Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Luiseño

Family: Uto-Aztecan
Region: North America
ISO 639-3: lui
Location: 33.32°, -116.94°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

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Basic Vocabulary (185)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Etymology Code	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar		missing
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	cha:7um	inheritance
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	no:7	inheritance
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	7om-o/m (?)	inheritance
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	7om	inheritance
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	pom-o/m	inheritance
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	po:7	inheritance
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	7e/echi	inheritance	Elliott
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	yu7pun, yu7pan	unknown
all	todo	todos	other	cho:7un	unknown
and	y	e	grammar	pi7	unknown	Bright 1968
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	7iye/7yish	unknown	Elliott
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	qwalma (psd only)	inheritance
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	te:lingi-sh	inheritance
at	en, a	em, a	location	-nga	inheritance	Elliott
back	espalda	costas	body	ma:cha-t	inheritance
bad	mal	mal	quality	7ala/xwi- “to be bad”	loan direction unknown
belly	barriga	barriga	body	te:7-la	loan
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	to:-ngax	inheritance
big	grande	grande	quality	yo-t	inheritance
bite	morder	morder	body	ko7i-	inheritance
black	negro	preto	colour	yuva/-ta~i- “to be black”	inheritance
blood	sangre	sangue	body	7ow-la	inheritance
blow	soplar	soprar	body	puxi-	inheritance
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	mu:ki-l	inheritance
bone	hueso	osso	body	kula:wu-t	inheritance
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	pi-t	inheritance
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	hakwi/s-	inheritance
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	chuya~i	unknown
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	me:cha~i-	unknown
child	niño, niña	criança	human	kiha:-t	loan direction unknown
climb	subir	subir	motion	hila/la~i	unknown
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	tuvi/icha	inheritance	Elliott
cold	frío	frio	quality	7i/itaat	inheritance	Elliott
come	venir	vir	motion	mon-	inheritance
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	kocha~i-	inheritance	Elliott
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	7a-Su:n (lit. “its-heart”)	inheritance
count	contar	contar	mental	woy7a~i	unknown
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	nga:-	inheritance
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	woki-	inheritance
day	día	dia	time	time/-t	inheritance
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	pi7muk-	inheritance
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	heya~i	inheritance
dingo/wolf			fauna	7i/s-wu-t	inheritance
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	kwila/li- “to make dirty”	inheritance
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	puti7- “dream of, dream about”	inheritance
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	pa:7i-	inheritance
dry	seco	seco	quality	wa/xa-	inheritance
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	navu/-nvu-sh	unknown
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	to:wu-t	inheritance
ear	oreja	orelha	body	naq-la	inheritance
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	7ex-la	inheritance
eat	comer	comer	body	kwa7-	inheritance
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	pa:ni-l	inheritance
eye	ojo	olho	body	push-la	inheritance
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	Sa:7i-sh	inheritance
fall	caer	cair	motion	hulu/ka!i (singular subject)	unknown
far	lejos	longe	quality	wa:m	loan
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	wi7 (possessed only)	inheritance
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	na7 (possessed only)	inheritance
fear	miedo	medo	mental	na:la-	unknown
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	pe7 (possessed only),	inheritance
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	ku-t	inheritance
fish	xx	xx	fauna	kiyu/:-l	inheritance
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	ya7-	inheritance
flower	flor	flor	environment	So:7 (possessed only)	inheritance
fly	volar	voar	motion	wi:la- (singular subject)	unknown
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	mes-ma-l	inheritance
foot	pie	pé	body	7e-t	inheritance
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	push-la	inheritance
good	bueno	bom	quality	7aya/alinik	inheritance	Elliott
grow	crecer	crescer	state	wola-	inheritance
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	yu:-la (of head)	inheritance
hand	mano	mão	body	ma-t	inheritance
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	yu:-la	inheritance
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	naqma-	inheritance
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	wima~i- “to be heavy”	inheritance
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	heli-	inheritance
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	kopa~i-	unknown
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	ya:w-	inheritance
how?	como	como	grammar	micha-xa/ni-nuk	inheritance
if	si	se	grammar	tee	unknown	Elliott
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	-nga	inheritance
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	Si: (possessed only)	inheritance
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	Suyi-	inheritance
kill	matar	matar	impact	moknu-	inheritance
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	7o7na-	inheritance
lake	lago	lago	environment	paala pokwo/oyaqala	unique	Elliott
laugh	reír	rir	mental	tooya	unknown	Elliott
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	pavla-sh	loan
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	7echva-sh “left hand”	inheritance
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	7e-t	inheritance
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	howa- (singular subject)	inheritance
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	Siwa/ri- “to flash of lightning”	inheritance
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	7a:w- (singular subject)	unknown
liver	hígado	figado	body	no:ma (possessed only)	inheritance
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	tavu-lvu-sh (sg.), ta:talvi-sh (pl.)	inheritance
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	7ula:-t (head)	inheritance
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	sava/-sva-sh	inheritance
man/male	hombre	homem	human	ya7a/-sh	unique
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	wa:7i-sh	inheritance
moon	luna	lua	environment	moy-la	inheritance
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	yo7 (possessed only)	inheritance
mouth	boca	boca	body	tama/-t	inheritance
name	nombre	nome	human	tung-la	inheritance
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	qala/-t	inheritance	Elliott
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	neshkin (like kin?)	unknown
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	qela/-t	inheritance
new	nuevo	novo	quality	7i:pi-t	loan
night	noche	noite	time	tu:ku-mi-t	inheritance
no/not	no	não	grammar	qay	inheritance
nose	nariz	nariz	body	mu:vi-l	inheritance
old	viejo	velho	quality	7anxa	inheritance
one	uno	um	number	supu/l	inheritance
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	heda~i-	unknown
other	otro	outro	grammar	7awo:	inheritance
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	tiwa “to hurt, ache	unknown	Elliott
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	7a-ta:x	inheritance
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	paqa~i-	inheritance
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	xila~i “to rain”	unknown
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	qwaya/qwya-sh, 7ava- “to be red”	loan into protolanguage
