| abalone |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Haliotis spp. |
cikarat |
ˈʦikarat |
shell sp., the beads made from them |
loan |
|
|
Gabrielino |
Looks like the Gab. augmentative from cikat “shellfish sp.”, (probably mussel), but this is NOT Gab. word for “abalone” which is 7apo |
|
|
broader (includes the animal, the shell, and the beads) |
other complex |
ˈʦikara-t Abalone-npn Note: This is in fact derived: cika-t “shell sp.” -- maybe from Gab. cika-ro-t “big shell”??? But Anderton consideres it a fixed form |
-niw "possession, belongings" |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:283 |
no info |
2 |
ritual objects decorated with Haliotis inlays |
1 |
|
1 |
lime from this shell taken with tobacco in pespibata |
N/A |
N/A |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
obtained from Chumash |
West coast of North America |
cold coastal waters |
no |
|
|
|
| ant (generic) |
hormiga |
formiga |
flora-fauna |
|
Formicidae |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
N/A |
N/A |
no |
|
|
|
| antelope |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Antilocapra americana |
tɨmɨnač |
ˈtɨmɨnaʧr |
antelope |
inheritance |
*tɨn(nV)- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S52 (Stubbs 2009:45), the *tɨm(V)nV- possibility is worth considering. May be a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈtɨmɨna-ʧr pronghorn-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:529 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
open areas |
no |
|
|
|
| badger |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Taxidea taxus |
hunavit |
ˈhunavit |
badger |
inheritance |
*hurap- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S105 (Stubbs 2009:53) |
|
|
same |
derived |
ˈhuna(-)vi-t derivational relationship with “bear” is obscure; this is how Anderton segments. Really it's hunav-t, with v from PUA *p. |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:323 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
“Tejoneños [Yokuts] used to eat this and dog” (I assume this implies “but we did not”) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
for pelt only, apparently |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
chaparral, woodland |
yes |
|
|
|
| bald eagle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Haliaeetus leucocephalus |
pamoiš |
ˈpamoiʃ |
white-headed eagle |
loan |
|
|
Cahuilla |
Cupeño pa7mush “bird sp., a water bird”, Cahuilla pamu7ish “bald eagle”, Luiseno ʹpa:mɁuʃ (not in Stubbs) (re Cup. form, Bald Eagle is a fishing bird). The non-correspondent final -ʃ and the odd /o/ in Kitanemuk argue for loan status -- perhaps from Cahu |
|
|
same |
underived |
possibly ˈpa-moiʃ but second part is not meaningful in any of the languages |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:458 |
no info |
1 |
feathers in ritual regalia; killed in Eagle Ceremony |
2 |
often not eaten |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
eaglets raised, smothered in dance, feathers kept |
0 |
|
1 |
feather regalia traded |
North America |
Prefers habitat with large areas of water; this is a fishing bird |
no |
|
|
|
| band-tail pigeon |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Patagioenas fasciata |
pah'-mah-kah-hōt 60-9 |
ˈpamakahot |
Band-tail pigeon |
inheritance |
*makahVwi |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S676 (Stubbs 2009;126); All other languages have the augmentative suffix -wɨ, not the prefix pa:- |
|
|
same |
derived |
ˈpa-makaho-t big-dove-npn (there are many of these pa- forms so I am assuming it is synchronically productive/accessible) |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n1/mode/2up, p. 9 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Oak and pine forests, feeds on acorns |
no |
|
|
|
| bat |
murciélago |
morcego |
flora-fauna |
|
Chiroptera spp |
pɨvakat |
ˈpɨvakat |
bat |
inheritance |
*pɨvakaC- |
Takic |
|
“Takic” should be taken with caution because consultant was the same for Kitanemuk and Gabrielino (Mrs. Rosenmyre). But correspondence w/ Gab. po-vah-kaht looks good. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈpɨvaka-t bat-non.possessed.noun (npn) |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:478 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| beaver |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Castor |
cɨpɨʔkɨʔ |
ˈʦɨpɨʔkɨʔ; H heard no final ʔ |
beaver |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
also loaned into Chumash, e.g. Barb. chip'ik; Yokuts has toepuek, doepuk, etc., see Kroeber |
WW |
%t'ypyk |
same |
underived |
|
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:288 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
probably not, probably got skins in trade |
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
beaver pelts traded; I doubt if Kitanemuk country had many beavers |
North America |
streams, wetlands |
no |
|
|
|
| beetle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Coleoptera spp |
huʔhuʔač |
ˈhuʔhuʔaʧr |
stinkbug, pinacate |
inheritance |
*huhuCa |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S313 (Stubbs 2009:83); in Serrano, and also Hopi hohoyaw. Possibly a regionalism just missing in intermediate languages?? May have “fart” word. |
|
|
narrower (stinkbug is prototypical named beetle) |
other complex |
ˈhuʔhuʔa-ʧr stinkbug-npn (probably derived from ˈhuʔ “to fart” but if so regularly should be ˈhuʔhuʔiaʧr |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:319 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| big round tule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Schoenoplectus acutus |
pivuht |
ˈpivuht |
reed sp., tule |
unique |
|
|
|
Is this word maybe related to piivat “tobacco”, given pipe association? See Luiseño pivee$ash. CHM records pe-wum, a similar Serrano form. |
|
|
broader (plant and derived materials) |
other complex |
ˈpivuh-t big.tule-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:475 |
no info |
2 |
almost certainly used in ritual structures |
1 |
tubers eaten raw, lower stalk edible |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
for house covering, mats |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California and southern US into Mexico |
wet areas throughout territory |
no |
|
|
|
| big skunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mephitis mephitis |
ponivač |
ˈponivaʧr |
skunk |
inheritance |
*po(C)ni |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1983 (Stubbs 2009:275); see discussion of possible UA etymology that I don't care for |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈponiva-ʧr skunk-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:482 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
hides used |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| big wolf (gray wolf) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Canis lupus |
wanač |
ˈwanaʧr |
wolf, sealion |
inheritance |
*wana-ci |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
also in Serrano. I'll bet this is S557a *wanci7a “fox” (these forms attest to an additional vowel), in Central and Southern Numic. May be an arealism/loan |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈwana-ʧr wolf-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:562 |
no info |
1 |
|
2 |
big predators often not eaten, but probably hunted for skin |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
for skin |
0 |
|
0 |
skins often traded |
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| bighorn sheep |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ovis canadensis |
paʔt |
ˈpaʔt |
mountain sheep |
inheritance |
*paʔaC- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S204 (Stubbs 2009:67); may be a Proto-Kiowa-tanoan loan into Proto NUA |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈpaʔ-t bighorn-npn (perhaps a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan) |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:462 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
steep slopes, cliffs |
no |
|
|
|
| bird |
pajaro, ave |
passaro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
wicitat |
ˈwiʦitat |
bird, any kind of small songbird |
inheritance |
*wi(t)tiki |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 205a (Stubbs 2009:67); wici forms in Serran and S. Numic, and Tb. has chikit (wi- is a prefix???) |
|
|
narrower (does not include raptors, water birds) |
other complex |
ˈwiʦita-t bird-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:569 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
no decent info but everybody ate songbirds and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
N/A |
N/A |
no |
|
|
|
| black ant |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger |
yokač |
ˈjokaʧr |
ant sp: black, medium-sized |
inheritance |
*yuka |
Takic |
|
S47 (Stubbs 2009:44) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈjoka-ʧr ant.sp-npn; may contain element yu - from “black” |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:591 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| black bear |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ursus americanus |
