| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
there is a suffix used when the subject is a patient, which is used in passive constructions |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992:30 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
A passive derivation is not discussed in the formulation of the verb at any level. |
Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
reflexive/reciprocal are the only intransitivizing morphology listed |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 38 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
No mention of a passive construction. |
Galindo, 2002: 252-262 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
No passivizing morphology in the Yucuna verbal template. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p.801, 804 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 258 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
This is rare in texts, but speakers accept it. |
Facundes, 2000: 400-402 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
impersonal passive |
Payne 1981:40 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no info |
author does not discuss voice |
Zamponi 2003:37-47 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:119 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
,-si |
Danielsen 2007: p218 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 276 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:28-9 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:4 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
|
Matteson 1965:80 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
no info on valence |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:58-73 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
circumfix |
Escoriaza 1959:15 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
Reflexives, reciprocals, and unspecified arguments are all expressed by means of the detransitivizer verb prefix at-/es-/e'- […] The only type of passive constructions in Macushi is the medial-passive described in section 4.1 [above]. |
Abbott 1991: 37-40 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Thomas Payne 1995:302 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
-le is the short form |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
The main verb takes the form of the realis indefinite plus the iterative suffix /-ta/ |
Quesada 2008:130 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
Queixalós 2000:128 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
Overall 2007:305 |
|
More likely no |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
Passive and reflexives are treated as the same |
Fleck:349 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 119 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:71-3 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:594-60 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 295 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.29, 83 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
alternative use of same prefix |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
The tone on the verb root gets rising tone marking passiveness of the construction. The subject is deleted and the object takes subject position |
Martins 2005:518 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 120 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
passive nominalizer is attached to a stative verb stem |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 55 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no info |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64 |
|
no info/not expected |
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.71 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.94 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.31 |
|
The subject can be both agent and patient. |
|
| Siona |
no |
The word order and marking systems would make this unnecessary and unproductive. |
Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
bound verb no'o |
Ramirez 1997: 186-7 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
n/a |
ergative-absolutive; no passive |
Ramirez 1994 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
n/a |
ergative-absolutive |
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: 46-47 |
|
I disagree with Borgman |
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
|
Everett 2006:430-7 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
The reflexive affix is added to the verb |
Ayala 1996:310-1 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
yes |
|
Rossler 2008:89 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:372 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
ms16.2.4 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
170-175 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
186-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 47-50 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
48-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
Maybe |
|
376 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
207 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
4 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
152 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
339 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
513 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
147 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
no |
|
405 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
20 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
155 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
no |
|
128 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
370 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
145 |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
65-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
85-88 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
125 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
76 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
99-101 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
81-82 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
52-60 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
83-90 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
177 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
200-5 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Githabul |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
339 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
K85c 92-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
92 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
332 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
8 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
no |
|
G 232 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
no info |
|
61 |
|
|
x |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
87 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no |
|
m290 |
|
|
0 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
90 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
31 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
108 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
2 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
-ka-naa |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