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	pli (possessed only, “right hand”)	inheritance
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	pe-t	inheritance
root	raíz	raiz	flora	-towla	inheritance	Elliott
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	pisa/7a- “to rot”	inheritance
sand	arena	areia	environment	7exva-l	inheritance
say	decir	dizer	mental	ya-	inheritance
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	$okapa~i	inheritance	Elliott
see	ver	ver	mental	tow-	inheritance
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	Sowa~i “to be sharp”	inheritance
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	mu7a/n-	inheritance
short	corto	curto	quality	kapa/-kpa-ma-l	inheritance
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	So:ka (possessed only)	inheritance
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	hamo:-ya- (to be shy)	inheritance
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	tawa- (singular subject)	inheritance
skin	piel	pele	body	ta:va-sh	unknown
sky	cielo	céu	environment	tu:pa-sh	inheritance
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	kup-	inheritance
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	7alu/'-ma-l	loan direction unknown
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	ku:mi-t	inheritance
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	huSi-	unknown
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	chuxi-	loan direction unknown
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	pava~i-	unknown
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	yona~i-	unknown
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	pora~i-	loan
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	wi:ta- (singular subject)	unknown	Elliott
star	estrella	estrela	environment	Su7-la	inheritance
steal	robar	roubar	other	7uyo:-tu-	inheritance
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	kula:wu-t	inheritance
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	to:-ta	inheritance
suck	chupar	chupar	body	hi:pa~i	inheritance	Elliott
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	xula- (to sweat)	unknown
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	hava/cha-	unknown
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	wa:ya-	inheritance
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	qasii/vish	inheritance	Elliott
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	7o:no	unknown	Elliott
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	tupu/tpu-sh, tupu/tpi-sh	inheritance	Elliott
thin	delgado	fino	quality	7alu/7-ma-l	loan direction unknown
think	pensar	pensar	mental	woy7a-	inheritance
this	este/esta	este	grammar	7iv-i/	inheritance
three	tres	tres	number	pa:hay	inheritance
throat	garganta	garganta	body	xa:ra-sh	unknown	Elliott
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	hata~i-	unknown	Elliott
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	to:ma-wu-t	inheritance
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	pona~i-	inheritance
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	we:yi (possessed only)	unique
tooth	diente	dente	body	tama/-t	inheritance
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	moma~i-	inheritance
two	dos	dois	number	weh	inheritance
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	muyi-	unknown	Elliott
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	mon-	inheritance
water	agua	agua	environment	pa:l	inheritance
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	pa:-muwi-sh	inheritance
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	hi:-cha	inheritance
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	mi:ki-nga	inheritance
where?	donde	onde	grammar	micha/-7	inheritance
white	blanco	branco	colour	xwaya- (to be)	inheritance
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	hax	inheritance
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	- Sunga:-ki	inheritance
wind	viento	vento	environment	hung-la	unique
wing	ala	asa	body	kawi/-t	unknown
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	Sunga:-l	inheritance
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	7uwo/7u-	unknown
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	haka-, ha:qwi-	unknown
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	7aSo/-7Su-sh	unknown


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heavy
hide
hit
hold
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 185 of 185 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous
abalone			flora-fauna	Haliotis spp.	7áyla	ʹɁajla	abalone (generic), archaic to Mrs. Hyde, perhaps used in a song. Harrington: Black abalone.	semantic shift	*ayaC	Uto-Aztecan		S2359 “turtle” (Stubbs 2009:316). Problematic, as “tortoise shell” is 'aya-t, which is regular. Why is second vowel lost? Stubbs' etymology may be wrong and this is from Chumash t'-aya (attested in Ineseno (Applegate 134)			narrower (Black abalone only)	other complex	ʹɁaj-la black.abalone-non.possessed.noun			no info	Elliott 1999:163	no info	2	used in shell inlay on ceremonial wands and staffs	1		no info		gathered (wild)	no info	fishooks from the “central portions of haliotis shell where the grain twists” (Kroeber 1925:652) Used in shell inlay on ceremonial wands	0	1	Haliotis shell a well-known trade item; Mojave traders came to Lu. territory as per archaeological evidence, must have sought this	West coast of North America	cold coastal waters	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	7áanat	ʹɁa:nat	ant (generic term)	inheritance	*ʔalɨn-	Uto-Aztecan		S44 (Stubbs 2009:44)			same	other complex	ʹɁa:na-t				Elliott 1999:95	no info	0	ant ordeal at puberty (White 1963:153)	0		no info		gathered (wild)	men	kept live for ant ordeal	0	0		Americas	diverse (depends on species)	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna		7a:na-t			inheritance
antelope			flora-fauna	Antilocapra americana	tónla	ʹtonla	antelope	inheritance	*tɨn(nV)-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S52 (Stubbs 2009:45), the *tɨm(V)nV- possibility is worth considering. May be a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan.			same	other complex	ʹton-la pronghorn-non.possessed.noun			tó'wiyam “wild animals, principally edible meat animals” ; the sixth stage of Creation (Harrington 1978:116)	Elliott 1999:955	no info	2		1	last were killed 20 years before Sparkman; lived arond Temecula	no info		hunted	men	like deer, presumably	0	0		Western North America	open areas	no
badger			flora-fauna	Taxidea taxus	húunal	ʹhu:nal	badger	inheritance	*hula-	Uto-Aztecan		S105 (Stubbs 2009:53)			same	other complex	ʹhu:na-l badger-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:363	no info	2		1	may have been classed with predators	no info		hunted	men	skin used for quiver (Harrington 1978:155)	0	0		North America	chaparral, woodland	yes
bald eagle			flora-fauna	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	páam'ush	ʹpa:mɁuʃ	eagle sp., Sparkman: White-headed or bald eagle, found only on coast	inheritance	*pamu7-	Cupan		Cupeño pa7mush “bird sp., a water bird”, Cahuilla pamu7ish “bald eagle” (not in Stubbs) (re Cup. form, Bald Eagle is a fishing bird)			same	other complex	ʹpa:mɁu-ʃ “bald.eagle-non.possessed.noun”	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	uncertain if is 7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999:667	no info	1	feathers can be used in skirts for dance; a Chingichngish animal; killed in Eagle Ceremony	2	not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652)	no info		hunted	men	fledglings raised to maturity, killed in ceremony, fathers kept for dance skirts	0	1	eagle-feather dance skirts a very expensive trade item	North America	Prefers habitat with large areas of water; this is a fishing bird	no
band-tail pigeon			flora-fauna	Patagioenas fasciata	mixéevawut	miʹxe:vawut	pigeon	inheritance	*makahVwi	Uto-Aztecan		S676 (Stubbs 2009:126); vowel /e:/ perhaps from ahVwi>ahwi>awi>ai>e:, e < *ai well known in other langs, loss of -w- is regional. Other egs?			same	derived	miʹxe:-va-wu-t dove-?-augmentative-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999: 530	no info	0	muuta, qeweewish, mixeel, mixeevawut (Y1134)	1	not eaten due to “superstitious motives” (Sparkman 1908:199)	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		Americas	Oak and pine forests, feeds on acorns	no
