| abalone |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Haliotis spp. |
7áyla |
ʹɁajla |
abalone (generic), archaic to Mrs. Hyde, perhaps used in a song. Harrington: Black abalone. |
semantic shift |
*ayaC |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2359 “turtle” (Stubbs 2009:316). Problematic, as “tortoise shell” is 'aya-t, which is regular. Why is second vowel lost? Stubbs' etymology may be wrong and this is from Chumash t'-aya (attested in Ineseno (Applegate 134) |
|
|
narrower (Black abalone only) |
other complex |
ʹɁaj-la black.abalone-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
no info |
Elliott 1999:163 |
no info |
2 |
used in shell inlay on ceremonial wands and staffs |
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
no info |
fishooks from the “central portions of haliotis shell where the grain twists” (Kroeber 1925:652) Used in shell inlay on ceremonial wands |
0 |
|
1 |
Haliotis shell a well-known trade item; Mojave traders came to Lu. territory as per archaeological evidence, must have sought this |
West coast of North America |
cold coastal waters |
no |
|
|
|
| ant (generic) |
hormiga |
formiga |
flora-fauna |
|
Formicidae |
7áanat |
ʹɁa:nat |
ant (generic term) |
inheritance |
*ʔalɨn- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S44 (Stubbs 2009:44) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹɁa:na-t |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:95 |
no info |
0 |
ant ordeal at puberty (White 1963:153) |
0 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
men |
kept live for ant ordeal |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| antelope |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Antilocapra americana |
tónla |
ʹtonla |
antelope |
inheritance |
*tɨn(nV)- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S52 (Stubbs 2009:45), the *tɨm(V)nV- possibility is worth considering. May be a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹton-la pronghorn-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
tó'wiyam “wild animals, principally edible meat animals” ; the sixth stage of Creation (Harrington 1978:116) |
Elliott 1999:955 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
last were killed 20 years before Sparkman; lived arond Temecula |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
like deer, presumably |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
open areas |
no |
|
|
|
| badger |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Taxidea taxus |
húunal |
ʹhu:nal |
badger |
inheritance |
*hula- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S105 (Stubbs 2009:53) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹhu:na-l badger-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:363 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
may have been classed with predators |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
skin used for quiver (Harrington 1978:155) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
chaparral, woodland |
yes |
|
|
|
| bald eagle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Haliaeetus leucocephalus |
páam'ush |
ʹpa:mɁuʃ |
eagle sp., Sparkman: White-headed or bald eagle, found only on coast |
inheritance |
*pamu7- |
Cupan |
|
Cupeño pa7mush “bird sp., a water bird”, Cahuilla pamu7ish “bald eagle” (not in Stubbs) (re Cup. form, Bald Eagle is a fishing bird) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹpa:mɁu-ʃ “bald.eagle-non.possessed.noun” |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
uncertain if is 7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999:667 |
no info |
1 |
feathers can be used in skirts for dance; a Chingichngish animal; killed in Eagle Ceremony |
2 |
not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
fledglings raised to maturity, killed in ceremony, fathers kept for dance skirts |
0 |
|
1 |
eagle-feather dance skirts a very expensive trade item |
North America |
Prefers habitat with large areas of water; this is a fishing bird |
no |
|
|
|
| band-tail pigeon |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Patagioenas fasciata |
mixéevawut |
miʹxe:vawut |
pigeon |
inheritance |
*makahVwi |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S676 (Stubbs 2009:126); vowel /e:/ perhaps from ahVwi>ahwi>awi>ai>e:, e < *ai well known in other langs, loss of -w- is regional. Other egs? |
|
|
same |
derived |
miʹxe:-va-wu-t dove-?-augmentative-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999: 530 |
no info |
0 |
muuta, qeweewish, mixeel, mixeevawut (Y1134) |
1 |
not eaten due to “superstitious motives” (Sparkman 1908:199) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Oak and pine forests, feeds on acorns |
no |
|
|
|
| bat |
murciélago |
morcego |
flora-fauna |
|
Chiroptera spp |
taválalakmay |
taʹvalalakmaj |
bat |
loan |
|
|
Chumash |
may contain vala <*patiʔa, but note also Tepiman *nakamɨri “ear-run” |
WW |
%tamakala |
same |
derived |
ta-válalak-ma-l; note the reduplication. Given Tepiman forms, ma-y, ma-l diminutive may be false etymology |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
|
Elliott 1999:920 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| beaver |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Castor |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| beetle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Coleoptera spp |
$ísqila |
ʹşisqila |
stinkbug; Sparkman: the general name for insects known as beetles |
inheritance |
*sisiko(ŋi) |
Californian |
|
S312 (Stubbs 2009:83); Tubatulabal shikkol “lizard sp.” belongs in this set |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹşisqi-la beetle-non.possessed.noun (probable reduplication in root) |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:860 |
Clan name at Pauma (Strong 1929:277) |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| big round tule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Schoenoplectus acutus |
pivée$ash |
piʹve:şaʃ |
tule, type of pipe; Sparkman:large species of rush or reed |
unique |
|
|
|
Is this word maybe related to piivat “tobacco”, given pipe association? See Kitanemuk pivuht, Serrano pe-wum (Merriam) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
piʹve:şa-ʃ big.tule-non.possessed.noun (root may be derived) |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:730 |
Clan name at Pala (Strong 1929:277) |
2 |
Couplet: piveesash, hooyawish (first people gone west); matting of this plant used for inner enclosure of the wamkish (Harrington 1978:136) |
1 |
new shoots (and probably roots, but these are not mentioned) |
1 |
reeds used for cauterization irons |
gathered (wild) |
WhoCollects |
fresh shoots eaten raw (Sparkman 1908:196, 234) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California and southern US into Mexico |
wet areas throughout territory |
no |
|
|
|
| big skunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mephitis mephitis |
páalukut |
ʹpa:lukut |
skunk |
inheritance |
*(paa) -tɨkʷɨ |
Cupan |
|
-tɨkʷɨ is S1984 (Stubbs 2009:275), Cupan; Lu form would mean “big skunk”; Yuman *xwiw (*kłʸikʷ) “skunk” should be considered as source for kwe-, ku syllables (which would explain problems) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
páaluku-t skunk.sp-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999 666 |
no info |
2 |
couplet with saaqmal (song:word), order uncertain (Harrington) |
2 |
|
no |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| big wolf (gray wolf) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Canis lupus |
íswut |
ʹɁiswut |
wolf |
inheritance |
*ʔisa-wɨ- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S552 (Stubbs 2009:112); this particular derivation for “Wolf” restricted to Takic but *isa- is NUA |
|
|
same (sometimes confused with “Jaguar”?) |
derived |
ʹɁis-wu-t coyote-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (although Lu does not have 7isa- for “coyote”, they would know languages that do) |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
|
Elliott 1999:191 |
no info |
1 |
tukmi 7iswut, Wolf heart, North Star mentioned in mourning song (Harrington); represented in ground paintings (might be “Jaguar”) Kroeber 1925:662 |
2 |
most large predators not eaten |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| bighorn sheep |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ovis canadensis |
páa'at |
ʹpa:Ɂat |
mountain sheep |
inheritance |
*paʔaC- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S204 (Stubbs 2009:67); may be a Proto-Kiowa-tanoan loan into Proto NUA |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹpa:Ɂa-t bighorn-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
tó'wiyam “wild animals, principally edible meat animals” ; the sixth stage of Creation (Harrington 1978:116) |
Elliott 1999:660 |
no info |
2 |
In a Season Song for Nemoyil, “North the bighorn bears its young” (Kroeber 1925:658) |
1 |
|
no |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals or in earth oven, meat could be ground and stored, rarely boiled |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
steep slopes, cliffs |
no |
|
|
|
| bird |
pajaro, ave |
passaro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
7ehéngmay |
Ɂeʹheŋmay |
bird |
inheritance |
*hini- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S897 (Stubbs 2009:152), PUA “fly”, cf. Cahuilla hingish “young bird”, but Lu. vowel is wrong |
|
|
same |
derived |
Ɂe-ʹheŋ-mal with diminutive; what is source of prothetic vowel??? |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
|
Elliott 1999:171 |
no info |
0 |
see for specific birds |
0 |
songbirds eaten |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted, boiled, used for feathers |
0 |
|
0 |
see specific birds |
N/A |
N/A |
no |
|
|
|
| black ant |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger |
lamáqata |
laʹmaqata |
tick-like animal; a kind of black ant (Bright), bites but does not sting (Harrington) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
narrower (a species of black ant, not black ant in general) |
other complex |
laʹmaqa-ta black.ant-non.possessed.noun (long root must be derived etymologically) |
|
|
7a:nat |
Elliott 1999:449 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| black bear |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ursus americanus |
húnwut |
ʹhunwut |
bear |
inheritance |
*huna-wɨ-ta |
Californian |
|
S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California. |
|
|
broader (includes all bears) |
derived |