hunaɨt |
ˈhunaɨt |
bear |
inheritance |
*huna-wɨ-ta |
Californian |
|
S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California. |
|
|
broader (includes all bears) |
derived |
ˈhuna-ɨ-t bear-augmentative-npn (-w- lost regularly) |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:322 |
no info |
1 |
bear shamanism, guardian spirits |
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
mainly for hide, claws |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
chaparral, woodland |
yes |
|
|
|
| black-tail Jackrabbit |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Lepus californicus |
hwiʔt |
ˈhwiʔt |
hare |
inheritance |
*suuʔit |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1713 (Stubbs 2009:243); I give Manaster-Ramer's reconstruction |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈhwiʔ-t jackrabbit-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:328 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, bones ground, diverse preparations; fur used in blankets |
0 |
|
0 |
rabbit-skin blankets trades |
North America |
flat open areas |
no |
|
|
|
| blackberry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rubus ursinus |
pikwač |
ˈpikwaʧr |
California blackberry |
inheritance |
*pi(kwa-) |
Takic |
|
S182 (Stubbs 2009:64); |
|
|
broader (plant and berries, other berries of this general type) |
other complex |
ˈpikwa-ʧr berry-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:471 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
berry eaten raw |
1 |
tea from root for “clapp” |
gathered (wild) |
women |
brew tea from root |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
foothills, uplands |
no |
|
|
|
| blue grouse |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Dendrogapus? |
hoo'-e-hoo'-e 60-9 |
ˈhuʔihuʔi ? |
Blue grouse |
inheritance |
*hu(ʔ)i- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
May be a regionalism: Tumpisa Shoshone huiccu “sage grouse”; this looks like the “small bird” word ?? |
|
|
same |
reduplicated |
|
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n1/mode/2up, p. 9 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
no decent info but everybody ate songbirds and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America. I don't know why it's in Merriam's list for California, mainly a Rocky Mountain bird |
scrublands, woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| bobcat, lynx |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Lynx rufus |
tukut |
ˈtukut |
Bobcat |
inheritance |
*tuCkuC- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1306 (Stubbs 2009:200). This is a California Wanderwort; Great Basin forms giving NUA are surely loans. But loan may be early because Hopi has regular vocalism. |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
other complex |
ˈtuku-t wildcat-npn (Old Californianism into early stage of NUA) |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:545 |
no info |
1 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
mainly for hide is my guess |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| butterfly, moth |
mariposa |
borboleta |
flora-fauna |
|
Lepidoptera |
ʔatavatava |
ˈʔatavatava |
butterfly, moth |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (includes both butterflies and moths) |
reduplicated |
ʔatavatava |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:273 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| California condor |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Gymnogyps californianus |
pah'-we-roo-kut 60-7 |
ˈpawirukuht |
California condor (this is “vulture” in Anderton and Harrington) |
inheritance |
*wiLhukuN |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 335, one of the better fits in that problematic group. |
|
|
same |
derived |
ˈpa-wirukuh-t big-vulture-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n1/mode/2up, p. 7 |
no info |
1 |
can substitute for eagle in eagle ceremony |
2 |
unlikely was eaten |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
probably just for feathers |
0 |
|
1 |
probably feather regalia traded |
U. S. Southwest |
Rocky scrubland, woodland (they like cliffs |
no |
|
|
|
| California jay |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Aphelocoma californica? |
caycaʔy |
ˈʦajʦaʔj |
bird sp: bluish, no crest, harsh scream, seen in oak trees |
loan |
*chaʔi- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
Yokuts |
Kitanemuk cayca7y “blue jay”; S209, Central Numic, Tubatulabal, Takic, always “blue jay” (Stubbs 2009:68). Note similarity of Yokuts, Chumash words. I think this reduplicated form is recent Yokutsan loan. |
WW |
%chaj |
same |
reduplicated |
ˈʦajʦaʔ-j dup-jay-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
Anderton 1988:281 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
no decent info but everybody ate songbirds and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
throughout western North America (distributions from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted) |
scrublands, woodlands (Habitats from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted) |
no |
|
|
|
| California woodpecker |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Melanerpes formicivorus? |
pivanač |
ˈpivanaʧr |
woodpecker sp: smaller than šɨč |
inheritance |
|
Takic |
|
Note Gabrielino pe-var” 72-77, 60-423, but the derivation is not the same |
|
|
same |
derived |
ˈpi-ivana-ʧr peck-instrumental-npn (usually with final ʔ as possessed form; Anderton 1988:475 regards as “frozen form”) |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
Anderton 1988:475 |
no info |
2 |
often figures importantly, but no info |
1 |
especially handy as acorn-storing bird |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
1 |
woodpecker scalp feathers often traded, but no info |
Southern Oregon, California, south to Colombia |
oak woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| chia |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Salvia columbariae |
pahinač |
pahinaʧ |
Chia sp.: Salvia columbariae, also called Skunk Sage |
inheritance |
*pasa/i |
Californian |
|
S1599 (Stubbs 2009:233). Only Numic is Tumpisa Shoshone, almost certainly a loan from Tubatulaba, and Kawaiisu. This shows up in Chumash, Salinan,Kiliwa!! may be an old Californianism. |
WW |
%pasv |
same |
other complex |
pahina-ʧ chia-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:452 |
no info |
1 |
Kitanemuk used seeds as offerings in most ceremonies |
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
women |
parched and mixed with other seeds in diverse preparations |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California and Southwest |
Below 6000 feet in dry open areas, extensive stands in chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| chipmunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Tamias spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| cliff swallow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota |
mawiyɨt |
ˈmawijɨt |
bird sp. resembles swallow |
inheritance |
*mawi-wɨ |
Takic |
|
Gab. Barn swallow:mah-wā-ō>t (> is CHM's back apostrophe) 72-77; see precautionary note with “bat” |
|
|
same |
derived |
ˈmawi-jɨ-t feather.fan-augmentative-npn (mawiʃr “feather fan held by dancer”) |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
Anderton 1988:394 |
no info |
2 |
involved somehow with fans; perhaps by resemblance |
1 |
no decent info but everybody ate songbirds and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
if feathers are in fans, would have been traded |
Breed in North America |
Cliffs (and now in/on buildings) |
no |
|
|
|
| coot |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Fulica americana |
pah-kwe-nee-tah-hah kwah-he-ŭt pang-aht-sah “mud hen” |
ˈpakʷinitay ˈkʷaʔiwɨt ˈpaŋaʦaʔ |
Coot |
unique |
|
|
|
good UA vocabulary but probably a nonce form |
|
|
same |
phrase |
ˈpakʷini-ta-y ˈkʷaʔi-wɨ-t ˈpaŋaʦaʔ mud-npn-obj eat-augmentative-npn duck (probably a nonce formation) |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
ˈpaŋacaʔ |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n1/mode/2up, p. 15 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
probably |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
West coastal and southern North America to Central America |
wetlands and open water |
no |
|
|
|
| cottontail rabbit |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sylvilagus audobonii |
tɨhokt |
ˈtɨhokt |
rabbit sp., with white tail |
inheritance |
*tosa-kammu |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1709 (Stubbs 2009:242) compound -- white-jackrabbit, pretty eroded in this language! Frankly I doubt the kammu part. Note Central and Southern Sierra Miwok Tós:ewe-, Cupeno tisixat. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈtɨhok-t cottontail-npn (ultimately from adjective for “white”, PUA *tosa-ka- |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:521 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, bones ground, diverse preparations; fur used in blankets |