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp	taválalakmay	taʹvalalakmaj	bat	loan			Chumash	may contain vala <patiʔa, but note also Tepiman nakamɨri “ear-run”	WW	%tamakala	same	derived	ta-válalak-ma-l; note the reduplication. Given Tepiman forms, ma-y, ma-l diminutive may be false etymology	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla		Elliott 1999:920	no info	0		1		no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		Americas	diverse habitats	no
beaver			flora-fauna	Castor	missing			missing								missing							2		1		0					0	0				no
beetle			flora-fauna	Coleoptera spp	$ísqila	ʹşisqila	stinkbug; Sparkman: the general name for insects known as beetles	inheritance	*sisiko(ŋi)	Californian		S312 (Stubbs 2009:83); Tubatulabal shikkol “lizard sp.” belongs in this set			same	other complex	ʹşisqi-la beetle-non.possessed.noun (probable reduplication in root)				Elliott 1999:860	Clan name at Pauma (Strong 1929:277)	2		0		no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		global	diverse habitats	no
big round tule			flora-fauna	Schoenoplectus acutus	pivée$ash	piʹve:şaʃ	tule, type of pipe; Sparkman:large species of rush or reed	unique				Is this word maybe related to piivat “tobacco”, given pipe association? See Kitanemuk pivuht, Serrano pe-wum (Merriam)			same	other complex	piʹve:şa-ʃ big.tule-non.possessed.noun (root may be derived)				Elliott 1999:730	Clan name at Pala (Strong 1929:277)	2	Couplet: piveesash, hooyawish (first people gone west); matting of this plant used for inner enclosure of the wamkish (Harrington 1978:136)	1	new shoots (and probably roots, but these are not mentioned)	1	reeds used for cauterization irons	gathered (wild)	WhoCollects	fresh shoots eaten raw (Sparkman 1908:196, 234)	0	0		California and southern US into Mexico	wet areas throughout territory	no
big skunk			flora-fauna	Mephitis mephitis	páalukut	ʹpa:lukut	skunk	inheritance	*(paa) -tɨkʷɨ	Cupan		-tɨkʷɨ is S1984 (Stubbs 2009:275), Cupan; Lu form would mean “big skunk”; Yuman xwiw (kłʸikʷ) “skunk” should be considered as source for kwe-, ku syllables (which would explain problems)			same	other complex	páaluku-t skunk.sp-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999 666	no info	2	couplet with saaqmal (song:word), order uncertain (Harrington)	2		no		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		North America	diverse habitats	no
big wolf (gray wolf)			flora-fauna	Canis lupus	íswut	ʹɁiswut	wolf	inheritance	*ʔisa-wɨ-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S552 (Stubbs 2009:112); this particular derivation for “Wolf” restricted to Takic but *isa- is NUA			same (sometimes confused with “Jaguar”?)	derived	ʹɁis-wu-t coyote-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (although Lu does not have 7isa- for “coyote”, they would know languages that do)	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla		Elliott 1999:191	no info	1	tukmi 7iswut, Wolf heart, North Star mentioned in mourning song (Harrington); represented in ground paintings (might be “Jaguar”) Kroeber 1925:662	2	most large predators not eaten	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		Americas	diverse habitats	yes
bighorn sheep			flora-fauna	Ovis canadensis	páa'at	ʹpa:Ɂat	mountain sheep	inheritance	*paʔaC-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S204 (Stubbs 2009:67); may be a Proto-Kiowa-tanoan loan into Proto NUA			same	other complex	ʹpa:Ɂa-t bighorn-non.possessed.noun			tó'wiyam “wild animals, principally edible meat animals” ; the sixth stage of Creation (Harrington 1978:116)	Elliott 1999:660	no info	2	In a Season Song for Nemoyil, “North the bighorn bears its young” (Kroeber 1925:658)	1		no		hunted	men	roasted on coals or in earth oven, meat could be ground and stored, rarely boiled	0	0		Western North America	steep slopes, cliffs	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		7ehéngmay	Ɂeʹheŋmay	bird	inheritance	*hini-	Uto-Aztecan		S897 (Stubbs 2009:152), PUA “fly”, cf. Cahuilla hingish “young bird”, but Lu. vowel is wrong			same	derived	Ɂe-ʹheŋ-mal with diminutive; what is source of prothetic vowel???	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla		Elliott 1999:171	no info	0	see for specific birds	0	songbirds eaten	no info		hunted	all	roasted, boiled, used for feathers	0	0	see specific birds	N/A	N/A	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		7ihe/ng-ma-l			inheritance
black ant			flora-fauna	Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger	lamáqata	laʹmaqata	tick-like animal; a kind of black ant (Bright), bites but does not sting (Harrington)	unique							narrower (a species of black ant, not black ant in general)	other complex	laʹmaqa-ta black.ant-non.possessed.noun (long root must be derived etymologically)			7a:nat	Elliott 1999:449	no info	2		0		no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		Americas	diverse (depends on species)	no
black bear			flora-fauna	Ursus americanus	húnwut	ʹhunwut	bear	inheritance	*huna-wɨ-ta	Californian		S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California.			broader (includes all bears)	derived	ʹhun-wu-t badger-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (this is a euphemism and is felt as derived)		hunwutal if dead		Elliott 1999:358	no info	1	shamanism, especially	2	“never eaten” (Sparkman 1908:199)	no		hunted	men	skin, claws saved; stone erected at site of death (Sparkman 1908:199)	0	0		North America	chaparral, woodland	yes
black-tail Jackrabbit			flora-fauna	Lepus californicus	$ú'ish	ʹşuɁiʃ	jackrabbit	inheritance	*suuʔit	Uto-Aztecan		S1713 (Stubbs 2009:243); I give Manaster-Ramer's reconstruction			same	other complex	ʹşuɁi-ʃ jackrabbit-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:878	no info	2		1	most important game (Sparkman 1908:197)	no info		hunted	men	broiling on hot coals, rarely boiled. Cooked in earth oven and flesh and bones pounded in mortar for storage (Sparkman 1908:198). Skins woven into blankets	0	0	blankets may have been traded	North America	flat open areas	no
blackberry			flora-fauna	Rubus ursinus	píkwla	ʹpikʷla	blackberry, raspberry	inheritance	*pikwa-	Takic		S182 (Stubbs 2009:64); I don't like Stubbs' Chemehuevi form pipikura, probably a loan			broader (than Rubus ursinus --includes other berries -- but does NOT have range of English “berry”)	other complex	ʹpikʷ-la berry.spp-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999 718	no info	2	couplet: 'ushla, pikwla; a Chingichngish plant (Harrington 1978:133);“sting for chingichngish” (Kroeber 1925:679)	1	not important as “grow but sparingly” (Sparkman 1908:195)	no info		gathered (wild)	women and children	eaten fresh, dried and stored	0	0		Western North America	foothills, uplands	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	ku'áal	kuˈʔa:l	fly, maggot	inheritance	*kuʔa-	Takic		S893 (Stubbs 2009:152), and see “flea” with same root			broader (includes maggot)	other complex	kuˈʔa:-l fly/maggot-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:405	no info	0		0		no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		global	diverse (depends on species)	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna		kwa7a:-l, ku7a:-l			inheritance
blue grouse			flora-fauna	Dendrogapus?	chachaláaka	tʃatʃaʹlaka	bird species which is slightly larger than a quail	loan			Spanish	Spanish chachalaca			same	underived	sound imitative in Spanish (may come from a Mesoamerican language)	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999:236	no info	0		1	no info but since all sources indicate quail eaten, I assume grouse was too	no info		hunted	men	boiled, roasted, eggs eaten	0	0		California Coast ranges	Edges of conifer and mixed forest	no
bobcat, lynx			flora-fauna	Lynx rufus	túukut	ʹtu:kut	wildcat, lynx	inheritance	*tuCkuC-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1306 (Stubbs 2009:200). This is a California Wanderwort; Great Basin forms giving NUA are surely loans. But loan may be early because Hopi has regular vocalism.	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	ʹtu:ku-t wildcat-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:1000	no info	1		2	all other predators proscribed, probably this one too	no		hunted	men	skin used for quiver (Harrington 1978:155)	0	0		North America	diverse habitats	no