ʹhun-wu-t badger-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (this is a euphemism and is felt as derived) |
|
hunwutal if dead |
|
Elliott 1999:358 |
no info |
1 |
shamanism, especially |
2 |
“never eaten” (Sparkman 1908:199) |
no |
|
hunted |
men |
skin, claws saved; stone erected at site of death (Sparkman 1908:199) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
chaparral, woodland |
yes |
|
|
|
| black-tail Jackrabbit |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Lepus californicus |
$ú'ish |
ʹşuɁiʃ |
jackrabbit |
inheritance |
*suuʔit |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1713 (Stubbs 2009:243); I give Manaster-Ramer's reconstruction |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹşuɁi-ʃ jackrabbit-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:878 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
most important game (Sparkman 1908:197) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
broiling on hot coals, rarely boiled. Cooked in earth oven and flesh and bones pounded in mortar for storage (Sparkman 1908:198). Skins woven into blankets |
0 |
|
0 |
blankets may have been traded |
North America |
flat open areas |
no |
|
|
|
| blackberry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rubus ursinus |
píkwla |
ʹpikʷla |
blackberry, raspberry |
inheritance |
*pikwa- |
Takic |
|
S182 (Stubbs 2009:64); I don't like Stubbs' Chemehuevi form pipikura, probably a loan |
|
|
broader (than Rubus ursinus --includes other berries -- but does NOT have range of English “berry”) |
other complex |
ʹpikʷ-la berry.spp-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999 718 |
no info |
2 |
couplet: 'ushla, pikwla; a Chingichngish plant (Harrington 1978:133);“sting for chingichngish” (Kroeber 1925:679) |
1 |
not important as “grow but sparingly” (Sparkman 1908:195) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women and children |
eaten fresh, dried and stored |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
foothills, uplands |
no |
|
|
|
| blue grouse |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Dendrogapus? |
chachaláaka |
tʃatʃaʹlaka |
bird species which is slightly larger than a quail |
loan |
|
|
Spanish |
Spanish chachalaca |
|
|
same |
underived |
sound imitative in Spanish (may come from a Mesoamerican language) |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999:236 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
no info but since all sources indicate quail eaten, I assume grouse was too |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
boiled, roasted, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California Coast ranges |
Edges of conifer and mixed forest |
no |
|
|
|
| bobcat, lynx |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Lynx rufus |
túukut |
ʹtu:kut |
wildcat, lynx |
inheritance |
*tuCkuC- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1306 (Stubbs 2009:200). This is a California Wanderwort; Great Basin forms giving NUA are surely loans. But loan may be early because Hopi has regular vocalism. |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
other complex |
ʹtu:ku-t wildcat-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:1000 |
no info |
1 |
|
2 |
all other predators proscribed, probably this one too |
no |
|
hunted |
men |
skin used for quiver (Harrington 1978:155) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| butterfly, moth |
mariposa |
borboleta |
flora-fauna |
|
Lepidoptera |
7avélaka |
Ɂaʹvelaka |
butterfly |
unique |
|
|
|
S324 (Stubbs 2009:85); very similar form in Cahuilla. S's own reconstruction with *p is an anachronism since this is just Cupan |
|
|
same |
underived |
no non.possessed.noun suffix |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:144 |
no info |
2 |
Season Song: Butterfly has his wamkish (Kroeber 1925:658 |
0 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
diverse (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| California condor |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Gymnogyps californianus |
yungáavaywut |
juʹŋa:vajwut |
condor |
inheritance |
*juŋa:pi- |
Takic |
|
S336 (Stubbs 2009:87). This is probably juŋ -a-pi where *a is the ablaut vowel induced by -pi. But I don't know what *juŋ- means! Elliott 1999 has junga “archaic word for “to dance”) |
|
|
same |
derived |
juʹŋa:vaj-wu-t vulture-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (why junga:vaj, not jungavi???) |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
uncertain if is 7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999:1151 |
no info |
1 |
feathers can be used in skirts for dance; could be used instead of Eagle in Eagle Ceremony (Sparkman 1908:227) |
2 |
almost certainly with eagles as proscribed, since could be killed in Eagle Ceremony |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
fledglings raised to maturity, killed in ceremony, fathers kept for dance skirts |
0 |
|
1 |
dance regalia often bought and sold |
U.S. Southwest |
Rocky scrubland, woodland (they like cliffs) |
no |
|
|
|
| California jay |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Aphelocoma californica? |
wí'kas-ma-l |
ʹwiɁkasmal |
blue jay without crest |
inheritance |
*wiCtiki |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S205, with consonant assimilation *tVk > kVk. (Stubbs 2009:67). The /s/ derivation is unclear. *kasa is a Numic “wing” word. |
|
|
same |
derived |
ʹwiɁka-s-mal; bird-?-diminutive. |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmay |
Elliott 1999:1047 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
must have been eaten, but never mentioned. Jays cache food; owners of trees collected tree caches for human use and even felled trees to reach acorns |
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
throughout western North America (distributions from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted) |
scrublands, woodlands (Habitats from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted) |
no |
|
|
|
| California woodpecker |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Melanerpes formicivorus? |
$óola |
ʹşo:la |
woodpecker; Bright, California woodpecker, Sparkman, This woodpecker stores acorns in the bark of trees |
doubtful loan |
*cutu |
Uto-Aztecan |
no information |
S206 (Stubbs 2009:67), but Lu. form has inexplicably non-corresponding vowels, as does Mono. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹşo:-la California.woodpecker-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999:870 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
acorn caches eaten, owners even felled trees to retrieve |
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
Southern Oregon, California, south to Colombia |
Oak woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| chia |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Salvia columbariae |
páa$al |
ʹpa:şal |
chia |
inheritance |
*pasa/i |
Californian |
|
S1599 (Stubbs 2009:233). Only Numic is Tumpisa Shoshone, almost certainly a loan from Tubatulabal. This shows up in Chumash, Salinan, may be an old Californianism. |
WW |
%pasv |
same |
other complex |
ʹpa:şa-l chia-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:670 |
no info (although stands were surely owned by “clans/villages”, this is not mentioned specifically even in White for Chia |
1 |
ball of seed and salt placed in girls' mouths at initiation (Strong 1929:298) and given to boys at end of Ant Ordeal (Strong 1929:317) |
1 |
most esteemed seed(Sparkman 1908:196) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
seeds parched and mixed with other seeds for pinole mush |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California and Southwest |
Below 6000 feet in dry open areas, extensive stands in chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| chipmunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Tamias spp. |
wískun |
ʹwiskun |
chipmunk |
inheritance |
*wiskun |
Takic |
|
in several Takic languages and irregular, probably a loan into early Takic |
|
|
same |
underived |
probable loan although widespread |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:1080 |
no info |
2 |
wiskun made a coffin of a great log for Wuyot (Harrington) |
1 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| cliff swallow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota |
pál'vismal |
ʹpalɁvismal |
swallow (type of bird) |
inheritance |
*pati7a/*paCti7a “bat”; *pata “fly” |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 2009:56-57 derives from *pati7a/*paCti7a “bat” (S124). But Numic and Cora all have pa[c/ch]a, which should reflect *paCtsV. -Cts- regularly yields Cahuilla /s/, not /l/. A problematic set. Note *pata “fly” S902, p. 153. |
|
|
same |
derived |
ʹpalɁ-vis-ma-l bat-?-diminutive-non.possessed.noun (I'm conjecturing based on Cahuilla palily “bat”) |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999:681 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
songbirds eaten |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten (no info on feathers) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Breed in North America |
Cliffs, and now in, on buildings |
no |
|
|
|
| coot |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Fulica americana |
$áyla |
ʹşajla |
mud hen |
inheritance |
*saya(C) |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S217 (and 710) Stubbs 2009:69, very consistently for “coot, mud-hen” except in Cahuilla |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹşaj-la mud.hen-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
no info |
Elliott 1999: 846 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
not eaten (Sparkman 1908:199) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
West coastal and southern North America to Central America |
Wetlands, open water |
no |
|
|
|
| cottontail rabbit |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sylvilagus audobonii |
tóo$axit |
ʹto:şaxit |
cottontail rabbit |
inheritance |
*tosa-kammu |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1709 (Stubbs 2009:242) compound -- white-jackrabbit; frankly I doubt the *kammu part but white is fine |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹto:şaxi-t cottontail-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:963 |
no info |
2 |
couplet: toovit, too$axit “brush rabbit, cottontail” |
1 |
most important game (Sparkman 1908:197) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
broiling on hot coals, rarely boiled. Cooked in earth oven and flesh and bones pounded in mortar for storage (Sparkman 1908:198); skin woven into blankets |