0 |
|
0 |
rabbit-skin blankets trades |
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| cottonwood |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Populus spp. |
wamat |
ˈwamat |
cottonwood tree |
unique |
|
Serran |
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈwama-t cottonwood-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:562 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
medicine for broken bones |
gathered (wild) |
women |
bark (outer and inner) used |
0 |
|
0 |
|
southern Canada south to northern Mexico |
moist areas |
no |
|
|
|
| coyote |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Canis latrans |
wahiʔ |
ˈwahiʔ |
coyote |
inheritance |
|
Serran |
|
Also in Serrano |
|
|
same |
underived |
perhaps sound imitative but not the usual *wo- |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:560 |
no info |
1 |
always an important figure, but no info |
2 |
often not eaten, but probably hunted for skin |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
for skin |
0 |
|
0 |
skins often traded |
North and Central America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| crow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
ʔaʔaʔ |
ˈʔaʔaʔ |
crow |
loan |
|
|
Chumash |
Ventureno ʔaʔa-ʔiwaʃ “crow-pejorative” > ʔaʔawaʃ |
|
|
same |
reduplicated |
|
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
Anderton 1988:262 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
no decent info but everybody ate songbirds and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| datura |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Datura wrightii |
manič |
ˈmaniʧr |
Jimsonweed, toloache (hallucinogenic drink made from its root) |
loan |
*mani- |
Takic |
Takic |
may be a loan; S1639 (Stubbs 2009:235); Gabrielino a good candidate for source language within Takic |
WW |
%mani |
broader (the plant and the drink) |
other complex |
ˈmani-ʧr datura-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:391 |
no info |
1 |
given to boy for vision quest |
1 |
|
1 |
to ease pain |
gathered (wild) |
men |
root peeled, mashed soaked in cold water, drunk in AM, 3 times, 3 days apart |
1 |
|
0 |
|
U.S. Southwest, California, Mexico |
“sandy, gravelly, open areas below 4000 feet throughout Southern California” (Bean & Saubel 1972:60) |
yes |
|
|
|
| deer, mule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Odocoileus hemionus |
hukaht |
ˈhukaht |
deer |
inheritance |
*suCkaC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S621 (Stubbs 2009:121) |
WW |
%sok |
narrower (mule deer only, I assume) |
other complex |
ˈhukah-t deer-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:319 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| digger pine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pinus sabiniana |
wokoht |
ˈwokoht |
Digger pine, Pinus sabiniana, or its nut |
inheritance |
*wokoN- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1579a (Stubbs 2009:231) |
|
|
broader (tree and nuts) |
other complex |
ˈwokoh-t |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:580 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
cones roasted to pop out nuts |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California central valley, Sierra foothills, Coast Ranges to Tehachapis, also on Channel Islands |
foothills |
no |
|
|
|
| dog (camp, domestic) |
perro |
cachorro |
flora-fauna |
|
Canis familiaris |
kuciʔ |
ˈkuʦiʔ |
dog |
loan |
|
|
no information |
*ku- words for dog are areal, oriented northward; loan into Serran, since also in Serrano |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:362 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
“Tejoneños [Yokuts] used to eat [badger] and dog” (I assume this implies “but we did not”) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
with humans |
no |
|
|
|
| dogbane |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Apocynum cannabinum |
wivƗč |
ˈwivƗʧr |
red milkweed, or its fiber used in making string |
inheritance |
*wi(k)- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1796 (Stubbs 2009:253); note Gab. wivor, a perfect cognate, suggesting Takic *wi-vɨ-ta |
|
|
broader (plant and fiber) |
other complex |
ˈwivƗ-ʧr milkweed-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:575 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
a fiber plant |
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed |
women |
for fiber |
0 |
|
0 |
Timbrook 2007;139 says groups that didn't have it traded for it |
Southern Canada to Mexico |
open wooded areas, hillsides, ravines |
no |
|
|
|
| dove |
paloma |
pomba |
flora-fauna |
|
Zenaida macrocoura |
makahot |
ˈmakahot |
dove |
inheritance |
*makahVwi |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S676 (Stubbs 2009:126); vowel /o/ perhaps from ahVwi>ahwi>awi>aw> o loss of -w- is regional. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈmakaho-t dove-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
Anderton 1988:389 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada to Mexico |
Prefers open areas, avoids dense forests |
no |
|
|
|
| duck |
pato |
pato, marreco |
flora-fauna |
|
Anatidae |
paŋacaʔ |
ˈpaŋaʦaʔ |
duck (all kinds) |
unique |
|
|
|
Looks like it might be from panga tsa'i (tsayi), the water bird word, but unclear) |
|
|
broader (includes water birds that are not ducks) |
underived |
paŋaʦaʔ presumably includes pa-ŋa “water-in” but no other word formed this way. |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:259 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
wetlands and open water |
no |
|
|
|
| elder |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sambucus |
hukwat |
ˈhukʷat |
tree sp: elderberry |
inheritance |
*kuhu- |
Californian |
|
probably from hu-ku'V-t and in S179; kuhut also recorded; but note Cahuilla hunkat, perhaps a second set |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈhukʷa-t elderberry-npn (may be from hu-kuha-t wood-elderberry -npn although Anderton doesn't entertain this) |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:320 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
berries eaten |
1 |
flowers for tea for catarrh |
gathered (wild) |
women |
all parts of plants used (men may have gathered wood, for bows, etc.) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
below 4500 feet in moist areas |
no |
|
|
|
| elk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cervas elaphus |
pahukaht |
ˈpahukaht |
elk |
inheritance |
*pa:-suka- |
Takic |
|
S788:139 “elk” |
WW |
%sok |
same |
derived |
ˈpa-hukah-t big-deer-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:320 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America uplands, not in deserts |
forest edges, forest |
no |
|
|
|
| fish (generic) |
pez |
peixe |
flora-fauna |
|
|
kihuč |
ˈkihuʧr |
fish |
inheritance |
*kɨcuC |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S864 (Stubbs 2009;147) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈkihu-ʧr fish-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:351 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
fish spears, poison. No info on preparatin. |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
water |
no |
|
|
|
| flea |
pulga |
pulga |
flora-fauna |
|
Siphonaptera |
ʔatucit |
ˈʔatuʦit |
flea |
loan |
|
|
no information |
loan direction unknown, see Tub. moo-tsoo' 60-499, Gab. mo-tu:cey |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈʔatuʦi-t flea-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:274 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
highly unlikely |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| flicker |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Colaptes sp. |
kimač |
ˈkimaʧr |
flicker |
inheritance |
*kima:- |
Takic |
|
Gab. ke'-mar” ; see “bat” for cautionary note |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈkima-ʧr; flicker-npn; Merriam's ke-mahts “zigzag” is this same word? perh. referring to a design shape? Anderton 1988:353 |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
Anderton 1988:353 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
no decent info but everybody ate songbirds and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
1 |
Note that this name is not the “traded” woodpecker name in “pala” |
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| blowfly/housefly |
mosca |
mosca |
flora-fauna |
|
Diptera |
picucuʔač |
ˈpiʦuʦuʔaʧr |
fly |
inheritance |
|
Serran |
|
see Gab. pi:cukwar; probably a regional element here, it's in Tub “horsefly” also; contains Stubbs 1184 *pitti, also in “hummingbird” |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈpiʦuʦuʔa-ʧr |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:470 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
larvae probably eaten |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| foothills yucca |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Yucca whipplei |
ʔumoč |
ˈʔumoʧr |
stem or root of the quiote, Spanish bayonet stump) |