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	Lepidoptera	7avélaka	Ɂaʹvelaka	butterfly	unique				S324 (Stubbs 2009:85); very similar form in Cahuilla. S's own reconstruction with *p is an anachronism since this is just Cupan			same	underived	no non.possessed.noun suffix				Elliott 1999:144	no info	2	Season Song: Butterfly has his wamkish (Kroeber 1925:658	0		no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		global	diverse (depends on species)	no
California condor			flora-fauna	Gymnogyps californianus	yungáavaywut	juʹŋa:vajwut	condor	inheritance	*juŋa:pi-	Takic		S336 (Stubbs 2009:87). This is probably juŋ -a-pi where a is the ablaut vowel induced by -pi. But I don't know what juŋ- means! Elliott 1999 has junga “archaic word for “to dance”)			same	derived	juʹŋa:vaj-wu-t vulture-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (why junga:vaj, not jungavi???)	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	uncertain if is 7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999:1151	no info	1	feathers can be used in skirts for dance; could be used instead of Eagle in Eagle Ceremony (Sparkman 1908:227)	2	almost certainly with eagles as proscribed, since could be killed in Eagle Ceremony	no info		hunted	men	fledglings raised to maturity, killed in ceremony, fathers kept for dance skirts	0	1	dance regalia often bought and sold	U.S. Southwest	Rocky scrubland, woodland (they like cliffs)	no
California jay			flora-fauna	Aphelocoma californica?	wí'kas-ma-l	ʹwiɁkasmal	blue jay without crest	inheritance	*wiCtiki	Uto-Aztecan		S205, with consonant assimilation tVk > kVk. (Stubbs 2009:67). The /s/ derivation is unclear. kasa is a Numic “wing” word.			same	derived	ʹwiɁka-s-mal; bird-?-diminutive.	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	7ehéngmay	Elliott 1999:1047	no info	2		1	must have been eaten, but never mentioned. Jays cache food; owners of trees collected tree caches for human use and even felled trees to reach acorns	no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		throughout western North America (distributions from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted)	scrublands, woodlands (Habitats from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted)	no
California woodpecker			flora-fauna	Melanerpes formicivorus?	$óola	ʹşo:la	woodpecker; Bright, California woodpecker, Sparkman, This woodpecker stores acorns in the bark of trees	doubtful loan	*cutu	Uto-Aztecan	no information	S206 (Stubbs 2009:67), but Lu. form has inexplicably non-corresponding vowels, as does Mono.			same	other complex	ʹşo:-la California.woodpecker-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999:870	no info	2		1	acorn caches eaten, owners even felled trees to retrieve	no info		no info	no info	no info	0	1		Southern Oregon, California, south to Colombia	Oak woodlands	no
chia			flora-fauna	Salvia columbariae	páa$al	ʹpa:şal	chia	inheritance	*pasa/i	Californian		S1599 (Stubbs 2009:233). Only Numic is Tumpisa Shoshone, almost certainly a loan from Tubatulabal. This shows up in Chumash, Salinan, may be an old Californianism.	WW	%pasv	same	other complex	ʹpa:şa-l chia-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:670	no info (although stands were surely owned by “clans/villages”, this is not mentioned specifically even in White for Chia	1	ball of seed and salt placed in girls' mouths at initiation (Strong 1929:298) and given to boys at end of Ant Ordeal (Strong 1929:317)	1	most esteemed seed(Sparkman 1908:196)	no info		gathered (wild)	women	seeds parched and mixed with other seeds for pinole mush	0	0		California and Southwest	Below 6000 feet in dry open areas, extensive stands in chaparral	no
chipmunk			flora-fauna	Tamias spp.	wískun	ʹwiskun	chipmunk	inheritance	*wiskun	Takic		in several Takic languages and irregular, probably a loan into early Takic			same	underived	probable loan although widespread				Elliott 1999:1080	no info	2	wiskun made a coffin of a great log for Wuyot (Harrington)	1		no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		North America	woodlands	no
cliff swallow			flora-fauna	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	pál'vismal	ʹpalɁvismal	swallow (type of bird)	inheritance	pati7a/paCti7a “bat”; *pata “fly”	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2009:56-57 derives from pati7a/paCti7a “bat” (S124). But Numic and Cora all have pa[c/ch]a, which should reflect paCtsV. -Cts- regularly yields Cahuilla /s/, not /l/. A problematic set. Note pata “fly” S902, p. 153.			same	derived	ʹpalɁ-vis-ma-l bat-?-diminutive-non.possessed.noun (I'm conjecturing based on Cahuilla palily “bat”)	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999:681	no info	2		1	songbirds eaten	no info		hunted	all	roasted, boiled, eggs eaten (no info on feathers)	0	0		Breed in North America	Cliffs, and now in, on buildings	no
coot			flora-fauna	Fulica americana	$áyla	ʹşajla	mud hen	inheritance	*saya(C)	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S217 (and 710) Stubbs 2009:69, very consistently for “coot, mud-hen” except in Cahuilla			same	other complex	ʹşaj-la mud.hen-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	no info	Elliott 1999: 846	no info	2		1	not eaten (Sparkman 1908:199)	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		West coastal and southern North America to Central America	Wetlands, open water	no
cottontail rabbit			flora-fauna	Sylvilagus audobonii	tóo$axit	ʹto:şaxit	cottontail rabbit	inheritance	*tosa-kammu	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1709 (Stubbs 2009:242) compound -- white-jackrabbit; frankly I doubt the *kammu part but white is fine			same	other complex	ʹto:şaxi-t cottontail-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:963	no info	2	couplet: toovit, too$axit “brush rabbit, cottontail”	1	most important game (Sparkman 1908:197)	no info		hunted	men	broiling on hot coals, rarely boiled. Cooked in earth oven and flesh and bones pounded in mortar for storage (Sparkman 1908:198); skin woven into blankets	0	0	blankets may have been traded	North America	diverse habitats	no
cottonwood			flora-fauna	Populus spp.	7aváaxat	Ɂaʹva:xat	cottonwood tree	inheritance	*ʔavaaxa-t	Cupan		S544 (Stubbs 2009:111); Stubbs also likes Arizona Yaqui avaso and possibly O'odham 'auppa; if good perhaps UA, more likely a regionalism. A loan possible? Cocopa x?a,, Mojave ?ah?a, Yavapai ?ha:, for the -xat part? But that isn't stressed at all.			same	other complex	Ɂaʹva:xa-t cottonwood-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999: 143	no info	2	couplet: pawxit, 'avaaxat (referring to place names in the west); used in construction of wamkish (Harrington 1978:36)	0		no info		gathered (wild)	women	no info	0	0		southern Canada south to northern Mexico	moist areas	no
coyote			flora-fauna	Canis latrans	'anó'	ɁaʹnoɁ	coyote	unique							same	underived	note absence of non.possessed.noun suffix; might be a loan	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla		Elliott 1999: 120	7anoyum, a “party” (lineage complex, perhaps formerly a moiety) at Pauma (White 1963:153); see ground squirrel	1	The star Aldebaran, always stalking the Pleiades, who are pretty girls (E); ate Wuyot's heart (White 1963:141)	2	not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652)	no info		hunted	men	skin used for quiver (Harrington 1978:155)	0	0		North and Central America	diverse habitats	no
crow			flora-fauna	Corvus brachyrhynchos	alwut	ʹɁalwut	crow	loan into protolanguage	*ʔata-wɨ-ta	Uto-Aztecan	Yok-Utian	S582 (Stubbs 2009:116); Loaned into Yokuts	WW	%alwut	same	derived	ʹɁal-wu-t crow-augmentative-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999:112	no info	2	feathers for headdress (Sparkman 1908:208); has ceremonial couplet, muuta, qeweewish, mixeel, mixeevawut (Y1134); crow danced hilariously at Wuyot's funeral, so people forgot themselves and laughed (Harrington 1978:122)	1	eggs at least must have been eaten	no info		hunted	men	feathers	0	0	dance regalia often bought and sold, but crow-feather items not mentioned	global	diverse habitats	no