0 |
|
0 |
blankets may have been traded |
North America |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| cottonwood |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Populus spp. |
7aváaxat |
Ɂaʹva:xat |
cottonwood tree |
inheritance |
*ʔavaaxa-t |
Cupan |
|
S544 (Stubbs 2009:111); Stubbs also likes Arizona Yaqui avaso and possibly O'odham 'auppa; if good perhaps UA, more likely a regionalism. A loan possible? Cocopa x?a,, Mojave ?ah?a, Yavapai ?ha:, for the -xat part? But that isn't stressed at all. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
Ɂaʹva:xa-t cottonwood-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999: 143 |
no info |
2 |
couplet: pawxit, 'avaaxat (referring to place names in the west); used in construction of wamkish (Harrington 1978:36) |
0 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
southern Canada south to northern Mexico |
moist areas |
no |
|
|
|
| coyote |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Canis latrans |
'anó' |
ɁaʹnoɁ |
coyote |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
underived |
note absence of non.possessed.noun suffix; might be a loan |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
|
Elliott 1999: 120 |
7anoyum, a “party” (lineage complex, perhaps formerly a moiety) at Pauma (White 1963:153); see ground squirrel |
1 |
The star Aldebaran, always stalking the Pleiades, who are pretty girls (E); ate Wuyot's heart (White 1963:141) |
2 |
not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
skin used for quiver (Harrington 1978:155) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North and Central America |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| crow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
alwut |
ʹɁalwut |
crow |
loan into protolanguage |
*ʔata-wɨ-ta |
Uto-Aztecan |
Yok-Utian |
S582 (Stubbs 2009:116); Loaned into Yokuts |
WW |
%alwut |
same |
derived |
ʹɁal-wu-t crow-augmentative-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999:112 |
no info |
2 |
feathers for headdress (Sparkman 1908:208); has ceremonial couplet, muuta, qeweewish, mixeel, mixeevawut (Y1134); crow danced hilariously at Wuyot's funeral, so people forgot themselves and laughed (Harrington 1978:122) |
1 |
eggs at least must have been eaten |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
feathers |
0 |
|
0 |
dance regalia often bought and sold, but crow-feather items not mentioned |
global |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| datura |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Datura wrightii |
náqtumush |
ʹnaqtumuʃ |
jimsonweed, toloache, boys' tea for initiation purposes |
inheritance |
*naqtumu- |
Cupan |
|
Not in Stubbs, but note Cupeño naqtemela7ash “Datura, drunk-instrument”. naq may be “ear” |
|
|
broader (the plant, and the drink) |
other complex |
ʹnaqtumu-ʃ drunk-non.possessed.noun (probably deverbal) |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:593 |
no info |
1 |
hallucinogen administered at boys' initiation ceremony, probably also used by shamans. A Chingichngish plant (Harrington 1978:133) |
1 |
probably too dangerous to eat |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
men |
fresh roots pounded in ceremonial mortar (taamyash) and mixed with water to make the drink (Harrington 1978:162) |
1 |
|
0 |
probably not traded, grows everywhere and must be prepared fresh by an expert |
US Southwest, California, Mexico |
“sandy, gravelly, open areas below 4000 feet throughout Southern California” (Bean & Saubel 1972:60) |
yes |
|
|
|
| deer, mule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Odocoileus hemionus |
$úukat |
ʹşu:kat |
deer |
inheritance |
*suCkaC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S621 (Stubbs 2009:121) |
WW |
%sok |
narrower (refers only to mule deer; where found, white-tail has a different name) |
other complex |
ʹşu:ka-t mule.deer-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
tó'wiyam “wild animals, principally edible meat animals”; the sixth stage of Creation (Harrington 1978:116) |
Elliott 1999:885 |
Clan name at Potrero (Cuca Ranch) (Strong 1929:277) |
2 |
adornments of deer hooves worn at certain dances (Sparkman 1908:208) |
1 |
largest game animal (Sparkman 1908); hunter does not eat own kill; the not distributes (White 1963:150) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
broiled on hot coals, or roasted in earth oven; more rarely boiled. Roasted could be ground and saved. |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| digger pine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pinus sabiniana |
wixétut |
wiʹxetut |
sugar pine; Bright: Pinus coulteri; Harrington: big cones; Sparkman we'etut “great-coned pine” |
inheritance |
*wokoN- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1579a (Stubbs 2009:231); has -tu increment (“bearing”???) |
|
|
broader (includes the nuts of this pine) |
other complex |
wixétu-t Coulter.pine-non.possessed.noun (root derived etymologically) |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:1063 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
nuts eaten, and “large pines often cut down merely for the sake of acorns stored in the bark by woodpeckers” (Sparkman 1908:194) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern California and Baja California |
Pinus coulteri is generally above 4000 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| dog (camp, domestic) |
perro |
cachorro |
flora-fauna |
|
Canis familiaris |
7awáal |
Ɂaʹwa:l |
dog |
inheritance |
*awa:-la |
Takic |
|
S670 (Stubbs 2009:125) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
Ɂaʹwa:-l dog-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
|
Elliott 1999:146 |
Also refers to residents of Aguanga (a joke, because Aguanga doesn't mean “in the dog” |
0 |
|
0 |
not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
with humans |
no |
|
|
|
| dogbane |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Apocynum cannabinum |
wíicha |
ʹwi:ʧa |
Indian hemp, apocynum cannabinum |
inheritance |
*wi(k)- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1796 (Stubbs 2009:253) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹwi:-ʧa string-non.possessed.noun; note wiichu “to make rope, string”. A binomial form has wiichat, doubly suffixed |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999: 1051 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
fiber (berries are poisonous) |
no info |
must have been used, but no report |
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
women |
soaked to remove fibers for bowstrings, netting of women's front aprons, etc. |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America from southern Canada |
open wooded areas, hillsides, ditches |
yes (but not very) |
|
|
|
| dove |
paloma |
pomba |
flora-fauna |
|
Zenaida macrocoura |
mixéel |
miʹxe:l |
(turtle) dove, pigeon |
inheritance |
*makahVwi |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S676 (Stubbs 2009:126); vowel /e:/ perhaps from ahVwi>ahwi>awi>ai>e:, e < *ai well known in other langs, loss of -w- is regional. Other egs? |
|
|
broader (includes pigeons, apparently) |
other complex |
miʹxe:-l dove-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999:529 |
no info |
2 |
muuta, qeweewish, mixeel, mixeevawut (Y1134) |
1 |
not eaten due to “superstitious motives” (Sparkman 1908:199) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada to Mexico |
Prefers open areas, avoids dense forests |
no |
|
|
|
| duck |
pato |
pato, marreco |
flora-fauna |
|
Anatidae |
qáatqat |
ʹqa:tqat |
duck |
unique |
|
|
|
looks like Wintu, and maybe Mics, Miss háTha:Ta- |
|
|
same |
reduplicated |
qáat-qat Dup-duck (I think these /t/ are NOT NPN suffixed; probably sound-imitative |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
no info |
Elliott 1999:778 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
meat and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Wetlands, open water |
no |
|
|
|
| elder |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sambucus |
kúuta |
ʹku:ta |
elderberry |
inheritance |
*kuʔu/kuhu- |
Californian |
|
S179 (Stubbs 2009:64) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹku:-ta elderberry-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:425 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
“much liked” Sparkman 1908:195 |
1 |
“for female complaints” use flowers (Sparkman 1908:229) |
gathered (wild) |
women |
cooked and eaten fresh, or dried and stored for boiling, flour. Mixed with chia (Sparkman 1908:195-6) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
below 4500 feet in moist areas |
no |
|
|
|
| elk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cervas elaphus |
páa$ukat |
ʹpa:şukat |
elk |
inheritance |
*pa-suka- |
Takic |
|
S788:139 “elk” |
WW |
%sok |
same |
derived |
ʹpa:-şuka-t big-mule.deer-NPN |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:671 |
no info |
2 |
Couplet: 7uuchanat, paa$ukat “elk, elk”; in a Season song “North the uchanut bears young North the elk bears young” (for Nemoyil) (Kroeber 1925:658) |
1 |
vanishingly rare in Lu. territory |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
like deer, presumably |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America, uplands, not in deserts |
forest edges, forest |
no |
|
|
|
| fish (generic) |
pez |
peixe |
flora-fauna |
|
|
7anámat |
ʔaˈnamat |
fish, generic |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʔaˈnama-t fish-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
|
Elliott 1999:118 |
no info |
0 |
couplet: anámat, pipilwut “fish, shark” |
1 |
principal food for people living on coast (Sparkman 1908:198) |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted, broiled, boiled, many preparations |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
water |
no |
|
|
|
| flea |
pulga |
pulga |
flora-fauna |
|
Siphonaptera |
mokwáchish (B) |
moʹkʷatʃiʃ |
flea |
inheritance |
*mu-ku'a: |
Cupan |
|
S892 (Stubbs 2009:152), this is really 893 plus *mu- “nose” |
|
|
same |
other complex |
moʹkʷatʃi-ʃ flea-non.possessed.noun (root contains frozen diminutive) |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:538 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| flicker |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Colaptes sp. |
táavish |
ʹta:viʃ |
flicker bird |
inheritance |
*tapi- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S210, for large bird (Southern reflexes are for “hawk”) (Stubbs 2009:68) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹta:vi-ʃ |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmay |
