Passive
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing
- Notes
- Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | there is a suffix used when the subject is a patient, which is used in passive constructions | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992:30 | |||
| Aché | yes | Rossler 2008:89 | ||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 90 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no info | Overall 2007:305 | More likely no | |||
| Alyawarr | no info | X | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | yes | This is rare in texts, but speakers accept it. | Facundes, 2000: 400-402 | |||
| Arabana | no | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 332 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | impersonal passive | Payne 1981:40 | |||
| Añun | no info | no info on valence | Patte 1989 | |||
| Bandjalang | No | 92 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | -ka-naa | Ramirez 2001 | |||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.94 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | reflexive/reciprocal are the only intransitivizing morphology listed | Aikhenvald, 1995: 38 | |||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | ,-si | Danielsen 2007: p218 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no info | x | ||||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:58-73 | ||||
| Bularnu | no info | x | ||||
| Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Huayhua Pari 2001: 295 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | passive nominalizer is attached to a stative verb stem | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 55 | |||
| Cupeño | yes | |||||
| Damana | no info | |||||
| Darkinyung | no info | x | ||||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p. 120 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 76 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no info | x | ||||
| Djinang | No | 125 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 85-88 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 65-6 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | yes | The tone on the verb root gets rising tone marking passiveness of the construction. The subject is deleted and the object takes subject position | Martins 2005:518 | |||
| Eñepa | yes | Thomas Payne 1995:302 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 23 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no info | x | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | The main verb takes the form of the realis indefinite plus the iterative suffix /-ta/ | Quesada 2008:130 | |||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 145 | 0 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 370 | 1 | |||
| Guna | yes | -le is the short form | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | No | 339 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | no | 128 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 81-82 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Ika | no info | |||||
| Ingá | no info | |||||
| Jaru | no | 155 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no info | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 8 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | Everett 2006:430-7 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 83-90 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | yes | 20 | 1 | |||
| Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | yes | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:372 | ||||
| Kokatha | no info | x | ||||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.71 | ||||
| Kotiria | no info | Stenzel 2004 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | no | 405 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 147 | 1 | |||
| Kunjen | No info | x | ||||
| Kurrama | yes | 200-5 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 513 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | yes | |||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no info | author does not discuss voice | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | |||
| Makiritare | yes | circumfix | Escoriaza 1959:15 | |||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64 | no info/not expected | |||
| Makushi | yes | Reflexives, reciprocals, and unspecified arguments are all expressed by means of the detransitivizer verb prefix at-/es-/e'- […] The only type of passive constructions in Macushi is the medial-passive described in section 4.1 [above]. | Abbott 1991: 37-40 | |||
| Mapudungun | yes | Zúñiga 2006, p. 119 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 339 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | yes | 152 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 99-101 | 0 | |||
| Matses | yes | Passive and reflexives are treated as the same | Fleck:349 | |||
| Mayi-Yapi | No info | x | ||||
| Minica Witoto | yes | Minor and Minor 1982. p.29, 83 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 0 | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | alternative use of same prefix | Weir 1984 | |||
| Nanti | yes | Michael, 2008. p. 276 | ||||
| Narungga | No info | x | ||||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No info | x | ||||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 4 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no info | x | ||||
| Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | n/a | ergative-absolutive | Goodwin-Gomez | |||
| Northern Emberá | no info | |||||
| Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | yes | Green and Green 1972:4 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 177 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | The reflexive affix is added to the verb | Ayala 1996:310-1 | |||
| Paresi | yes | Brandão 2010:28-9 | ||||
| Pemon | no info | |||||
| Piapoco | no | No mention of a passive construction. | Galindo, 2002: 252-262 | |||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | no | G 232 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 207 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | yes | Jung:71-3 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no info | |||||
| Resígaro | no | A passive derivation is not discussed in the formulation of the verb at any level. | Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212 | |||
| Ritharrngu | no info | 61 | x | |||
| Sanumá | yes | Borgman 1990: 46-47 | I disagree with Borgman | |||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Sikuani | yes | Queixalós 2000:128 | ||||
| Siona | no | The word order and marking systems would make this unnecessary and unproductive. | Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987 | |||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Strom 1992, p.31 | The subject can be both agent and patient. | |||
| Tariana | yes | Aikhenvald, 2003: 258 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 52-60 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 31 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | yes | |||||
| Tukano | yes | bound verb no'o | Ramirez 1997: 186-7 | |||
| Uradhi | Maybe | 376 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | yes | Olawsky:594-60 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 108 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no info | x | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes | 48-9 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | yes | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no info | x | ||||
| Warnman | no info | x | ||||
| Warrgamay | No | 87 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | No info | x | ||||
| Warungu | no | 2 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | yes | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p.801, 804 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 47-50 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | no | K85c 92-3 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no | m290 | 0 | |||
| Wirangu | No info | x | ||||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | no | ms16.2.4 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 0 | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 186-9 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | yes | Duff-Tripp 1997:119 | ||||
| Yanomami | n/a | ergative-absolutive; no passive | Ramirez 1994 | |||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | 170-175 | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | yes | Matteson 1965:80 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no info | x | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no info | x | ||||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | No passivizing morphology in the Yucuna verbal template. | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521 | |||
| Yulparija | no info | x | ||||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 82 | 0 |
| Language |
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