datura			flora-fauna	Datura wrightii	náqtumush	ʹnaqtumuʃ	jimsonweed, toloache, boys' tea for initiation purposes	inheritance	*naqtumu-	Cupan		Not in Stubbs, but note Cupeño naqtemela7ash “Datura, drunk-instrument”. naq may be “ear”			broader (the plant, and the drink)	other complex	ʹnaqtumu-ʃ drunk-non.possessed.noun (probably deverbal)				Elliott 1999:593	no info	1	hallucinogen administered at boys' initiation ceremony, probably also used by shamans. A Chingichngish plant (Harrington 1978:133)	1	probably too dangerous to eat	no info		gathered (wild)	men	fresh roots pounded in ceremonial mortar (taamyash) and mixed with water to make the drink (Harrington 1978:162)	1	0	probably not traded, grows everywhere and must be prepared fresh by an expert	US Southwest, California, Mexico	“sandy, gravelly, open areas below 4000 feet throughout Southern California” (Bean & Saubel 1972:60)	yes
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		Su:ka-t			inheritance
deer, mule			flora-fauna	Odocoileus hemionus	$úukat	ʹşu:kat	deer	inheritance	*suCkaC-	Uto-Aztecan		S621 (Stubbs 2009:121)	WW	%sok	narrower (refers only to mule deer; where found, white-tail has a different name)	other complex	ʹşu:ka-t mule.deer-non.possessed.noun			tó'wiyam “wild animals, principally edible meat animals”; the sixth stage of Creation (Harrington 1978:116)	Elliott 1999:885	Clan name at Potrero (Cuca Ranch) (Strong 1929:277)	2	adornments of deer hooves worn at certain dances (Sparkman 1908:208)	1	largest game animal (Sparkman 1908); hunter does not eat own kill; the not distributes (White 1963:150)	no info		hunted	men	broiled on hot coals, or roasted in earth oven; more rarely boiled. Roasted could be ground and saved.	0	0		Western North America	diverse habitats	no
digger pine			flora-fauna	Pinus sabiniana	wixétut	wiʹxetut	sugar pine; Bright: Pinus coulteri; Harrington: big cones; Sparkman we'etut “great-coned pine”	inheritance	*wokoN-	Uto-Aztecan		S1579a (Stubbs 2009:231); has -tu increment (“bearing”???)			broader (includes the nuts of this pine)	other complex	wixétu-t Coulter.pine-non.possessed.noun (root derived etymologically)				Elliott 1999:1063	no info	2		1	nuts eaten, and “large pines often cut down merely for the sake of acorns stored in the bark by woodpeckers” (Sparkman 1908:194)	no info		gathered (wild)	all	no info	0	0		Southern California and Baja California	Pinus coulteri is generally above 4000 feet	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis familiaris	7awáal	Ɂaʹwa:l	dog	inheritance	*awa:-la	Takic		S670 (Stubbs 2009:125)			same	other complex	Ɂaʹwa:-l dog-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla		Elliott 1999:146	Also refers to residents of Aguanga (a joke, because Aguanga doesn't mean “in the dog”	0		0	not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652)	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		Americas	with humans	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		7awa:-l			unknown
dogbane			flora-fauna	Apocynum cannabinum	wíicha	ʹwi:ʧa	Indian hemp, apocynum cannabinum	inheritance	*wi(k)-	Uto-Aztecan		S1796 (Stubbs 2009:253)			same	other complex	ʹwi:-ʧa string-non.possessed.noun; note wiichu “to make rope, string”. A binomial form has wiichat, doubly suffixed				Elliott 1999: 1051	no info	2		1	fiber (berries are poisonous)	no info	must have been used, but no report	gathered (wild but closely managed)	women	soaked to remove fibers for bowstrings, netting of women's front aprons, etc.	0	0		North America from southern Canada	open wooded areas, hillsides, ditches	yes (but not very)
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	Zenaida macrocoura	mixéel	miʹxe:l	(turtle) dove, pigeon	inheritance	*makahVwi	Uto-Aztecan		S676 (Stubbs 2009:126); vowel /e:/ perhaps from ahVwi>ahwi>awi>ai>e:, e < *ai well known in other langs, loss of -w- is regional. Other egs?			broader (includes pigeons, apparently)	other complex	miʹxe:-l dove-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999:529	no info	2	muuta, qeweewish, mixeel, mixeevawut (Y1134)	1	not eaten due to “superstitious motives” (Sparkman 1908:199)	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		Southern Canada to Mexico	Prefers open areas, avoids dense forests	no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae	qáatqat	ʹqa:tqat	duck	unique				looks like Wintu, and maybe Mics, Miss háTha:Ta-			same	reduplicated	qáat-qat Dup-duck (I think these /t/ are NOT NPN suffixed; probably sound-imitative	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	no info	Elliott 1999:778	no info	0		1	meat and eggs	no info		hunted	men	no info	0	0		Americas	Wetlands, open water	no
elder			flora-fauna	Sambucus	kúuta	ʹku:ta	elderberry	inheritance	*kuʔu/kuhu-	Californian		S179 (Stubbs 2009:64)			same	other complex	ʹku:-ta elderberry-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:425	no info	2		1	“much liked” Sparkman 1908:195	1	“for female complaints” use flowers (Sparkman 1908:229)	gathered (wild)	women	cooked and eaten fresh, or dried and stored for boiling, flour. Mixed with chia (Sparkman 1908:195-6)	0	0		North America	below 4500 feet in moist areas	no
elk			flora-fauna	Cervas elaphus	páa$ukat	ʹpa:şukat	elk	inheritance	*pa-suka-	Takic		S788:139 “elk”	WW	%sok	same	derived	ʹpa:-şuka-t big-mule.deer-NPN				Elliott 1999:671	no info	2	Couplet: 7uuchanat, paa$ukat “elk, elk”; in a Season song “North the uchanut bears young North the elk bears young” (for Nemoyil) (Kroeber 1925:658)	1	vanishingly rare in Lu. territory	no info		hunted	men	like deer, presumably	0	0		Western North America, uplands, not in deserts	forest edges, forest	no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		7anámat	ʔaˈnamat	fish, generic	unique							same	other complex	ʔaˈnama-t fish-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla		Elliott 1999:118	no info	0	couplet: anámat, pipilwut “fish, shark”	1	principal food for people living on coast (Sparkman 1908:198)	no info		hunted	all	roasted, broiled, boiled, many preparations	0	0		Americas	water	no
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	Siphonaptera	mokwáchish (B)	moʹkʷatʃiʃ	flea	inheritance	*mu-ku'a:	Cupan		S892 (Stubbs 2009:152), this is really 893 plus *mu- “nose”			same	other complex	moʹkʷatʃi-ʃ flea-non.possessed.noun (root contains frozen diminutive)				Elliott 1999:538	no info	2		0		no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		Americas	diverse habitats	no
flicker			flora-fauna	Colaptes sp.	táavish	ʹta:viʃ	flicker bird	inheritance	*tapi-	Uto-Aztecan		S210, for large bird (Southern reflexes are for “hawk”) (Stubbs 2009:68)			same	other complex	ʹta:vi-ʃ	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	7ehéngmay	Elliott 1999:896	no into	2	cut their hair in mourning for Wuyot (Harrington 1978:121); ritual couplet is taavish, puypuy (Elliott); flicker feathers made into long bands/banners for decoration at fiestas (Harrington 1978:138)	1	surely at least eggs eaten	no info		no info	no info	no info	0	1		Americas	diverse habitats	no
foothills yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca whipplei	panáa'al	paʹna:Ɂal	yucca sp. Bright: Spanish bayonet, Yucca whipplei	inheritance	*panaa-	Cupan		S2547 (Stubbs 2009:340).			broader (stalk and plant)	other complex	paʹna:Ɂa-l Y.whipplei-non.possessed.noun (may be derivation in root; see Ethnobiology notes)				Elliott 1999:684	no info	0	charcoal from head used to make girls' tattoos at initiation (Harrington 178:166)	1	stalk, head, flowers eaten	no info		gathered (wild but closely managed))	all	stalk is roasted; head roasted in earth oven, flowers eaten cooked in water (Sparkman 1908:195)	0	0	“an important exchange item” (among Kumeyaay, so almost certainly among Lu.) (Lightfoot & Parrish 2009:270)	Southern California and Baja California	chaparral and oak woodlands, 300-2500 m	no