Elliott 1999:896 |
no into |
2 |
cut their hair in mourning for Wuyot (Harrington 1978:121); ritual couplet is taavish, puypuy (Elliott); flicker feathers made into long bands/banners for decoration at fiestas (Harrington 1978:138) |
1 |
surely at least eggs eaten |
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| blowfly/housefly |
mosca |
mosca |
flora-fauna |
|
Diptera |
ku'áal |
kuˈʔa:l |
fly, maggot |
inheritance |
*kuʔa- |
Takic |
|
S893 (Stubbs 2009:152), and see “flea” with same root |
|
|
broader (includes maggot) |
other complex |
kuˈʔa:-l fly/maggot-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:405 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
diverse (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| foothills yucca |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Yucca whipplei |
panáa'al |
paʹna:Ɂal |
yucca sp. Bright: Spanish bayonet, Yucca whipplei |
inheritance |
*panaa- |
Cupan |
|
S2547 (Stubbs 2009:340). |
|
|
broader (stalk and plant) |
other complex |
paʹna:Ɂa-l Y.whipplei-non.possessed.noun (may be derivation in root; see Ethnobiology notes) |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:684 |
no info |
0 |
charcoal from head used to make girls' tattoos at initiation (Harrington 178:166) |
1 |
stalk, head, flowers eaten |
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed)) |
all |
stalk is roasted; head roasted in earth oven, flowers eaten cooked in water (Sparkman 1908:195) |
0 |
|
0 |
“an important exchange item” (among Kumeyaay, so almost certainly among Lu.) (Lightfoot & Parrish 2009:270) |
Southern California and Baja California |
chaparral and oak woodlands, 300-2500 m |
no |
|
|
|
| fox |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vulpes, Urocyon |
qewéewish |
qeʹwe:wiʃ |
fox |
inheritance |
*kawosi- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S556 (Stubbs 2009:113) |
WW |
%kaw |
narrower (does not include Vulpes, Kit fox/Desert fox, as far as I know) |
other complex |
qeʹwe:wi-ʃ fox-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
|
Elliott 1999:807 |
Clan name at Rincon (Strong 1979:277) |
2 |
couplet: muuta, qeweewish |
2 |
almost certainly not eaten |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
skin used for quiver (Sparkman 1908:206) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| frog (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
waxáw'kila (B) |
waʹxawɁkila |
frog |
inheritance |
*wakaC-ta |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S940 (Stubbs 2009:157); Tarahumara 7awaka seems OK in this set. Lu. form waxáw'kila (B) has some kind of odd derivation, perhaps a reduplication??? |
WW |
%wakat |
narrower (doesn't include bullfrogs, apparently) |
derived |
waxá-w'ki-la (B) frog-dup?-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
|
Elliott 1999:1037 |
no info |
2 |
Frog (actually waxaawut, Calif. red-legged frog) is shaman who bewitches Wuyot (White 1963:141) |
2 |
not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
wetlands, lakes and streams |
no |
|
|
|
| golden eagle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Aquila chrysaetos |
á$wut |
ʹɁaşwut |
eagle |
inheritance |
*ʔasa-wɨ-ta |
Californian |
|
S719 (Stubbs 2009:131); consider Yuman forms like ?aspa, ?ashpa, ?ihpaa ('Iipay Aa); something like this is Proto-Yuman |
|
|
same |
derived |
ʹɁaş-wu-t ?-augmentative-non.possessed.noun; Kroeber thought 7a$- referred to first menses; hence Eagle embodies life-giving principle (White 1963:141). But Kroeber & Grace 1960:80 derive from -7ash “pet”. |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
uncertain if is 7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999:134 |
no info |
1 |
Eagle Killling Ceremony, feathers in dance costumes, couplet 7a$wut, waanawut “eagle, net.connectin.heaven and earth (Harrington) |
2 |
not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
fledglings raised to maturity, killed in ceremony, fathers kept for dance skirts |
0 |
|
1 |
eagle-feather dance skirts a very expensive trade item |
North America |
They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting |
no |
|
|
|
| gooseberry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ribes spp. |
wu$óochish |
wuʹşo:tʃiʃ |
wild gooseberry |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
wuʹşo:tʃi-ʃ gooseberry-non.possessed.noun (root includes unproductive diminutive -tʃi) |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:1086 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
not important as “grow but sparingly” (Sparkman 1908:195) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
eaten fresh, dried and stored |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Diverse species in california |
chaparral, woodland |
no |
|
|
|
| gopher snake, bull snake |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pituophis catenifer |
$ithí' |
şiʹδiɁ |
gopher snake |
unique |
|
|
|
perhaps a loan; I don't know source of /th/ in Lu. |
|
|
same |
underived |
no non.possessed.noun suffix |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
píiqwala (?) |
Elliott 1999:860 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada to Mexico |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| grass |
hierba, pasto |
capim, grama |
flora-fauna |
|
(NA) |
$áamut |
ʹşa:mut |
grass, weeds, hay |
inheritance |
*sama/u- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1025a (Stubbs 2009:166 |
|
|
broader (includes non-grass weeds and vegetation type: note $am-nga “in the fields”) |
other complex |
ʹşa:mu-t grass-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:828 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
many grass seeds eaten |
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
women |
seeds parched and mixed with other seeds for pinole mush |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
depends on species |
no |
|
|
|
| grasshopper |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Caelifera |
wi'ét |
wiʹɁet |
grasshopper |
inheritance |
*woʔV- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1034 (Stubbs 2009:167) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
wiʹɁe-t grasshopper-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:1047 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
roasted en masse in pit (Sparkman 1908:200 |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
diverse (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| gray ground squirrel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sphermophilus sp. |
qéengish |
ʹqe:ŋiʃ |
ground squirrel |
inheritance |
*koŋi- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2092 (Stubbs 2009:288) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹqe:ŋi-ʃ ground.squirrel-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:804 |
This is the real name of the 'anooyam “Coyote” tribal group (today “King” JHH) |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
broiling on coals (Sparkman 1908:199) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| gray tree squirrel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sciurus spp. |
$ukáawut |
şuʹka:wut |
flying or tree squirrel |
loan into protolanguage |
*sika-(wV) |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
Yok-Utian |
S2094 (Stubbs 2009:288); may be very early loan into NUA; note similar Yokuts forms |
WW |
%sik |
same |
derived |
şuʹka:-wu-t flying.squirrel-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (may not be augmentative) |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:880 |
no info |
2 |
couplet: weelal, $ukaawut “animal sp., tree squirrel” |
1 |
“tree squirrels were not eaten” (Sparkman 1908:199) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| great horned owl |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Bubo virginianus |
múuta |
ʹmu:ta |
horned owl |
inheritance |
*muhuN |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1542 (Stubbs 2009:227), do NOT include Raramuri form with mo- |
|
|
same |
other complex |
muhu-ta owl-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmal |
Elliott1999:136 |
Clan name at Puerta Cruz (Strong 1929:278) |
1 |
feathers for headdress (Sparkman 1908:208); has ceremonial couplet, muuta, qeweewish, mixeel, mixeevawut (Y1134) |
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
feathers for cheeyat headdress (Sparkman 1908:208) |
0 |
|
1 |
feathered costume elements were bought and sold |
Americas |
All habitats (less common in extreme deserts) |
no |
|
|
|
| grizzly bear |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ursus arctos horribilis |
húnwut |
ʹhunwut |
bear |
inheritance |
*huna-wɨ-ta |
Californian |
|
S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California. |
|
|
broader (includes all bears) |
derived |
ʹhun-wu-t badger-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (this is a euphemism and is felt as derived) |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:358 |
no info |
1 |
Couplet: hunwut, tukwut (Sparkman 1908: Plate 20); bear claw necklaces worn at certain dances (Sparkman 1908:2100 |
2 |
“never eaten” (Sparkman 1908:199) |
no |
|
hunted |
men |
skin, claws saved; stone erected at site of death (Sparkman 1908:199) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
chaparral, woodlands |
yes |
|
|
|
| horned toad |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Phrynosomatidae |
chaláka |
tʃaʹlaka |
horned toad |
inheritance |
*ˈʧalaka |
Cupan |
|
S1332(Stubbs 2009;202). This may be a loan word. Serrano chilyaaqu “lizard sp.” and Kitanemuk ciruku' are clearly resemblant but not regularly so. Not in Yuman. |
|
|
same |
underived |
note absence of non.possessed.noun suffix; might be a loan |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
|
Elliott 1999:238 |
no info |
2 |
Horned Toad doctored Wuyot (E, S, etc.); in a season song for Nemoyil “North the horned toad bears young” Kroeber 1925:658 |
2 |
lizards not eaten |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western U.S. and Mexico |
Hot, dry, sandy areas |
no |
|
|
|
| horse |
caballo |
cavalho |
flora-fauna |
|
Equus caballus |
kaváayu (H) |
kaʹva:ju |
horse |
loan |
|
|
Spanish |
|
WW |
%caballo |
same |
underived |
loan |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:1477 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
no |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
Lu. bought and sold horses like everyone else in historic period |
Americas |
with humans |
no |
|
|
|
| hummingbird |
colibrí, picaflor (Peru) |
beija-flor |
flora-fauna |
