in shell inlay on ceremonial wands |
0 |
|
1 |
Haliotis shell a well-known trade item; Mojave traders came to Lu. territory as per archaeological evidence, must have sought this |
West coast of North America |
cold coastal waters |
no |
|
|
|
| Maidu |
Haliotis spp. |
posála |
|
shell of shellfish, hide, skin |
unique |
|
|
|
There are a bunch of shell words with /po/, bear investigation |
|
|
|
other complex |
po.- “skin” |
|
|
|
Shipley 1963 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Mojave |
Haliotis spp. |
kosov |
|
abalone, hip joint |
loan |
|
|
Takic |
Takic *qos- “shell, money” and Cupan *sa(w)pV “shell sp.” |
WW |
%kys |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Munro et al.1992 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Mutsun |
Haliotis spp. |
haşʸşʸan |
|
abalone shell (Merriam confirms Merriam 55:417; “red abalone” in Pinart's Co III |
loan |
|
|
Chumash |
Pmis hás:yny-, perhaps Utian (I have it in Miss, Mics as a Costanoan loan) |
WW |
%kys |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Okrand 1977:42 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Nisenan |
Haliotis spp. |
7ə:ləw |
|
abalone shell |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
note 7ələw “necklace” ?? |
|
|
|
Uldall & Shipley 1966 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
Haliotis spp. |
pooedooa |
|
abalone |
unique |
|
|
|
first pooe- part is “green”, like in W. Mono puhiGede but note t. Shoshone po'owa “seashell, shell Stubbs 1907 |
|
|
same |
underived |
surely some kind of old phrase with green, but unanalyzable second part |
|
|
|
Yerington Dictionary |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Northern Sierra Miwok |
Haliotis spp. |
ci:tepa- |
|
abalone shell,clam shell, abalone shell ornament |
loan |
|
|
Plains Miwok |
Also in Mip, C says is some doubt as to whether it is Mip word |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Callaghan 1987 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Plains Miwok |
Haliotis spp. |
7atkal |
|
abalone, abalone meat, small shell oysters along American River |
inheritance |
|
Eastern Miwokan |
|
In Mins |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Callaghan 1984 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Salinan A |
Haliotis spp. |
kc'en |
|
abalones (Black) |
loan |
|
Salinan A only |
Chumash |
not in M; assignment to %kys very tentative! |
WW |
%kys |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:381; Turner 1980:67 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Salinan M |
Haliotis spp. |
cmaiyík' |
|
abalone |
unique |
|
Salinan M only |
|
Not in A (maybe) |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Mason 1918:123 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Seri (Comcaac) |
Haliotis spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
Haliotis spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
Haliotis spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Sierra Miwok |
Haliotis spp. |
has:yn- |
|
abalone shell |
loan |
|
|
Costanoan |
Also in Mics; Mutsun haşʸşʸan |
WW |
%kys |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Broadbent 1964: |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
Haliotis spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Tübatulabal |
Haliotis spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Tümpisa Shoshone |
Haliotis spp. |
po'owa |
|
seashell, shell |
inheritance |
*po'owa |
Western & Central Numic |
|
W. Mono “olivella”; Stubbs 1907 (2008:267); is this really cognate? |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Dayley 1989:220 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Wappo |
Haliotis spp. |
híle |
|
abalone (CHM confirms 52:577) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Sawyer 1965 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Washo |
Haliotis spp. |
madáp |
|
abalone shell |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
WPD |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
Haliotis spp. |
puhiGede |
|
abalone shell |
unique |
|
|
|
Maybe a compound: Green-money (from *koCti) |
|
|
same |
phrase |
puhi “green”?? remainder unanalyzable |
|
|
|
Bethel et al.:156 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
“ground up and used as a poison” |
trade |
men |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
used as money |
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Wintu |
Haliotis spp. |
L'al |
|
shell of any animal; abalone, etc. |
inheritance |
*L'al |
Wintun |
|
Shepherd 2005 |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Pitkin 1985 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yavapai |
Haliotis spp. |
hàlkrâ:pa |
|
blue-green seashell |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Shaterian 1983 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Palewyami |
Haliotis spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yawdanchi |
Haliotis spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yowlumne |
Haliotis spp. |
dap |
|
abalone (Haliotis) |
unique |
|
|
|
NOT Chumash OR Salinan; perhaps related to the “leaf” word dapdap??? |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:220 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yuki |
Haliotis spp. |
paaNt-am B |
N is raised n |
abalone |
inheritance |
*pət'am |
Yukian |
|
Schlichter 1985 |
|
|
|
other complex |
-am derives nouns |
|
|
|
Sawyer & Schlichter 1984 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yuma |
Haliotis spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