fox			flora-fauna	Vulpes, Urocyon	qewéewish	qeʹwe:wiʃ	fox	inheritance	*kawosi-	Uto-Aztecan		S556 (Stubbs 2009:113)	WW	%kaw	narrower (does not include Vulpes, Kit fox/Desert fox, as far as I know)	other complex	qeʹwe:wi-ʃ fox-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla		Elliott 1999:807	Clan name at Rincon (Strong 1979:277)	2	couplet: muuta, qeweewish	2	almost certainly not eaten	no info		hunted	men	skin used for quiver (Sparkman 1908:206)	0	0		Americas	diverse habitats	no
frog (generic)			flora-fauna		waxáw'kila (B)	waʹxawɁkila	frog	inheritance	*wakaC-ta	Uto-Aztecan		S940 (Stubbs 2009:157); Tarahumara 7awaka seems OK in this set. Lu. form waxáw'kila (B) has some kind of odd derivation, perhaps a reduplication???	WW	%wakat	narrower (doesn't include bullfrogs, apparently)	derived	waxá-w'ki-la (B) frog-dup?-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla		Elliott 1999:1037	no info	2	Frog (actually waxaawut, Calif. red-legged frog) is shaman who bewitches Wuyot (White 1963:141)	2	not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652)	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		Americas	wetlands, lakes and streams	no
golden eagle			flora-fauna	Aquila chrysaetos	á$wut	ʹɁaşwut	eagle	inheritance	*ʔasa-wɨ-ta	Californian		S719 (Stubbs 2009:131); consider Yuman forms like ?aspa, ?ashpa, ?ihpaa ('Iipay Aa); something like this is Proto-Yuman			same	derived	ʹɁaş-wu-t ?-augmentative-non.possessed.noun; Kroeber thought 7a$- referred to first menses; hence Eagle embodies life-giving principle (White 1963:141). But Kroeber & Grace 1960:80 derive from -7ash “pet”.	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	uncertain if is 7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999:134	no info	1	Eagle Killling Ceremony, feathers in dance costumes, couplet 7a$wut, waanawut “eagle, net.connectin.heaven and earth (Harrington)	2	not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652)	no info		hunted	men	fledglings raised to maturity, killed in ceremony, fathers kept for dance skirts	0	1	eagle-feather dance skirts a very expensive trade item	North America	They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting	no
gooseberry			flora-fauna	Ribes spp.	wu$óochish	wuʹşo:tʃiʃ	wild gooseberry	unique							same	other complex	wuʹşo:tʃi-ʃ gooseberry-non.possessed.noun (root includes unproductive diminutive -tʃi)				Elliott 1999:1086	no info	2		1	not important as “grow but sparingly” (Sparkman 1908:195)	no info		gathered (wild)	women	eaten fresh, dried and stored	0	0		Diverse species in california	chaparral, woodland	no
gopher snake, bull snake			flora-fauna	Pituophis catenifer	$ithí'	şiʹδiɁ	gopher snake	unique				perhaps a loan; I don't know source of /th/ in Lu.			same	underived	no non.possessed.noun suffix	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	píiqwala (?)	Elliott 1999:860	no info	2		2		no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		Southern Canada to Mexico	diverse habitats	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(NA)	$áamut	ʹşa:mut	grass, weeds, hay	inheritance	*sama/u-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1025a (Stubbs 2009:166			broader (includes non-grass weeds and vegetation type: note $am-nga “in the fields”)	other complex	ʹşa:mu-t grass-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:828	no info	0		0	many grass seeds eaten	no info		gathered (wild but closely managed)	women	seeds parched and mixed with other seeds for pinole mush	0	0		Americas	depends on species	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna		$a:-mu-t			inheritance
grasshopper			flora-fauna	Caelifera	wi'ét	wiʹɁet	grasshopper	inheritance	*woʔV-	Uto-Aztecan		S1034 (Stubbs 2009:167)			same	other complex	wiʹɁe-t grasshopper-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:1047	no info	2		1		no		gathered (wild)	all	roasted en masse in pit (Sparkman 1908:200	0	0		global	diverse (depends on species)	no
gray ground squirrel			flora-fauna	Sphermophilus sp.	qéengish	ʹqe:ŋiʃ	ground squirrel	inheritance	*koŋi-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S2092 (Stubbs 2009:288)			same	other complex	ʹqe:ŋi-ʃ ground.squirrel-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:804	This is the real name of the 'anooyam “Coyote” tribal group (today “King” JHH)	2		1		no info		hunted	men	broiling on coals (Sparkman 1908:199)	0	0		North America	diverse habitats	no
gray tree squirrel			flora-fauna	Sciurus spp.	$ukáawut	şuʹka:wut	flying or tree squirrel	loan into protolanguage	*sika-(wV)	Northern Uto-Aztecan	Yok-Utian	S2094 (Stubbs 2009:288); may be very early loan into NUA; note similar Yokuts forms	WW	%sik	same	derived	şuʹka:-wu-t flying.squirrel-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (may not be augmentative)				Elliott 1999:880	no info	2	couplet: weelal, $ukaawut “animal sp., tree squirrel”	1	“tree squirrels were not eaten” (Sparkman 1908:199)	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		Western North America	woodlands	no
great horned owl			flora-fauna	Bubo virginianus	múuta	ʹmu:ta	horned owl	inheritance	*muhuN	Uto-Aztecan		S1542 (Stubbs 2009:227), do NOT include Raramuri form with mo-			same	other complex	muhu-ta owl-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	7ehéngmal	Elliott1999:136	Clan name at Puerta Cruz (Strong 1929:278)	1	feathers for headdress (Sparkman 1908:208); has ceremonial couplet, muuta, qeweewish, mixeel, mixeevawut (Y1134)	2		no info		hunted	men	feathers for cheeyat headdress (Sparkman 1908:208)	0	1	feathered costume elements were bought and sold	Americas	All habitats (less common in extreme deserts)	no
grizzly bear			flora-fauna	Ursus arctos horribilis	húnwut	ʹhunwut	bear	inheritance	*huna-wɨ-ta	Californian		S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California.			broader (includes all bears)	derived	ʹhun-wu-t badger-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (this is a euphemism and is felt as derived)				Elliott 1999:358	no info	1	Couplet: hunwut, tukwut (Sparkman 1908: Plate 20); bear claw necklaces worn at certain dances (Sparkman 1908:2100	2	“never eaten” (Sparkman 1908:199)	no		hunted	men	skin, claws saved; stone erected at site of death (Sparkman 1908:199)	0	0		Western North America	chaparral, woodlands	yes
horned toad			flora-fauna	Phrynosomatidae	chaláka	tʃaʹlaka	horned toad	inheritance	*ˈʧalaka	Cupan		S1332(Stubbs 2009;202). This may be a loan word. Serrano chilyaaqu “lizard sp.” and Kitanemuk ciruku' are clearly resemblant but not regularly so. Not in Yuman.			same	underived	note absence of non.possessed.noun suffix; might be a loan	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla		Elliott 1999:238	no info	2	Horned Toad doctored Wuyot (E, S, etc.); in a season song for Nemoyil “North the horned toad bears young” Kroeber 1925:658	2	lizards not eaten	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		Western U.S. and Mexico	Hot, dry, sandy areas	no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	kaváayu (H)	kaʹva:ju	horse	loan			Spanish		WW	%caballo	same	underived	loan				Elliott 1999:1477	no info	0		0		no		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0	Lu. bought and sold horses like everyone else in historic period	Americas	with humans	no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	Trochilidae	túshmal	ʹtuʃmal	hummingbird	inheritance	*tuʔca	Uto-Aztecan		Mrs. Hyde said “tishmal”, and variation with tushma reported in several sources. S1180 (p. 185). I agree with Stubbs 2009:185 that the Cora word is cognate..			same	derived	ʹtuʃ-mal hummingbird-diminutive	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999:945	no info	0	has ceremonial couplet, tushmal nawvuxish “hummingbird, red hummingbird” (Elliott) ; one of first people, child of Temayowut (White 1963:140)	0	eggs at least must have been eaten	no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		Americas	diverse habitats	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic	no generic reported			missing								missing							0		0		2					0	0				variable