|
Trochilidae |
túshmal |
ʹtuʃmal |
hummingbird |
inheritance |
*tuʔca |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Mrs. Hyde said “tishmal”, and variation with tushma reported in several sources. S1180 (p. 185). I agree with Stubbs 2009:185 that the Cora word is cognate.. |
|
|
same |
derived |
ʹtuʃ-mal hummingbird-diminutive |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999:945 |
no info |
0 |
has ceremonial couplet, tushmal nawvuxish “hummingbird, red hummingbird” (Elliott) ; one of first people, child of Temayowut (White 1963:140) |
0 |
eggs at least must have been eaten |
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| tobacco |
tabaco |
tabaco |
flora-fauna |
|
Nicotiana spp. |
píivat |
ʹpi:vat |
tobacco, cigarette |
inheritance |
*pipaC (*pipat?) |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2290 (Stubbs 2009:310) |
|
|
broader (includes cigarette as well as plant and leaves) |
other complex |
ʹpi:va-t tobacco-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:716 |
no info |
1 |
couplet: piivat, pavyut “tobacco, ceremonial.beads”; a Chingichngish plant (Harrington 1978:133); soup made of piivat at girl's initiation ceremony. Piivat is a changichngish (powerful spirit) |
1 |
plant parts often poisonous if eaten |
1 |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
all |
smoked in pipe, chewed with lime, drunk as decoction depending on use (no ref for this but these uses universal in area) |
1 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| insect (generic) |
insecto |
insecto |
flora-fauna |
|
generic |
no generic reported |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
variable |
|
|
|
| junco |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Junco sppp |
pépnash |
ʹpepnaʃ |
type of bird (extremely archaic to Mrs. Hyde); Harrington: small gray bird with black head, comes down from mountains only in wintertime |
inheritance |
*poCna |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1947 (Stubbs 2009:271), means “to play music, play drum”; from peenash “woman's song” in Lu. |
|
|
same |
derived |
I think this is reduplication from peenash “woman's song” |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmay |
Elliott 1999:705 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
songbirds eaten |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten (no info on feathers) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
throughout North America |
coniferous and mixed forests, often forage in flocks in winter |
no |
|
|
|
| juniper |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Juniperus californica |
wáa'at |
ʹwa:Ɂat |
California juniper, Juniperus californica |
inheritance |
*waʔaC- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S414 (Stubbs 2009:94) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹwa:Ɂa-t juniper-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:1012 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
abundant 3000-4500 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| louse |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
order Phtiraptera |
7ulát (B) |
Ɂuʹlat |
head louse |
inheritance |
*ʔatɨC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1357 (Stubbs 2009:205); Lu. has odd vowels |
|
|
narrower (only head louse) |
other complex |
Ɂuʹla-t head.louse-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:225 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
on people's hair |
no |
|
|
|
| mallard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Anas platyrhynchos |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| manzanita |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Arctostaphylos spp. |
kóolul |
ʹko:lul |
manzanita; Bright: Arctostaphylos glauca |
inheritance |
*kɨta- |
Takic |
|
S1635 (Stubbs 2009:235), revised to accomodate Kitanemuk ˈkɨʧraʧr |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹko:lu-l manzanita-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:400 |
A family name (Elliott) |
2 |
seeds of this plant put in the paa'ayat, ritual rattle (Harrington) |
1 |
berries |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
berries ground into meal, mixed with water and eaten without cooking (Sparkman 1908:195) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
In chaparral, edges of woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| milkweed, broad leaf |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Asclepias eriocarpa |
tókmat, tíkmat |
ʹtokmat |
white milkweed; Sparkman: Asclepias eriocarpa |
loan |
|
|
Chumash |
Note Southern Chumash /tok/ “Apocynum cannabinum”. Milkweed was regarded as the “lesser fiber” so “small tok” is a very likely analysis here. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹtokma-t milkweed.sp-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:951 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
gum |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
sap collected from cut stems, boiled to coagulate as chewing gum, much esteemed (Sparkman 1908:197) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California and adjacent Nevada and Baja California |
dry barren areas 200-1900 m (Jepson Herbarium site) |
no |
|
|
|
| milkweed, narrow leaf |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Asclepias fascicularis |
páatamkat |
ʹpa:tamkat |
milkweed; Bright, Asclepias eriocarpa |
unique |
|
|
|
contains *pa:- “big/water” |
|
|
same |
derived |
ʹpa:-tamka-t big/water-plant.sp-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:671 |
no info |
0 |
The sun set in place by a hero with his milkweed-fiber net (Strong 1929:295) -- Strong says was the “reddish” milkweed, probably fascicularis |
1 |
|
1 |
medicinal value (Harrington) |
gathered (wild) |
women |
leaves soaked and fiber stripped |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Inland California to Washington, Baja California |
dry areas, slopes, 50-2200 m (Jepson Herbarium) |
no |
|
|
|
| mission tule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Juncus |
$óyla |
ʹʃojla |
rush plant; Bright: Juncus acutus sphaerocarpus |
inheritance |
*sɨji- |
Takic |
|
S1735 (Stubbs 2009:246) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹʃoj-la mission.tule-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:876 |
no info |
2 |
$oynga, a song word, may be name of an island (E); mat of this plant is used to store sacred objects (Sparkman 1908:234) |
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
scapes split, soaked for basketry materials |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
moist areas |
no |
|
|
|
| mockingbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mimus polyglottos |
tamáawut |
taʹma:wut |
blabbermouth, big mouth, mockingbird |
inheritance |
*tama-wɨ-ta |
Cupan |
|
S215 (Stubbs 2009:68); Gabrielino tamávut “hechicera” is same word |
|
|
same |
derived |
taʹma:-wu-t mouth-augmentative-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999:908 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
songbirds eaten |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
boiled, roasted, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America, Mexico |
all habitats (they like habitats with high places to perch, and don't like pine trees) |
no |
|
|
|
| mosquito |
mosquito, zancudo |
mosquito, carapana |
flora-fauna |
|
Anopheles spp, Isoptera |
lukú'chish |
luʹkuɁʧiʃ |
Mosquito |
unique |
|
|
|
may include the *ku7a root |
|
|
same |
other complex |
luʹkuɁʧi-ʃ mosquito-non.possessed.noun (root includes unproductive diminute tshi and probably some prefixal element lu- |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:473 |
Clan name at La Jolla (Strong 1929:278) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
no |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
diverse (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| moth |
mariposa nocturna, polilla |
mariposa |
flora-fauna |
|
Heterocera |
xuvóoviqat |
xuʹvo:viqat |
moth |
inheritance |
*hɨvɨviqal |
Cupan |
|
|
|
|
same |
relative clause |
xuʹvo:vi-qa-t drag-TAM.singular-nominalizer (this is probably a false etymology) |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:1106 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| mountain lion |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Puma concolor |
túkwut |
ʹtukwut |
mountain lion, cougar |
inheritance |
*tuCkuC-wɨ |
Californian |
|
S1306b (Stubbs 2009;200) |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
derived |
ʹtuk-wu-t wildcat-augmentative-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:989 |
no info |
1 |
a Chingichngish animal (Harrington 1978:131) |
2 |
|
no |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
diverse habitats (prefers uplands) |
yes |
|
|
|
| mountain quail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oreortyx pictus |
qaxáawut |
qaʹxa:wut |
Southern mountain quail |
inheritance |
*kakaC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1702a (Stubbs 2009:241); 1702b is a different word, a Californianism. |
WW |
%kaka |
same |
derived |
qaʹxa:-wu-t quail-augmentative-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999: 798 |
no info |
2 |
couplet qaxáal, qaxáawut; cut their hair in mourning for Wuyot (Harrington 1978:121) |
1 |
meat and eggs too |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
broiling on coals (Sparkman 1908:199) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
US west of Rockies and Baja California |
Chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| mussel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mytilus spp. |
wáaxal |
ʹwa:xal |
Harrington: Large species of mussel |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
narrower (a particular species of mussell) |
other complex |
ʹwa:xa-l mussel.sp-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
no info |
Elliott 1999: 1020 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
principal food for people living on coast (Sparkman 1908:198) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
shells traded inland as spoons; Lu. must have done this. Mussel nacre reported at Lake Elsinore (Grenda 1997:163) |
Pacific Coast of North America |
cold coastal waters |
no |
|
|
|
| olivella (olive snail) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Callianax biplicata |
$áwvish |
ʹşawviʃ |
Bright: Univalve shell, Harrington: Topshell of snail |
inheritance |
*sa(w)pV |
Cupan |
|
S1911 (Stubbs 2009:267) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹşawvi-ʃ olivella-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:844 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