inheritance |
*amuwV |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S4 (Stubbs 2009:40) |
|
|
narrower (may not mean whole plant -- although it does refer to whole plant in other languages) |
other complex |
ʔumo-č Yucca.sp.-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:551 |
no info |
0 |
decorated stalks used in mourning ceremony |
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
head roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
stalk obtained from Tubatulabal |
Southern California and Baja California |
chaparral and oak woodlands, 300-2500 m |
no |
|
|
|
| fox |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vulpes, Urocyon |
kawčač |
ˈkawʧraʧr |
fox (used for quiver) |
inheritance |
*kawosi |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S556; I don't like his Tarahumara form (Stubbs 2009:113) |
WW |
%kaw |
narrower (does not include desert fox) |
other complex |
ˈkawʧra-ʧr fox-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:347 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
surely hunted for skin for quiver |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
for skin |
0 |
|
0 |
skins often traded |
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| frog (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
wakatat |
ˈwakatat |
frog |
inheritance |
*wakaC-ta |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S940 (Stubbs 2009:157); Tarahumara 7awaka seems OK in this set |
WW |
%wakat |
broader (includes toads) |
other complex |
ˈwakata-t frog-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:562 |
no info |
2 |
frog is wife of coyote (Anderton 562) |
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
wetlands, lakes, ponds, streams |
no |
|
|
|
| golden eagle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Aquila chrysaetos |
ʔahɨŋt |
ˈʔahɨŋt |
eagle |
inheritance |
|
Californian |
|
S719 (Stubbs 2009:131); note Yuman forms, perhaps Proto-Yuman *?as/shpa, as a possible source. But given this regular s>h, an early loan if a loan |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʔahɨŋ-t golden.eagle-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:265 |
no info |
1 |
feathers in ritual regalia; killed in Eagle Ceremony |
2 |
unlikely was eaten |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
eaglets raised, smothered in dance, feathers kept |
0 |
|
1 |
probably feather regalia traded |
North America |
They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting |
no |
|
|
|
| gooseberry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ribes spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
diverse species in California |
chaparral, woodland |
no |
|
|
|
| gopher snake, bull snake |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pituophis catenifer |
tahuč |
ˈtahuʧr |
snake sp. (gopher snake?) |
inheritance |
*tahu- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2015 (Stubbs 2009:280) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈtahu-ʧr snake-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
hɨŋt |
Anderton 1988:511 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada to Mexico |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| grass |
hierba, pasto |
capim, grama |
flora-fauna |
|
(NA) |
hamat |
ˈhamat |
grass, etc. (includes “any rama” |
inheritance |
*sama/u- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1025a (Stubbs 2009:166; similar Yuman forms need thought |
|
|
broader (grass, weeds,hay, etc) |
other complex |
ˈhama-t grass-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:300 |
no info |
0 |
Kitanemuk used seeds as offerings in most ceremonies |
0 |
seeds |
1 |
tea from one species for eyes, laxative from another |
gathered (wild) |
women |
seeds parched, mixed with other seeds, eaten in diverse preparations |
0 |
|
0 |
|
N/A |
N/A |
no |
|
|
|
| grasshopper |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Caelifera |
woʔoht |
ˈwoʔoht |
grasshopper, or dragonfly |
inheritance |
*woʔV- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1034 (Stubbs 2009:167) |
|
|
narrower (I think this is only one kind of grasshopper) |
other complex |
ˈwoʔoh-t grasshopper-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:580 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
roasted in pits, on sticks, etc. (no info specific to Kitanemuk) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| gray ground squirrel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sphermophilus sp. |
koŋit |
ˈkoŋit |
squirrel sp.: probably Nelson's Antelope Squirrel |
inheritance |
*koŋi- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2092 (Stubbs 2009:288) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈkoŋi-t ground.squirrel-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:361 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, bones ground, diverse preparations |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| gray tree squirrel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sciurus spp. |
hikaɨt |
ˈhikaɨt |
flying squirrel |
loan into protolanguage |
*sika-(wV) |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
Gabrielino |
S2094 (Stubbs 2009:288); may be very early loan into NUA; note similar Yokuts forms in Kroeber's “ground squirrel” list |
WW |
%sik |
same |
derived |
ˈhika-ɨ-t tree.squirrel-augmentative-npn (-w- lost regularly) |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:307 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, bones ground, diverse preparations |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| great horned owl |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Bubo virginianus |
muŋt |
ˈmuŋt |
owl, great horned |
inheritance |
*muhuN |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1542 (Stubbs 2009:227), do NOT include Raramuri form with mo- |
|
|
same |
other complex |
muŋ-t owl-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:413 |
no info |
1 |
feathers in ritual regalia , widely taken to give omens of death |
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
perhaps for feathers only |
0 |
|
1 |
feathered regalia traded regularly |
Americas |
Diverse habitats (less common in extreme deserts) |
no |
|
|
|
| grizzly bear |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ursus arctos horribilis |
hunawɨt |
ˈhunawɨt |
Grizzly Bear |
inheritance |
*huna-wɨ-ta |
Californian |
|
S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California. Why is /w/ retained in this form? |
|
|
same |
derived |
ˈhuna-wɨ-t bear-augmentative-npn (Wju |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:322 |
no info |
1 |
bear shamanism, guardian spirits |
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
mainly for hide, claws |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
chaparral, woodland |
yes |
|
|
|
| horned toad |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Phrynosomatidae |
nakarakara |
ˈnakarakara |
chameleon |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
reduplicated |
nakara-kara horned.toad-dup (?) |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:418 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western U.S. and Mexico |
hot, dry, sandy areas |
no |
|
|
|
| horse |
caballo |
cavalho |
flora-fauna |
|
Equus caballus |
kavayoʔ |
ˈkavayoʔ |
horse |
loan |
|
|
Spanish |
|
WW |
%caballo |
same |
underived |
|
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:346 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
with humans |
no |
|
|
|
| hummingbird |
colibrí, picaflor (Peru) |
beija-flor |
flora-fauna |
|
Trochilidae |
pituruʔ |
ˈpituruʔ |
hummingbird |
inheritance |
*pitsi/*pitti- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1184 (Stubbs 2009:185); Gab form from *piyi- from *pitsi, contradicting the Serrano evidence cited in Stubbs for *piti, but Kit. also piti |
|
|
same |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
Anderton 1988:474 |
no info |
0 |
a good dreamhelper for a warrior (Blackburn & Bean 1978:567) |
0 |
no decent info but everybody ate songbirds and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| tobacco |
tabaco |
tabaco |
flora-fauna |
|
Nicotiana spp. |
civut |
ˈʦivut |
wild tobacco |
semantic shift |
*ciʔpuC “bitter” |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S222 (Stubbs 2009:69) |
|
|
broader (plant and tobacco products like the chaw, etc) |
other complex |
ˈʦivu-t tobacco-npn (note ˈʦivuʔ “bitter”) |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:286 |
no info |
1 |
given to boy at end of vision quest ritual |
1 |
mixed with pine nuts in cakes |
1 |
|
planted (intensive maintenance) |
all |
diverse preparations |
1 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| insect (generic) |
insecto |
insecto |
flora-fauna |
|
generic |
kuʔač |
ˈkuʔaʧr |
worm, bug (gen)., any “small nameless bug” (Harrington) |
inheritance |
*kuʔa- |
Takic |
|
S893 (Stubbs 2009:152), |
|
|
Broader (includes maggots and larvae, leeches, angleworms, but does NOT include named insects) |
other complex |