junco			flora-fauna	Junco sppp	pépnash	ʹpepnaʃ	type of bird (extremely archaic to Mrs. Hyde); Harrington: small gray bird with black head, comes down from mountains only in wintertime	inheritance	*poCna	Uto-Aztecan		S1947 (Stubbs 2009:271), means “to play music, play drum”; from peenash “woman's song” in Lu.			same	derived	I think this is reduplication from peenash “woman's song”	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	7ehéngmay	Elliott 1999:705	no info	0		1	songbirds eaten	no info		hunted	all	roasted, boiled, eggs eaten (no info on feathers)	0	0		throughout North America	coniferous and mixed forests, often forage in flocks in winter	no
juniper			flora-fauna	Juniperus californica	wáa'at	ʹwa:Ɂat	California juniper, Juniperus californica	inheritance	*waʔaC-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S414 (Stubbs 2009:94)			same	other complex	ʹwa:Ɂa-t juniper-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:1012	no info	2		1		no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		North America	abundant 3000-4500 feet	no
louse			flora-fauna	order Phtiraptera	7ulát (B)	Ɂuʹlat	head louse	inheritance	*ʔatɨC-	Uto-Aztecan		S1357 (Stubbs 2009:205); Lu. has odd vowels			narrower (only head louse)	other complex	Ɂuʹla-t head.louse-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:225	no info	2		0		no		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		global	on people's hair	no
mallard			flora-fauna	Anas platyrhynchos	missing			missing								missing							2		1		0					0	0				no
manzanita			flora-fauna	Arctostaphylos spp.	kóolul	ʹko:lul	manzanita; Bright: Arctostaphylos glauca	inheritance	*kɨta-	Takic		S1635 (Stubbs 2009:235), revised to accomodate Kitanemuk ˈkɨʧraʧr			same	other complex	ʹko:lu-l manzanita-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:400	A family name (Elliott)	2	seeds of this plant put in the paa'ayat, ritual rattle (Harrington)	1	berries	no info		gathered (wild)	women	berries ground into meal, mixed with water and eaten without cooking (Sparkman 1908:195)	0	0		Western North America	In chaparral, edges of woodlands	no
milkweed, broad leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias eriocarpa	tókmat, tíkmat	ʹtokmat	white milkweed; Sparkman: Asclepias eriocarpa	loan			Chumash	Note Southern Chumash /tok/ “Apocynum cannabinum”. Milkweed was regarded as the “lesser fiber” so “small tok” is a very likely analysis here.			same	other complex	ʹtokma-t milkweed.sp-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:951	no info	2		1	gum	no info		gathered (wild)	women	sap collected from cut stems, boiled to coagulate as chewing gum, much esteemed (Sparkman 1908:197)	0	0		California and adjacent Nevada and Baja California	dry barren areas 200-1900 m (Jepson Herbarium site)	no
milkweed, narrow leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias fascicularis	páatamkat	ʹpa:tamkat	milkweed; Bright, Asclepias eriocarpa	unique				contains *pa:- “big/water”			same	derived	ʹpa:-tamka-t big/water-plant.sp-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:671	no info	0	The sun set in place by a hero with his milkweed-fiber net (Strong 1929:295) -- Strong says was the “reddish” milkweed, probably fascicularis	1		1	medicinal value (Harrington)	gathered (wild)	women	leaves soaked and fiber stripped	0	0		Inland California to Washington, Baja California	dry areas, slopes, 50-2200 m (Jepson Herbarium)	no
mission tule			flora-fauna	Juncus	$óyla	ʹʃojla	rush plant; Bright: Juncus acutus sphaerocarpus	inheritance	*sɨji-	Takic		S1735 (Stubbs 2009:246)			same	other complex	ʹʃoj-la mission.tule-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:876	no info	2	$oynga, a song word, may be name of an island (E); mat of this plant is used to store sacred objects (Sparkman 1908:234)	1		no info		gathered (wild)	women	scapes split, soaked for basketry materials	0	0		Americas	moist areas	no
mockingbird			flora-fauna	Mimus polyglottos	tamáawut	taʹma:wut	blabbermouth, big mouth, mockingbird	inheritance	*tama-wɨ-ta	Cupan		S215 (Stubbs 2009:68); Gabrielino tamávut “hechicera” is same word			same	derived	taʹma:-wu-t mouth-augmentative-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999:908	no info	2		1	songbirds eaten	no info		hunted	all	boiled, roasted, eggs eaten	0	0		North America, Mexico	all habitats (they like habitats with high places to perch, and don't like pine trees)	no
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles spp, Isoptera	lukú'chish	luʹkuɁʧiʃ	Mosquito	unique				may include the *ku7a root			same	other complex	luʹkuɁʧi-ʃ mosquito-non.possessed.noun (root includes unproductive diminute tshi and probably some prefixal element lu-				Elliott 1999:473	Clan name at La Jolla (Strong 1929:278)	0		0		no		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		global	diverse (depends on species)	no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	Heterocera	xuvóoviqat	xuʹvo:viqat	moth	inheritance	*hɨvɨviqal	Cupan					same	relative clause	xuʹvo:vi-qa-t drag-TAM.singular-nominalizer (this is probably a false etymology)				Elliott 1999:1106	no info	2		0		no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		Americas	diverse (depends on species)	no
mountain lion			flora-fauna	Puma concolor	túkwut	ʹtukwut	mountain lion, cougar	inheritance	*tuCkuC-wɨ	Californian		S1306b (Stubbs 2009;200)	WW	%tuku	same	derived	ʹtuk-wu-t wildcat-augmentative-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:989	no info	1	a Chingichngish animal (Harrington 1978:131)	2		no		no info	no info	no info	0	0		North America	diverse habitats (prefers uplands)	yes
mountain quail			flora-fauna	Oreortyx pictus	qaxáawut	qaʹxa:wut	Southern mountain quail	inheritance	*kakaC-	Uto-Aztecan		S1702a (Stubbs 2009:241); 1702b is a different word, a Californianism.	WW	%kaka	same	derived	qaʹxa:-wu-t quail-augmentative-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999: 798	no info	2	couplet qaxáal, qaxáawut; cut their hair in mourning for Wuyot (Harrington 1978:121)	1	meat and eggs too	no info		hunted	men	broiling on coals (Sparkman 1908:199)	0	0		US west of Rockies and Baja California	Chaparral	no
mussel			flora-fauna	Mytilus spp.	wáaxal	ʹwa:xal	Harrington: Large species of mussel	unique							narrower (a particular species of mussell)	other complex	ʹwa:xa-l mussel.sp-non.possessed.noun			no info	Elliott 1999: 1020	no info	2		1	principal food for people living on coast (Sparkman 1908:198)	no info		gathered (wild)	all	no info	0	1	shells traded inland as spoons; Lu. must have done this. Mussel nacre reported at Lake Elsinore (Grenda 1997:163)	Pacific Coast of North America	cold coastal waters	no
olivella (olive snail)			flora-fauna	Callianax biplicata	$áwvish	ʹşawviʃ	Bright: Univalve shell, Harrington: Topshell of snail	inheritance	*sa(w)pV	Cupan		S1911 (Stubbs 2009:267)			same	other complex	ʹşawvi-ʃ olivella-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:844	no info	2		2		no info		gathered (wild)	no info	made into shell money and ornaments (see Grenda 1997 for discussion of archaeological materials)	0	1	Lake Elsinore site was producing Olivella beads in industrial quantitites, although most finds are from Early period, probably pre-Luiseño	Pacific Coast of North America, B.C. to Baja California	sandy substrates intertidally and tidally and in bays	no
pinyon jay			flora-fauna	Cyanocitta stelleri?	cháa'ish	ʹtʃa:Ɂiʃ	blue jay; Bright: crested blue jay	loan into protolanguage	*cha7i-	Northern Uto-Aztecan	unknown	S209, Central Numic, Tubatulabal, Takic, always “blue jay” (Stubbs 2009:68)	WW	%chaj	same	other complex	ʹtʃa:Ɂi-ʃ jay-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	7ehéngmay	Elliott 1999:232	A family name (Elliott)	2	considered deer's helper, warns of hunters (Harrington in Elliott)	1	at least eggs must have been eaten	no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		Western North America	Foothills where pinyon groves occur	no
pinyon pine			flora-fauna	Pinus monophylla	tuvát	tuʹvat	pine nut, pinyon tree	inheritance	*tɨpat	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1583 (Stubbs 2009:231). This is probably a loan into Proto-NUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan (Hill 2008)			broader (includes pine nuts and tree)	other complex	tuʹva-t pinyon-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:1084	no info	2	plural refers to the time when humans were trees. Wuyot cremated at Tuvanga -- white ash can be seen there.	1		no info		gathered (wild but closely managed)	all	green cones roasted,seeds extracted, parched, stored, ground into flour	0	1	perhaps -- people with access to groves throughout west did trade these	Southwestern North America and Mexico	In pinyon-juniper woodland, 3500-9000 feet (for P. monophylla), 2500-8000 feet (for P. quadrifolia). Rocky hills and slopes.	no