no info |
made into shell money and ornaments (see Grenda 1997 for discussion of archaeological materials) |
0 |
|
1 |
Lake Elsinore site was producing Olivella beads in industrial quantitites, although most finds are from Early period, probably pre-Luiseño |
Pacific Coast of North America, B.C. to Baja California |
sandy substrates intertidally and tidally and in bays |
no |
|
|
|
| pinyon jay |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cyanocitta stelleri? |
cháa'ish |
ʹtʃa:Ɂiʃ |
blue jay; Bright: crested blue jay |
loan into protolanguage |
*cha7i- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
unknown |
S209, Central Numic, Tubatulabal, Takic, always “blue jay” (Stubbs 2009:68) |
WW |
%chaj |
same |
other complex |
ʹtʃa:Ɂi-ʃ jay-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmay |
Elliott 1999:232 |
A family name (Elliott) |
2 |
considered deer's helper, warns of hunters (Harrington in Elliott) |
1 |
at least eggs must have been eaten |
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
Foothills where pinyon groves occur |
no |
|
|
|
| pinyon pine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pinus monophylla |
tuvát |
tuʹvat |
pine nut, pinyon tree |
inheritance |
*tɨpat |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1583 (Stubbs 2009:231). This is probably a loan into Proto-NUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan (Hill 2008) |
|
|
broader (includes pine nuts and tree) |
other complex |
tuʹva-t pinyon-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:1084 |
no info |
2 |
plural refers to the time when humans were trees. Wuyot cremated at Tuvanga -- white ash can be seen there. |
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
all |
green cones roasted,seeds extracted, parched, stored, ground into flour |
0 |
|
1 |
perhaps -- people with access to groves throughout west did trade these |
Southwestern North America and Mexico |
In pinyon-juniper woodland, 3500-9000 feet (for P. monophylla), 2500-8000 feet (for P. quadrifolia). Rocky hills and slopes. |
no |
|
|
|
| pismo clam |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Tivella stultorum |
qáp$ut |
ʹqapşut |
clam species. Harrington: small clam, white, used for plucking whiskers, Pismo clam |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹqapşu-t clam.sp.-non.possessed.noun (root may be derived) |
|
|
no info |
Elliott 1999:788 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
probably traded, but no Tivela at Lake Elsinore; shells are not pretty |
Pacific Coast Monterrey to Baja California |
sandy beaches in surf zone |
no |
|
|
|
| pocket gopher |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Thomomys |
móota |
ʹmo:ta |
gopher |
inheritance |
*mɨjɨN- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1009 (Stubbs 2009:164) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹmo:-ta gopher-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:549 |
no info |
2 |
helped Frog bewitch Wuyot (Harrington 1978:118) |
1 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| poison oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Toxicodendron diversilobum |
7iyáala |
Ɂiʹja:la |
poison oak |
inheritance |
*ʔɨjaa-la |
Californian |
|
S1506 (Stubbs 2009:224) Huasteca Nahuatl iyatl “tobacco”is ridiculous. Kitanemuk ʔɨycič, Gab. oa:r attest to first vowel. Note Chumashan yasis |
|
|
same |
other complex |
Ɂiʹja:-la poison.oak-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:197 |
Clan name at Aguanga (Strong 1929:276) |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Pacific coast Canada to Baja California |
Likes damp, shady areas, chaparral |
yes |
|
|
|
| rattlesnake |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Crotalus spp. |
$óowut |
ʹşo:wut |
black diamondback rattlesnake |
inheritance |
*sɨwɨn- |
Takic |
|
S2011a (Stubbs 2009:280); not Stubbs' reconstruction, but Kitanemuk, Serrano are conservative in retaining these nasals. |
|
|
narrower (Black diamondback only, some evidence of a generic use |
derived |
ʹşo:-wu-t snake.sp-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (I don't think -wut here is augmentative historically but clearly is treated as such, cf. $oomal, another species |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
|
Elliott 1999: 873 |
no info |
1 |
couplet: $oowut, pa'yamal “b.d. rattlesnake, raccoon” (in men's song)(E); Chingichngish animal (Sparkman 1908:218) |
2 |
probably not, most Chingichngish animals not eaten |
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada south |
diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| red ant |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Solenopsis spp |
7áanat |
ˈʔa:nat |
California harvesting ant, Pogonomyrmex californicus |
inheritance |
*ʔalɨn- |
|
|
S44 (Stubbs 2009:44) |
|
|
narrower (a specific kind of red ant, not all red ants) |
other complex |
ˈʔa:na-t red.ant.sp-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Harrington 1978:164 |
no info |
1 |
used in ant ordeal (Harrington 1978:164) |
0 |
|
1 |
“the medicinal ant of these people” (Harrington 1978:164), a blood medicine, for rheumatism. Could be swallowed or put on afflicted part to bite it. |
gathered (wild) |
men |
kept live for ant ordeal |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| red-shouldered blackbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Agelaius phoeniceus |
páaxingish |
ʹpa:xiŋiʃ |
red-winged blackbird |
inheritance |
*paaka- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Cupan *paaxiŋi-sh, Kitanemuk ˈpakoŋjat; Southern Paiute pagatcaqapI; Tumpisa Shoshone pakkwatoppe |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹpa:xiŋi-ʃ |
|
|
7ehéngmay |
Elliott 1999:672 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| red-tailed hawk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Buteo jamaicensis |
kwá'la |
ʹkʷaɁla |
kind of hawk; Sparkman, red-tailed hawk |
inheritance |
*kʷaʔa- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S716a (Stubbs 209:131); a loan from Yuman should be considered (Kiliwa pkwalu, 'Iipay Aa ?epkwall, Yavapai skwala, although those may be from UA -- bird words, yucch. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹkʷaɁ-la red.tailed.hawk-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
uncertain if is 7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999:430 |
no info |
2 |
feathers for headdresses (Sparkman 1908:208) |
2 |
not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652) |
no info |
|
HowCollected |
men |
feathers for arrows, headdresses, wands |
0 |
|
0 |
ceremonial regalia bought and sold |
Americas |
mixed forest and field |
no |
|
|
|
| roadrunner |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Geococcyx californianus |
púypuy |
ʹpujpuj |
roadrunner |
inheritance |
*puhi/*puʔi/*puwi (all proposed) |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
I agree with Stubbs 2009:250 that Yecora Piman pu7i “roadrunner” fits here. S1776. In all Takic. |
WW |
%pu: |
same |
reduplicated |
ʹpuj-puj |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999:773 |
no info |
2 |
roadrunner, along with Horned Toad, doctored Wuyot (E); cut their hair in mourning for Wuyot (Harrington 1978:121) |
1 |
eggs at least must have been eaten |
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwestern US to Central America |
desert areas |
no |
|
|
|
| ruddy duck |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oxyura jamaicensis |
yunúqwut |
juʹnuqwut |
small dark duck, white and blue markings on face |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
derived |
juʹnuq-wu-t ?-augmentative-Non.osssed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
qaatqat |
Elliott 1999:1150 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
meat and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Lakes and ponds |
no |
|
|
|
| sage herb |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Artemisia californica |
húlvul |
ʹhulvul |
sagebrush; Bright, Artemisia californica |
inheritance |
*hulupa- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1597 (Stubbs 2009:233) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹhulvu-l sage.sp-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999: 353 |
no info |
2 |
Couplet: hulvul, qawiimal; a Chingichngish plant (Harrington 1978:133); hill of hulvul in ground painting (Kroeber 1925:662) |
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California, Baja California |
Chaparral and “dry foothills communities” |
no |
|
|
|
| salmon/steelhead |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
sélwamal |
ˈselwamal |
trout |
unique |
|
|
|
note S869 *so ... “kind of fish” (Stubbs 2009:148) |
|
|
same |
derived |
ˈselwa-ma-l fish.sp-diminutive-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
|
Elliott 1999 1803 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
interior Lu. used this fish |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
taken by poisoning water, broiled, etc. |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Entire Pacific Coast of US (NOAA website) |
anadromous, runs in coastal streams |
no |
|
|
|
| scaly lizard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pygopus lepidopodus? |
qa$íla |
qaʹşila |
lizard |
unique |
|
|
|
I wonder about S1328b *kwaCca, in which Stubbs 2009:202 puts Hopi qöqöci. Vowel is wrong, but ... |
|
|
same |
other complex |
qaʹşi-la lizard-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
no info |
Elliott 1999:792 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
“a tabooed food” White 1963:143 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| small bird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
no special term |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| small brown lizard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
7avétkala |
ʔaˈvetkala |
type of lizard, extremely archaic to Mrs. Hyde; Sparkman, common lizard |
unique |
|
|
|
Includes *taka (UA etymon) S1340; cf. Cahuilla tataxsily “little lizard”; ?ave- looks like the Yuman “snake” word. |
|
|
same |
compound |
ʔaˈve-tka-la ?-lizard.sp-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
no info |
Elliott 1999: 144 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
“a tabooed food” White 1963:143 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
desert areas |
no |
|
|
|
| snake (generic) |
culebra, serpiente |
cobra |
flora-fauna |
|
|
píiqwala |
ʹpi:qʷala |