ˈkuʔa-ʧr bug-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:362 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
larvae eaten |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
N/A |
N/A |
no |
|
|
|
| junco |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Junco sppp |
ta-mah-we-ve-ah (“winter”) witch-e-tat |
ˈtamuavea ˈwiʦitat |
Junco |
unique |
|
|
|
made out of UA materials, may be a nonce form but all the languages have “winter bird” or “snow bird” |
|
|
same |
phrase |
ˈtamuavea ˈwiʦitat winter bird (perhaps a nonce form) |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n1/mode/2up, p. 11 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
no decent info but everybody ate songbirds and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
coniferous and mixed forests, often forage in flocks in winter |
no |
|
|
|
| juniper |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Juniperus californica |
waʔt |
ˈwaʔt |
juniper tree |
inheritance |
*waʔaC- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S414 (Stubbs 2009:94) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈwaʔ-t juniper-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:565 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
berries eaten |
1 |
mistletoe on Juniper good for asthma |
gathered (wild) |
women |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
abundant 3000-4500 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| louse |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
order Phtiraptera |
ʔačɨmč |
ˈʔaʧɨmʧr |
head louse, tick |
inheritance |
*ʔatɨC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1357 (Stubbs 2009:205) |
|
|
narrower (head louse only) |
other complex |
ˈʔaʧɨmʧr |
|
does not take classifier, dirrectly possessed as -ˈʔaʧɨm |
|
Anderton 1988:264 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
highly unlikely |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
on people's hair |
no |
|
|
|
| mallard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Anas platyrhynchos |
tsa-tsee-tseeh pang-aht-sah 72-591, 60-13 |
ˈʦaʦiʦij ˈpaŋaʦaʔ |
mallard |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
phrase |
ˈʦa-ʦi-ʦi ˈpaŋaʦaʔ hortative-dup-gather duck (?) “Let's-pick-it-up-repeatedly” duck? Probably a nonce formation |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
ˈpaŋacaʔ |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n1/mode/2up, p. 13 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
wetlands and open water |
no |
|
|
|
| manzanita |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Arctostaphylos spp. |
kɨčač |
ˈkɨʧraʧr |
manzanita |
inheritance |
*kɨta- |
Takic |
|
I think this is hitherto unnoticed member of S1635, requiring revision of S's reconstruction (Stubbs 2009:235) based on Cupan *kɨlV-l |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈkɨʧra-ʧr manzanita-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:355 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
wash from leaves |
gathered (wild) |
women |
berries used in diverse preparations |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
chaparral, edges of woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| milkweed, broad leaf |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Asclepias eriocarpa |
kacic |
ˈkaʦiʦ |
milkweed plant |
unique |
|
|
|
Note Gabrielino to-hah'-che-ar' 72-79, 60-439 “chewing gum” in McC p. 247, - I'm interested in the hah'-che part, perhaps xachi- |
|
|
same |
derived |
kaci-c “chew-passive.nominative” “chew-ed” |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:338 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
chewing gum from bitter cooked juice |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women and children |
extract sap, also use fiber, sap chewed with flower |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California and adjacent Nevada and Baja California |
dry barren areas 200-1900 m (Jepson Herbarium site) |
no |
|
|
|
| milkweed, narrow leaf |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Asclepias fascicularis |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
Inland California to Washington, Baja California |
dry areas, slopes, 50-2200 m (Jepson Herbarium) |
no |
|
|
|
| mission tule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Juncus |
hwač |
ˈhwaʧr |
reed sp., like tule, 5 ft. high, used for baskets |
inheritance |
*sɨji- |
Takic |
|
S1735 (Stubbs 2009:246) (Gabrielino has swar, same development. Note Chumash swa7 “Scirpus sp.) |
|
|
broader (plant and basketry material from plant) |
other complex |
ˈhwa-ʧr Juncus-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:326 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
pretty scapes make different colors in baskets |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
moist areas |
no |
|
|
|
| mockingbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mimus polyglottos |
tukuahpač |
ˈtukuahpaʧr |
mockingbird |
unique |
|
|
|
Compare Cup. tukupuwet, some kind of woodpecker -- find other tuku- birds |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈtukuahpa-ʧr mockingbird-npn (root must be derived) |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
Anderton 1988:545 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
no decent info but everybody ate songbirds and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America, Mexico |
diverse habitats (they like habitats with high places to perch, and don't like pine trees) |
no |
|
|
|
| mosquito |
mosquito, zancudo |
mosquito, carapana |
flora-fauna |
|
Anopheles spp, Isoptera |
hawawač |
ˈhawawaʧr |
mosquito, gnat |
unique |
|
Serran |
|
contains /wa-/ element in, for e.g., Taracahitan waho, Tepiman wamug; NOTE KAWAiisu waca-vi “yellow jacket” |
|
|
broader (includes gnats) |
other complex |
ˈhawawa-ʧr mosquito-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:304 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
highly unlikely |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| moth |
mariposa nocturna, polilla |
mariposa |
flora-fauna |
|
Heterocera |
ʔatavatava |
ˈʔatavatava |
butterfly, moth |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (includes both butterflies and moths) |
reduplicated |
|
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:273 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| mountain lion |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Puma concolor |
tukučuwat |
ˈtukuʧruwat |
Mountain lion |
loan |
|
|
no information |
Probably loaned from another Takic language. The derivation is irregular and non-correspondent. |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
derived |
ˈtukuʧruwat obviously derived from tukut but morphology obscure, this whole set of words is very loan-y |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:545 |
no info |
1 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
mainly for hide is my guess |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
diverse habitats (prefers uplands) |
yes |
|
|
|
| mountain quail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oreortyx pictus |
kakawt |
ˈkakawt |
mountain quail |
inheritance |
*kacaC |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1702a (Stubbs 2009:241); 1702b is a different word, a Californianism. The augmentative formation is Californian. |
WW |
%kaka |
same |
derived |
ˈkaka-w-t quail-augmentative-npn (I would have expected kakaɨt; /w/ form is from Zigmond |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
Anderton 1988:341 from Zigmond |
no info |
2 |
topknots decorate ritual regalia |
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
US west of Rockies and Baja California |
chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| mussel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mytilus spp. |
kukunitɨ |
ˈkukunitɨ |
mussel sp. and name for beads made from it |
unique |
|
|
|
note Southern Chumash kiw “mussel” |
|
|
broader (includes the animal, the shell, and the beads) |
underived |
kukunitɨ does have reduplicated first syllable |
-niw "possession, belongings" |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:367 |
no info |
2 |
shell beads used as offerings (also money) |
1 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
1 |
obtained from Chumash |
West coast of North America |
cold coastal waters |
no |
|
|
|
| olivella (olive snail) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Callianax biplicata |
yahuč |
ˈyaxuʧr |
shell sp., white, used for beads |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (includes the animal, the shell, and the beads) |
other complex |
ˈyaxu-ʧr shell.sp.-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:583 |
no info |
2 |
shell beads used as offerings (also money) |
2 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
1 |
obtained from Chumash |
Pacific Coast of North America, B.C. to Baja California |
sandy substrates intertidally and tidally and in bays |
no |
|
|
|
| pinyon jay |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cyanocitta stelleri? |
hayhaʔy |
ˈhajhaʔj |