snake (any kind) (but not rattlesnakes, see Species notes JHH) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
narrower (does not include rattlesnakes) |
other complex |
ʹpi:qʷa-la (root may be derived) |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
|
Elliott 1999: 714 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
lizards not eaten, so snakes may also be proscribed |
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| soaproot |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Chlorogalum |
qéenat |
ʹqe:nat |
edible plant species, extremely archaic to Mrs. Hyde. Bright: Edible bulb, Chlorogalum parviflorum |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹqe:na-t soaproot-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:804 |
no info |
2 |
outer fibers incorporated into bear shaman costumes (C. pomeridium -- Timbrook) |
1 |
bulb of C. parviflorum is eaten (Sparkman 1908:234) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
bulb crushed and particles rubbed in water for lather, bulb fibers for brushes |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwest Oregon, California |
rock bluffs, grasslands, chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| sour berry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rhus trilobata |
$óoval |
ʹşo:val |
squaw bush, witch hazel, three-leaf sumac. Bright: Rhus trilobata |
inheritance |
*sɨvaC |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Note Hopi sɨɨvi; this set turns out to be widespread, see Numic forms noted in Stubbs by my hand |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹşo:va-l sumac-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:871 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
berries |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
entire berry ground, mixed with water and eaten (no parching or cooking) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
chaparral to 3500 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| sparrow hawk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Falco |
kolókolokamay |
koˈlokolokamaj |
sparrow hawk |
inheritance |
*kɨlɨ- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S721 (Stubbs 2009:131); Note: Guarijío keleti̱ | kereti̱ (?) <kelecí (¿kerecí?)> ‘kind of a hawk’ (Miller 1996: 345); correspondence of medial /l/ is off, perhaps loan. Hopi kyeele “Sparrow Hawk” definitely not regular , perhaps sound-imitation affecti |
WW |
%kili |
same |
derived |
koˈlo-koloka-maj Dup-sparrow.hawk-diminutive (note: -maj is common variant of -ma-l with usual NPN suffix; -j may = -l |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
uncertain if is 7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999:398 |
no info |
2 |
feathers for headdresses (Sparkman 1908:208) |
2 |
not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
feathers for arrows, headdresses, wands |
0 |
|
0 |
ceremonial regalia bought and sold |
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| spider |
araña |
aranha |
flora-fauna |
|
Arachnida, Araneae |
kúyxingish |
ʹkujxiŋiʃ |
black widow spider |
inheritance |
*kuyka- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2057 (Stubbs 2009:285) |
|
|
narrower (Black Widow spider prototype) |
other complex |
kúyxingi-sh Black.widow-non.possessed.noun (root is derived etymologically, probably comes from word for “to bite”) |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:429 |
no info |
0 |
couplet: kuyxingish, kuyee'ewut (E); a Chingichngish animal (Sparkman 1908:218); some say lit fire of Wuyot's pyre (Harrington 1978) |
0 |
|
no |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
diverse habitats, reclusive |
yes |
|
|
|
| spotted skunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Spilogale gracilis |
túkyaspal |
ʹtukjaspal |
small skunk species (Harrington) |
inheritance |
*-tɨkʷɨ- |
Californian |
|
contains -tɨkʷɨ s1984,Stubbs 2009:275 but derivation obscure |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹtukjaspa-l skunk.sp-non.possessed.noun (surely root is derived) |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:988 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western U.S. |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| toad |
sapo |
sapo |
flora-fauna |
|
Bufonidae |
waxáawut |
waʹxa:wut |
bullfrog, toad |
inheritance |
*wakaC-ta |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S940 (Stubbs 2009:157); Tarahumara 7awaka seems OK in this set. |
WW |
%wakat |
broader (includes large frogs as well as toads) |
derived |
waʹxa:-wu-t frog-augmentative-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
no info |
Elliott 1999:1037 |
no info |
2 |
Bullfrog is last child of Wuyot, and bewitched him. Couplet: waxaawut, kaarawut “bullfrog, earthworm” |
2 |
not eaten |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
wet lands, streams and lakes |
no |
|
|
|
| tree |
árbol |
arvore |
flora-fauna |
|
(NA) |
kuláawut |
kuˈla:wut |
generic term for any kind of tree; wood,piece of wood, stick, log |
inheritance |
*kutawɨ/kɨtawɨ |
Takic |
|
S2346a (Stubbs 2009:315) Note -- Hopi is NOT part of set! |
|
|
broader (includes wood, sticks, logs) |
other complex |
kuˈla:wu-t wood-non.possessed.noun (-wu-t is NOT the augmentative; etymologically this is kutaC-wɨC-ta wood-gather-nominalizer |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:408 |
no info |
0 |
couplet: kuuyat, kulaawut. “Any kulaawut... can be designated th Tcangitcngic as one of his messengers for producing death” Harrington 1978:133) |
0 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
depends on species |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats depending on species |
no |
|
|
|
| tree yucca |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Yucca schidegera |
hunúuvat |
huʹnu:vat |
yucca; Bright: Mojave yucca, Yucca schidigera |
inheritance |
*hunuva- |
Cupan plus Gabrielino |
|
S2548 (Stubbs 2009:340) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
huʹnu:va-t yucca.sp-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:357 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
flowers, pods |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
flowers cooked in water (Sparkman 1908:195), pods roasted in coals (p. 196) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Mojave and Sonoran Deserts (and obviously nearby Coast Ranges in dry areas) |
rocky slopes, creosote flats, 300-1200m (rarely up to 2500m) |
no |
|
|
|
| turkey buzzard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cathartes aura |
yungáavish |
juʹŋa:viʃ |
vulture, turkey buzzard |
inheritance |
*juŋa:pi- |
Takic |
|
S336 (Stubbs 2009:87). This is probably juŋ -a-pi where *a is the ablaut vowel induced by -pi. But I don't know what *juŋ- means! Elliott 1999 has junga “archaic word for “to dance”) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
juʹŋa:vi-ʃ vulture-non.possessed.noun (root may be complex, see etymology notes) |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
uncertain if is 7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999:1151 |
no info |
2 |
couplet: yungaavish,nikiilish; a constellation |
2 |
almost certainly not eaten |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
feathers for arrows (Sparkman 1908:203) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| turtle (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Testudines |
páa'ila |
ʹpa:Ɂila |
turtle |
inheritance |
*ʔayaC (with *pa:- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2359 (Stubbs 2009:316) |
|
|
narrower (California Terrapin) |
derived |
ʹpa:-Ɂi-la where Ɂi is what's left of Ɂaji; water/big-turtle-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
|
Elliott 1999 661 |
Old family name (Harrington) |
2 |
couplet: paa'ila, tamya$ut (the ritual mortar?); rattle made of shell of land tortoise |
2 |
not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652) |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
collected for shell, used as rattles |
0 |
|
1 |
ceremonial regalia bought and sold |
Western North America |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| valley live oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Quercus agrifolia |
wi'áa$al |
wiʹɁa:şal |
kind of live oak; Harrington, Quercus agrifolia |
inheritance |
*wiʔaN-si |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1507b (Stubbs 2009:224). Cupeno, Cahuilla have -si increment. |
|
|
broader (includes tree and acorns) |
other complex |
wiʹɁa:şa-l coast.live.oak-non.possessed.noun (root is derived etymologically but not synchronically) |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:1046 |
no info |
2 |
plural forms refer to time when humans were trees |
1 |
next to Black Oak, the most esteemed acorn (Sparkman 1908:193) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
all |
acorns ground into flour, which is leached, then cooked into bread, mush, soup |
0 |
|
1 |
|
California west of Sierra Nevada from Mendocino County to Baja California; only coastal live oak |
Concentrated in valleys and on lower hills below 3000 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| valley oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Quercus lobata |
kwíila |
ʹkʷi:la |
black oak, acorns of which are best for making mush; acorns of this oak; Bright: Quercus kelloggii |
inheritance |
*kwini/*kwiyi- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1507a (Stubbs 2009:224). This is probably a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan |
|
|
broader (includes tree and acorns) |
other complex |
ʹkʷi:-la black.oak-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:437 |
no info |
2 |
couplet: $uukat, kwiila. Plural forms refer to time when humans were trees. |
1 |
the most esteemed acorn (Sparkman 1908:193) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
all |
acorns ground into flour, which is leached, then cooked into bread, mush, soup |
0 |
|
1 |
|
Southwest Oregon and California except in deserts |
Found in high hills up to 8,000 feet, especially on slopes facing away from the desert |
no |
|
|
|
| valley quail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Callipepla californica |
qaxáal |
qaʹxa:l |
Southern valley quail |
inheritance |
*kakaC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1702a (Stubbs 2009:241); 1702b is a different word, a Californianism. |
WW |
%kaka |
same |
other complex |
qaʹxa:-l quail-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999: 798 |
no info |
2 |
couplet qaxáal, qaxáawut; cut their hair in mourning for Wuyot (Harrington 1978:121) |
1 |
abundant (Sparkman 1908:199); eggs eaten (ibid) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