bird sp: bluish, similar to caycaʔy but with crest |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
*kayve- in Cupeño, Cahuilla; haynga chiya in Gab; Proto-NimYokuts *xay “Crested Jay” (Golla 1964:61); Southern Sierra Miwok kayka'jahnt, so Yok-Utian word, perhaps. |
WW |
%kaj |
same |
reduplicated |
|
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
Anderton 1988:305 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
no decent info but everybody ate songbirds and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
Foothills where pinyon groves occur |
no |
|
|
|
| pinyon pine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pinus monophylla |
tɨvat |
ˈtɨvat |
pinyon |
inheritance |
*tɨpat |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1583 (Stubbs 2009:231). This is probably a loan into Proto-NUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan (Hill 2008 |
|
|
broader (tree and nuts) |
other complex |
ˈtɨva-t pinyon-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:534 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed |
all |
cones roasted to pop out nuts |
0 |
|
1 |
people who had groves traded these to the coast; Tubatulabal are usually mentioned here but Kitanemuk must have done it too |
Southwestern U.S. and Mexico |
In pinyon-juniper woodland, 3500-9000 feet (for P. monophylla), 2500-8000 feet (for P. quadrifolia). Rocky hills and slopes. |
no |
|
|
|
| pismo clam |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Tivella stultorum |
kaŋawinihwaʔt |
ˈkaŋawinihwaʔt |
clam (used as tweezers) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (includes the animal, the shell, and the beads) |
derived |
ˈkaŋa-win-ihwaʔ-t beard-pull.out-instrument-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:343 |
no info |
2 |
source of fancy shell beads used as offerings, money |
1 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
1 |
obtained from Chumash |
Pacific Coast roughly Monterrey-Baja |
sandy beaches in surf zone |
no |
|
|
|
| pocket gopher |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Thomomys |
miŋaht |
ˈmiŋaht |
mammal sp., gopher |
inheritance |
*mɨjɨN- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1009 (Stubbs 2009:164) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈmiŋah-t gopher-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:400 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, bones ground, diverse preparations |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| poison oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Toxicodendron diversilobum |
ʔɨycič |
ˈʔɨjʦiʧ |
poison oak |
inheritance |
*ʔɨjaa- |
Californian |
|
S1506 (Stubbs 2009:224) Huasteca Nahuatl iyatl “tobacco”is ridiculous. Kitanemuk ʔɨycič should be in. First vowel is central, Gab. attests. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈʔɨjʦi-ʧ poison.oak-npn; root must have some derivation historically; looks like a diminutive |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:337 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Pacific coast Canada to Baja California |
Likes damp, shady areas, chaparral |
yes |
|
|
|
| rattlesnake |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Crotalus spp. |
hɨŋt |
hɨŋt |
snake, rattlesnake |
inheritance |
*sɨwɨn- |
Takic |
|
S2011a (Stubbs 2009:280); not Stubbs' reconstruction, but Kitanemuk, Serrano are conservative in retaining these nasals. |
|
|
broader (also generic for snake, but rattlesnake prototype) |
other complex |
hɨŋ-t rattlesnake-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:312 |
no info |
1 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada south |
Diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| red ant |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Solenopsis spp |
ʔanɨht |
ˈʔanɨht |
ant sp.: big, red, applied to body for pain |
inheritance |
*ʔalɨN- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S44 (Stubbs 2009:44) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈʔanɨh-t red.ant-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:270 |
no info |
1 |
ingested in vision quest |
0 |
|
1 |
apply to body, or eat for pain |
gathered (wild) |
men |
see medicinal notes |
0 |
noted as a hallucinogen by Blackburn & Bean 1978:467 |
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| red-shouldered blackbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Agelaius phoeniceus |
pakoŋyat |
ˈpakoŋjat |
redwinged blackbird |
inheritance |
*paaka |
Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Cupan *paaxiŋi-ʃ; Tumpisa Shoshone pakkwatoppe; S. Paiute paqatchaqapi |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈpakoŋja-t red.winged.blackbird-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
Anderton 1988:456 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
no decent info but everybody ate songbirds and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North and Central America |
Open grassy areas, prefers wetlands, but also found in dry upland meadows |
no |
|
|
|
| red-tailed hawk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Buteo jamaicensis |
pakihač |
ˈpakihaʧr |
hawk sp:light, dark, gavilan |
inheritance |
*kisa |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 729 (2008:131) with pa: prefix like in Gab. |
|
|
same |
derived |
ˈpa-kiha-ʧr big-hawk-npn (Anderton's morphological analysis is wrong; clearly this is cognate with Cupeno kisily “hawk”, etc.) |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:456 |
no info |
2 |
feathers in ritual regalia |
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
perhaps for feathers only |
0 |
|
0 |
probably feather regalia traded |
Americas |
Mixed forest and field |
no |
|
|
|
| roadrunner |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Geococcyx californianus |
puhyɨt |
ˈpuhjɨt |
roadrunner |
inheritance |
*puhi/*puʔi/*puwi (all proposed) |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
augmentative added (it's also in Gab.) |
WW |
%pu: |
same |
derived |
ˈpuh-jɨ-t puh (sound)-augmentative-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
Anderton 1988:485 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
no decent info but everybody ate songbirds and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwestern U.S. to Central America |
desert areas |
no |
|
|
|
| ruddy duck |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oxyura jamaicensis |
o'-sah-ki pang'-aht-sah 60-13 |
ˈʔoʃrakay ˈpaŋaʦaʔ (?) |
Ruddy duck |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
phrase |
ˈʔoʃrakay ˈpaŋaʦaʔ painted? duck (-kay formation not attested by Anderton, but ˈʔoʃra is “write, paint”; perhaps a nonce form |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
ˈpaŋacaʔ |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n1/mode/2up, p. 13 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
lakes and ponds, winter in coastal wetlands |
no |
|
|
|
| sage herb |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Artemisia californica |
cakeʔe |
ˈʦakeʔe |
romerillo, Artemisia californica |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (plant and medicine derived) |
underived |
|
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:280 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
tie flowers to head for a headache, smoke of this and wekwat together cures dreaming of dead people |
gathered (wild) |
women |
see medicinal notes |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California, Baja California |
Chaparral and “dry foothills communities” |
no |
|
|
|
| salmon/steelhead |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
kihuč |
ˈkihuʧr |
fish (word appears in compound “salmon-spear”) |
inheritance |
*kɨcuC |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S864 (Stubbs 2009;147) |
|
|
broader (word is generic for “fish”) |
other complex |
ˈkihu-ʧr fish-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
|
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
fish spears, poison. No info on preparatin. |
0 |
|
0 |
|
West coast North America to roughly San Diego |
anadromous; rivers with coastal outlets |
no |
|
|
|
| scaly lizard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pygopus lepidopodus? |
che'-roo-po 60-17 |
chiruku' (Harrington's form in Anderton) |
lizard, cachora (Iguana) |
loan |
|
|
Gabrielino |
Gab. che-roo'-ko? 60-429. See discussion at S1332 (Stubbs 2009:202). See also note with “Bat” |
|
|
no info |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:285 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| small bird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
wicitat |
ˈwiʦitat |
bird, any kind of small songbird |
inheritance |
*wi(t)tiki |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 205a (Stubbs 2009:67); wici forms in Serran and S. Numic, and Tb. has chikit (wi- is a prefix???) |
|
|
narrower (does not include raptors, water birds regardless of size) |
other complex |
ˈwiʦita-t bird-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
Anderton 1988:569 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