broiling on coals (Sparkman 1908:199) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Far west North America to B.C. |
open woodlands, chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| Washington clam |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Saxidomus nuttalli |
7óymal |
ʹɁojmal |
Harrington: bivalve-like clam 3/4 inch long |
unique |
|
|
|
Possible loan, note Chumash B t'o (Mary Yee cited in Ono p. 30; t- is separable) |
|
|
same |
derived |
ʹɁoj-ma-l clam.sp-diminutive-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
no info |
Elliott 1999:219 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
no Saxidomus at Lake Elsinore |
Pacific Coast |
in protected bays and near estuaries |
no |
|
|
|
| Western Canada goose |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Branta canadensis |
lá'la |
ʹlaɁla |
wild goose |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
similar forms very widespread in California, Cupan forms not correspondent in spite of S708 (Stubbs 2009:130); best match here is Yowlumne lah'-lah (Merriam 58:559) |
WW |
%lala ~ %lak |
same |
underived |
|
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
uncertain if is qaatqat |
Elliott 1999:445 |
Family name from Soboba |
0 |
|
1 |
meat and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Wetlands, open fields |
no |
|
|
|
| whale |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Eschrichtius robustus |
koyóowut |
koʹjo:wut |
whale |
inheritance |
*kɨcuC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S864 (Stubbs 2009;147) |
|
|
narrower (this is California Gray Whale) |
derived |
koʹjo:-wu-t fish-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (except ko'jo is “water monster living near Pauma” in Lu. |
|
|
no info |
Elliott 1999:404 |
no info |
2 |
Whale may be the “Big Fish” that brought tosawt “sacred stones” from island to mainland (Harrington 1978:146) |
1 |
very infrequent; beached whales used mainly as source of bone |
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
I assume whale bone was traded, it's found in interior |
Pacific coast; migratory route is Alaska-Gulf of California |
deep water (although California Grays may swim fairly close to shore) |
no |
|
|
|
| white pelican |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pelicanus erythrorhynchos |
atáal |
Ɂaʹta:l |
pelican, extremely archaic to Mrs. Hyde |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (“pelican”, presumably White and Brown) |
other complex |
Ɂaʹta:-l pelican-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999 136 |
no info |
0 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
On coasts in winter |
no |
|
|
|
| wild grapevine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vitis californica |
mákwit |
ʹmakʷit |
wild grape |
inheritance |
*makʷV-/maku- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S193 (Stubbs 2009:65) a new set from Stubbs that may very well be good |
|
|
broader (includes plant and grapes) |
other complex |
ʹmakʷi-t wild.grapes-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:493 |
no info |
2 |
Couplet: makwit, awiiwanawut “wild grapes, clematis” |
1 |
fruit always eaten fresh (Sparkman 1908:195) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
“fruit is cooked and used for food” Sparkman 1908:231) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwest Oregon and California |
common along streams and in canyon bottoms below 4000 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| wild oats |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Avena (introduction) |
7urúush |
Ɂuʹru:ʃ |
wild rice; Harrington: wild oats; Sparkman: wild oats |
loan |
|
|
Spanish |
Spanish arroz “rice” |
WW |
%arroz |
same (I think Harrington is wrong about wild rice) |
underived |
a fake root-non.possessed.noun formation *Ɂuʹru:-ʃ, but no possessive forms |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:227 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
“a favorite” (Sparkman 1908:196) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
stripped from plant with hands, parched together with hulls, pounded into meal. Mixed with elderberries a favorite (Sparkman 1908:196) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Common up to about 3500 feet; abundant since at least 1835 |
no |
|
|
|
| wild rose |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rosa californica |
7úshla |
ʹɁuʃla |
wild rose; Bright, Rosa californica |
inheritance |
*ʔusa-la |
Takic |
|
not in Stubbs; note Cahuilla ˈʔuʃal “wild rose”, Cupeño 7u$al, Cahuilla ʔúšal, Kitanemuk ʔucuč, Gabrielino ochu:r |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹɁuʃ-la wild.rose-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:228 |
no info |
0 |
couplet: 'ushla, pikwla; a Chingichngish plant (Harrington 1978:133); “sting for chingichngish” (Kroeber 1925:679) |
1 |
must have been eaten, but never mentioned. |
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Oregon, California, northern Baja California |
moist areas, cienegas, along streams |
no |
|
|
|
| wild sunflower |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Helianthus (and other genera) |
páa'akal |
pa:ʹɁakal |
sunflower |
inheritance |
*(pa)ʔaʔka |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2191 (Stubbs 2009:299) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
pa:ʹɁaka-l sunflower-non.possessed.noun (root is complex) |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:659 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
seeds |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
seeds parched, can be mixed with other seeds in flour |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| willow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Salix spp. |
$axát |
şaʹxat |
Arroyo willow |
inheritance |
*sakat |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1023 (Stubbs 2009:166) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
şaʹxa-t willow.sp-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:845 |
no info |
2 |
used in construction of the wamkish (Harrington 1978:136) |
2 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
twigs and branches cut |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwestern US and Mexico |
Along streams and in wet places below 2000 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| wood rat, round-tail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Neotoma spp. |
qáwla |
ʹqawla |
woodrat |
inheritance |
*kawa- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1423 (Stubbs 2009:242) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹqaw-la woodrat-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:798 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
“much liked” Sparkman 1908:198) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western U.S., northern Mexico |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| worm, hairy caterpillar |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Arctiidae (many species) |
$akíshla |
şaʹkiʃla |
nettle; Harrington: a hairy caterpillar that stings on contact |
unique |
|
|
|
loan-y relationship with Cupeño sichiqily “nettle” perhaps?? |
|
|
broader (really means something with hairy stinging elements) |
other complex |
şaʹkiʃ-la nettle/hairy.caterpillar-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:833 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
Lightfoot & Parrish 2009:272; larvae of butterflies and moths eaten by Lu. |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women and children |
dried and stored for cooking in boiling water |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| worm, smooth caterpillar |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper |
$iválaka |
şiʹvalaka |
tomato worm |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
narrower (probably refers only to green edible worm) |
underived |
note absence of non.possessed.noun suffix; might be a loan |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:861 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women and children |
boiled in water (Sparkman 1908:200) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| yellow jacket |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp. |
$áa$angla |
ʹşa:şaŋla |
yellow jacket |
inheritance |
*saŋa- |
Takic |
|
S160 (Stubbs 2009:62) |
|
|
same |
reduplicated |
$áa-$ang-la Dup-yellowjacket-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:830 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| yellowbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Dendroica petechia |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| yerba santa |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Eriodictyon californicum |
pálwut |
ʹpalwut |
plant species known as “hierba santa” |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
derived |
ʹpal-wu-t plant.sp-augmentative-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:683 |
no info |
2 |
couplet: palwut, 'aválwut |
1 |
Harrington: make pinole of seeds |
1 |
“much valued” Sparkman 1908:230 |
gathered (wild) |
women |
seeds parched and mixed with other seeds for pinole mush |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Oregon, California -- USDA, oddly, doesn't show it in southern California deserts (http://plants.usda.gov/java/county?state_name=California&statefips=06&symbol=ERCA6) |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| ant (generic) |
hormiga |
formiga |
flora-fauna |
|
|
7a:na-t |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bird |
pajaro, ave |
passaro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
7ihe/ng-ma-l |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| blowfly/housefly |
mosca |
mosca |
flora-fauna |
|
|
kwa7a:-l, ku7a:-l |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| dog (camp, domestic) |
perro |
cachorro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
7awa:-l |
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| grass |
hierba, pasto |
capim, grama |
flora-fauna |
|
|
$a:-mu-t |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| deer |
venado |
veado, cariacu |
flora-fauna |
|
|
Su:ka-t |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| snake (generic) |
culebra, serpiente |
cobra |
flora-fauna |
|
|
pi:qwa-la |
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| spider |
araña |
aranha |
flora-fauna |
|
|
ku/yxingi-sh (black widow) |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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