no decent info but everybody ate songbirds and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
N/A |
N/A |
no |
|
|
|
| small brown lizard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
che'-roo-po 60-17 |
chiruku' (Harrington's form in Anderton) |
lizard, cachora (Iguana) |
loan |
|
|
Gabrielino |
Gab. che-roo'-ko? 60-429. See discussion at S1332 (Stubbs 2009:202). See also note with “Bat” |
|
|
no info |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:285 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
desert areas |
no |
|
|
|
| snake (generic) |
culebra, serpiente |
cobra |
flora-fauna |
|
|
hɨŋt |
hɨŋt |
snake, rattlesnake |
inheritance |
*sɨwɨn- |
Takic |
|
S2011a (Stubbs 2009:280); not Stubbs' reconstruction, but Kitanemuk, Serrano are conservative in retaining these nasals. |
|
|
broader (also generic for snake) |
other complex |
hɨŋ-t rattlesnake-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:312 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| soaproot |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Chlorogalum |
wokihwaʔt |
ˈwokihwaʔt |
escobeta, amole hair brush |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (plant, and brush from its fibers) |
derived |
wok-ihwaʔ-t brush-instrument-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:581 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
root could be eaten, but mainly for soap |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
root chopped and used for soap, fibers make brushes |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwest Oregon, California |
rock bluffs, grasslands, chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| sour berry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rhus trilobata |
hɨč |
ˈhɨʧr |
plant sp., vine with red berries, used for baskets |
inheritance |
*sɨ(ta) |
Californian |
|
Note Cahuilla selet, Gabrielino sorat, Tubatulabal shyl |
|
|
broader (plant and basketry material from plant) |
other complex |
ˈhɨ-ʧr basketweed-npn; perhaps cf. hɨʔiv “to split” Anderton |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:311 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
“red berries not edible” Anderton |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
stems for basket warp |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
chaparral to 3500 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| sparrow hawk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Falco |
kɨyɨkɨyɨč |
ˈkɨyɨkɨyɨʧ |
red-tailed hawk (which is wrong) |
inheritance |
*kɨLɨ; *kɨtɨ |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S721 (Stubbs 2008:131); but very widespread, sound-imitative; /y/ from *L a bit odd although not unknown |
|
|
|
reduplicated |
ˈkɨyɨ-kɨyɨ-ʧ dup-hawk.sp-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:358 |
no info |
2 |
figure in stories of creation time; also are good guardian spirits |
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
perhaps for feathers only |
0 |
|
0 |
probably feather regalia traded |
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| spider |
araña |
aranha |
flora-fauna |
|
Arachnida, Araneae |
kukač |
ˈkukaʧr |
spider, gen. |
inheritance |
*kukkaC- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2057 (Stubbs 2009:285); Hopi form is definitely good |
|
|
narrower (trapdoor spider or any house spider) |
other complex |
ˈkuka-ʧr spider-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:366 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
highly unlikely |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
diverse habitats (reclusive) |
yes |
|
|
|
| spotted skunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Spilogale gracilis |
ah-noo'-se pon-ne-vats |
ˈʔanuʦiʔ ˈponivaʧr |
Spotted skunk |
unique |
|
|
|
nonce loan translation, probably, using two good UA words |
|
|
same |
phrase |
ˈʔanuʦiʔ ˈponivaʧr “small skunk” (presumably a nonce form) |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n1/mode/2up, p. 3 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western U.S. |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| toad |
sapo |
sapo |
flora-fauna |
|
Bufonidae |
wakatat |
ˈwakatat |
frog |
inheritance |
*wakaC-ta |
|
|
S940 (Stubbs 2009:157); Tarahumara 7awaka seems OK in this set |
WW |
%wakat |
broader (includes toads) |
other complex |
ˈwakata-t frog-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:562 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| tree |
árbol |
arvore |
flora-fauna |
|
(NA) |
kučat |
ʹkuʧrat |
stick, pole, firewood; (tree); |
inheritance |
*kut(ta) |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2345 (Stubbs 2009:315) |
|
|
broader (includes wood, tree, stick, etc.) |
other complex |
ʹkuʧra-t tree-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:364 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
N/A |
N/A |
no |
|
|
|
| tree yucca |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Yucca schidegera |
comač |
ˈʦomaʧr |
yucca sp.?; root used to dye baskets red |
unique |
|
Serran |
|
|
|
|
broader (plant, and root) |
other complex |
ˈʦoma-ʧr yucca.sp.-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:290 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
fruit not eaten (Harrington) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
for fiber for sandals, rope |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Mojave and Sonoran Deserts (and obviously nearby Coast Ranges in dry areas) |
rocky slopes, creosote flats, 300-1200m (rarely up to 2500m) |
no |
|
|
|
| turkey buzzard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cathartes aura |
wirukuht |
ˈwirukuht |
vulture |
inheritance |
*wiLhukuN |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 335, one of the better fits in that problematic group. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈwiru-kuh-t vulture-npn (root perhaps derived thusly historically? |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:574 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
unlikely was eaten |
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| turtle (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Testudines |
kopotat |
ˈkopotat |
turtle |
loan |
|
|
Yuman |
see Stubbs 2360 (Stubbs 2009:317). These forms are ONLY in Serrano, Kitanemuk (which is same language, really). Possibly the ko- element is related to ko in “back, shell”. But note Yavapai kpít, Mojave kapet “tortoise, turtle” |
|
|
broader (includes tortoises) |
other complex |
kopota-t turtle-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:361 |
no info |
2 |
shells often used for rattles, but the rattle of this area may be cocoons or deer hooves |
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
Western North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| valley live oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Quercus agrifolia |
wiʔaht |
ˈwiʔaht |
oak sp. , a mountain variety with edible acorn |
inheritance |
*wi'aN- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1507b (Stubbs 2009:224) |
|
|
broader (tree and acorns) |
other complex |
ˈwiʔah-t live.oak-npn (probably a loan into Northern UA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan) |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:568 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed |
all |
acorns ground, leached, used in diverse preparations |
0 |
|
1 |
|
California west of Sierra Nevada from Mendocino County to Baja California; only coastal live oak |
Concentrated in valleys and on lower hills below 3000 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| valley oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Quercus lobata |
šev |
ˈʃev |
oak sp., White Oak, Q. lobata |
inheritance |
*siˈpiC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1511 (Stubbs 2009:224), to which add Gabrielino sa-veCH (Merriam). This is a very conservative item. This Kitanemuk form MIGHT be a loan from Gab?? |
|
|
broader (tree and acorns) |
underived |
|
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:498 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed |
all |
acorns ground, leached, used in diverse preparations |
0 |
|
1 |
|
Southwest Oregon, California to Tehachapis, also on Channel Islands |
valley floors, riparian areas |
no |
|
|
|
| valley quail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Callipepla californica |
kakač |
ˈkakaʧr |
quail |
inheritance |
*kacaC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1702a (Stubbs 2009:241); 1702b is a different word, a Californianism. |
WW |
%kaka |
same |
other complex |
ˈkaka-ʧr quail-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
Anderton 1988:340 |
no info |
2 |
topknots decorate ritual regalia |
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Far west North America to British Columbia |
open woodlands, chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| Washington clam |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Saxidomus nuttalli |
cikat |
ˈʦikat |
mussel, shellfish, clam (almeja) |
loan |
|
|
Gabrielino |
|
|
|
broader (includes the animal, the shell, and the beads) |
other complex |
ˈʦika-t shell.sp.-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:283 |
no info |
2 |
shell beads used as offerings (also money) |
1 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
1 |
obtained from Chumash |
West coast of North America |
cold coastal waters |
no |
|
|
|
| Western Canada goose |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Branta canadensis |
ko-pē'pkt pang-aht-sah 60-13 |
kopipk ˈpaŋaʦaʔ |
Western Canada goose |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
phrase |
kopipk ˈpaŋaʦaʔ multicolored water.bird (kopipk “multicolored, pinto, of corn, horses” Anderton 1988:361) Perhaps a nonce formation |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
paŋacaʔ |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n1/mode/2up, p. 13 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten; other uses for bones, quills |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
wetlands, open fields |
no |
|
|
|
| whale |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Eschrichtius robustus |
kiyaw |
ˈkiyaw |
whale |
unique |
|
|
|
perhaps a loan of the “fish” word from another California language??? |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:354 |
no info |
2 |
figure in an account (presumably from Chumash) of 8 brothers who hunted them (Blackburn & Bean 1978:568) |
1 |
|
no |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
1 |
whale vertebra stools traded to inland, also bone |
Pacific coast; migratory route is Alaska-Gulf of California |
deep water (although California Grays may swim fairly close to shore) |
no |
|
|
|
| white pelican |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pelicanus erythrorhynchos |
gnă-hŭ-wut pang-aht-sah |
ˈŋ/ɲohowɨt (?) paŋaʦaʔ |
White pelican |
unique |
|
|
|
could the first element be somehow related to the Yuman “goose” word, *nakɨ |
|
|
same |
phrase |
ˈŋoho-wɨ-t paŋaʦaʔ neck-augmentative-npn duck “big-necked water.bird”; probably a nonce form |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
paŋacaʔ |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n1/mode/2up, p. 13 |
no info |
0 |
Neighboring Yokuts had Brown Pelican in ceremonies, but I don't know anything about White |
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
breed inland and are on coasts in winter (White Pelicans) |
no |
|
|
|
| wild grapevine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vitis californica |
nacakwinač |
ˈnaʦakwinaʧ |
plant sp.: Desert grape (Vitis girdiana) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (vine and fruit) |
derived |
ˈnaʦa-kwina-ʧ ?-?-npn (Anderton speculates that ˈnaʦa- is “girl” -- but note ˈnaʦakwinit “wild, unruly, runaway, slave, perh. a mare”) |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:415 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
eaten as raisins, boiled or plain, or in pudding |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women and children |
see food notes |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwest Oregon, California |
common along streams and in canyon bottoms below 4000 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| wild oats |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Avena (introduction) |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Common up to about 3500 feet; abundant since at least 1835 |
no |
|
|
|
| wild rose |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rosa californica |
ʔucuč |
ˈʔuʦuʧ (no Harrington attestation for retroflexion) |
plant sp., Rosa californica |
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (plant, fruit, etc) |
other complex |
ˈʔuʦu-ʧ rose-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:549 |
|
0 |
berries used for women's ceremonial face paint |
1 |
berries eaten |
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
Oregon, California, northern Baja California |
moist areas, cienegas, along streams |
no |
|
|
|
| wild sunflower |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Helianthus (and other genera) |
paʔapkač |
ˈpaʔapkaʧr |
sunflower |
inheritance |
*(pa)ʔaʔka |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Kitanemuk has an extra reduplicative tweak |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈpaʔapka-ʧr sunflower-npn (historically, this is ˈpaʔa-pa:-aka-ʧr dup-big-sunflower |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:446 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
“used only for chicken feed; no known use” Anderton 1988:446 |
no |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
for chicken feed |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| willow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Salix spp. |
hakat |
ˈhakat |
willow (used in coiled basketry) |
inheritance |
*sakat |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1023 (Stubbs 2009:166) |
WW |
%saka |
broader (includes plant and basketry materials) |
other complex |
ˈhaka-t willow-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:298 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
mainly for basketry |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
stems for basketry, other wood uses |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwestern U.S. and Mexico |
Along streams and in wet places below 2000 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| wood rat, round-tail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Neotoma spp. |
kač |
ˈkaʧr |
rat |
inheritance |
*kawa- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1423 (Stubbs 2009:242) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ka-ʧr rat-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:339 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, bones ground, diverse preparations |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western U.S., northern Mexico |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| worm, hairy caterpillar |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Arctiidae (many species) |
pohokaʔy |
ˈpohokaʔj |
“furry”, also name for a black hairy caterpillar |
unique |
|
|
|
from UA *poho “fur, down” with some derivation |
|
|
same |
derived |
ˈpoho-kaʔj fur-adj. |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:479 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| worm, smooth caterpillar |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper |
piʔaka |
ˈpiʔaka |
worm sp., of Sphinx moth, hairless, finger-size, black and red stripes, comes out in March |
inheritance |
*piʔakɨC |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2527 (Stubbs 2009:338) |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:469 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| yellow jacket |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp. |
haŋač |
ˈhaŋaʧr |
Bee sp.: yellow jacket |
inheritance |
*saŋa- |
Takic |
|
S160 (Stubbs 2009:62) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈhaŋa-ʧr yellow.jacket-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:303 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
larvae eaten |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| yellowbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Dendroica petechia |
ah-soo'-ve-ah witch'-e-tat 72-583, 60-11 |
ˈʔasuvia ˈwiʦitat (?) |
Yellowbird, Astragalinus |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
phrase |
probably a nonce form; no gloss for first element |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n1/mode/2up, p. 11 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
no decent info but everybody ate songbirds and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America; the relevant subspecies is west of Sierras and in deserts and Baja California in winter |
open country |
no |
|
|
|
| yerba santa |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Eriodictyon californicum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
Oregon, California ; USDA plants profile doesn't have south of Kern County??? |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| ant (generic) |
hormiga |
formiga |
flora-fauna |
|
|
7anyht |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bird |
pajaro, ave |
passaro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
wicitat |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| blowfly/housefly |
mosca |
mosca |
flora-fauna |
|
|
picucu7ach |
|
|
loan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| dog (camp, domestic) |
perro |
cachorro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
kuci7 |
|
|
loan direction unknown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| grass |
hierba, pasto |
capim, grama |
flora-fauna |
|
|
hamat |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| deer |
venado |
veado, cariacu |
flora-fauna |
|
|
hukaht |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| snake (generic) |
culebra, serpiente |
cobra |
flora-fauna |
|
|
hyngt |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| spider |
araña |
aranha |
flora-fauna |
|
|
kukach |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