pismo clam			flora-fauna	Tivella stultorum	qáp$ut	ʹqapşut	clam species. Harrington: small clam, white, used for plucking whiskers, Pismo clam	unique							same	other complex	ʹqapşu-t clam.sp.-non.possessed.noun (root may be derived)			no info	Elliott 1999:788	no info	2		1		no info		gathered (wild)	all	no info	0	1	probably traded, but no Tivela at Lake Elsinore; shells are not pretty	Pacific Coast Monterrey to Baja California	sandy beaches in surf zone	no
pocket gopher			flora-fauna	Thomomys	móota	ʹmo:ta	gopher	inheritance	*mɨjɨN-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1009 (Stubbs 2009:164)			same	other complex	ʹmo:-ta gopher-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:549	no info	2	helped Frog bewitch Wuyot (Harrington 1978:118)	1		no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		North America	diverse habitats	no
poison oak			flora-fauna	Toxicodendron diversilobum	7iyáala	Ɂiʹja:la	poison oak	inheritance	*ʔɨjaa-la	Californian		S1506 (Stubbs 2009:224) Huasteca Nahuatl iyatl “tobacco”is ridiculous. Kitanemuk ʔɨycič, Gab. oa:r attest to first vowel. Note Chumashan yasis			same	other complex	Ɂiʹja:-la poison.oak-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:197	Clan name at Aguanga (Strong 1929:276)	2		2		no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		Pacific coast Canada to Baja California	Likes damp, shady areas, chaparral	yes
rattlesnake			flora-fauna	Crotalus spp.	$óowut	ʹşo:wut	black diamondback rattlesnake	inheritance	*sɨwɨn-	Takic		S2011a (Stubbs 2009:280); not Stubbs' reconstruction, but Kitanemuk, Serrano are conservative in retaining these nasals.			narrower (Black diamondback only, some evidence of a generic use	derived	ʹşo:-wu-t snake.sp-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (I don't think -wut here is augmentative historically but clearly is treated as such, cf. $oomal, another species	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla		Elliott 1999: 873	no info	1	couplet: $oowut, pa'yamal “b.d. rattlesnake, raccoon” (in men's song)(E); Chingichngish animal (Sparkman 1908:218)	2	probably not, most Chingichngish animals not eaten	no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		Southern Canada south	diverse habitats	yes
red ant			flora-fauna	Solenopsis spp	7áanat	ˈʔa:nat	California harvesting ant, Pogonomyrmex californicus	inheritance	*ʔalɨn-			S44 (Stubbs 2009:44)			narrower (a specific kind of red ant, not all red ants)	other complex	ˈʔa:na-t red.ant.sp-non.possessed.noun				Harrington 1978:164	no info	1	used in ant ordeal (Harrington 1978:164)	0		1	“the medicinal ant of these people” (Harrington 1978:164), a blood medicine, for rheumatism. Could be swallowed or put on afflicted part to bite it.	gathered (wild)	men	kept live for ant ordeal	0	0		Americas	diverse habitats	no
red-shouldered blackbird			flora-fauna	Agelaius phoeniceus	páaxingish	ʹpa:xiŋiʃ	red-winged blackbird	inheritance	*paaka-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Cupan *paaxiŋi-sh, Kitanemuk ˈpakoŋjat; Southern Paiute pagatcaqapI; Tumpisa Shoshone pakkwatoppe			same	other complex	ʹpa:xiŋi-ʃ			7ehéngmay	Elliott 1999:672		2		1		0					0	0				no
red-tailed hawk			flora-fauna	Buteo jamaicensis	kwá'la	ʹkʷaɁla	kind of hawk; Sparkman, red-tailed hawk	inheritance	*kʷaʔa-	Uto-Aztecan		S716a (Stubbs 209:131); a loan from Yuman should be considered (Kiliwa pkwalu, 'Iipay Aa ?epkwall, Yavapai skwala, although those may be from UA -- bird words, yucch.			same	other complex	ʹkʷaɁ-la red.tailed.hawk-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	uncertain if is 7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999:430	no info	2	feathers for headdresses (Sparkman 1908:208)	2	not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652)	no info		HowCollected	men	feathers for arrows, headdresses, wands	0	0	ceremonial regalia bought and sold	Americas	mixed forest and field	no
roadrunner			flora-fauna	Geococcyx californianus	púypuy	ʹpujpuj	roadrunner	inheritance	puhi/puʔi/*puwi (all proposed)	Uto-Aztecan		I agree with Stubbs 2009:250 that Yecora Piman pu7i “roadrunner” fits here. S1776. In all Takic.	WW	%pu:	same	reduplicated	ʹpuj-puj	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999:773	no info	2	roadrunner, along with Horned Toad, doctored Wuyot (E); cut their hair in mourning for Wuyot (Harrington 1978:121)	1	eggs at least must have been eaten	no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		Southwestern US to Central America	desert areas	no
ruddy duck			flora-fauna	Oxyura jamaicensis	yunúqwut	juʹnuqwut	small dark duck, white and blue markings on face	unique							same	derived	juʹnuq-wu-t ?-augmentative-Non.osssed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	qaatqat	Elliott 1999:1150	no info	2		1	meat and eggs	no info		hunted	men	no info	0	0		North America	Lakes and ponds	no
sage herb			flora-fauna	Artemisia californica	húlvul	ʹhulvul	sagebrush; Bright, Artemisia californica	inheritance	*hulupa-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1597 (Stubbs 2009:233)			same	other complex	ʹhulvu-l sage.sp-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999: 353	no info	2	Couplet: hulvul, qawiimal; a Chingichngish plant (Harrington 1978:133); hill of hulvul in ground painting (Kroeber 1925:662)	2		no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		California, Baja California	Chaparral and “dry foothills communities”	no
salmon/steelhead			flora-fauna	Oncorhynchus mykiss	sélwamal	ˈselwamal	trout	unique				note S869 *so ... “kind of fish” (Stubbs 2009:148)			same	derived	ˈselwa-ma-l fish.sp-diminutive-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla		Elliott 1999 1803	no info	2		1	interior Lu. used this fish	no info		hunted	men	taken by poisoning water, broiled, etc.	0	0		Entire Pacific Coast of US (NOAA website)	anadromous, runs in coastal streams	no
scaly lizard			flora-fauna	Pygopus lepidopodus?	qa$íla	qaʹşila	lizard	unique				I wonder about S1328b *kwaCca, in which Stubbs 2009:202 puts Hopi qöqöci. Vowel is wrong, but ...			same	other complex	qaʹşi-la lizard-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	no info	Elliott 1999:792	no info	2		2	“a tabooed food” White 1963:143	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		Americas	diverse habitats	no
small bird			flora-fauna		no special term			missing								unknown							2		1		0					0	0				no
small brown lizard			flora-fauna		7avétkala	ʔaˈvetkala	type of lizard, extremely archaic to Mrs. Hyde; Sparkman, common lizard	unique				Includes *taka (UA etymon) S1340; cf. Cahuilla tataxsily “little lizard”; ?ave- looks like the Yuman “snake” word.			same	compound	ʔaˈve-tka-la ?-lizard.sp-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	no info	Elliott 1999: 144	no info	2		2	“a tabooed food” White 1963:143	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		Americas	desert areas	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		píiqwala	ʹpi:qʷala	snake (any kind) (but not rattlesnakes, see Species notes JHH)	unique							narrower (does not include rattlesnakes)	other complex	ʹpi:qʷa-la (root may be derived)	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla		Elliott 1999: 714	no info	0		1	lizards not eaten, so snakes may also be proscribed	no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		Americas	diverse habitats	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		pi:qwa-la			unknown
soaproot			flora-fauna	Chlorogalum	qéenat	ʹqe:nat	edible plant species, extremely archaic to Mrs. Hyde. Bright: Edible bulb, Chlorogalum parviflorum	unique							same	other complex	ʹqe:na-t soaproot-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:804	no info	2	outer fibers incorporated into bear shaman costumes (C. pomeridium -- Timbrook)	1	bulb of C. parviflorum is eaten (Sparkman 1908:234)	no info		gathered (wild)	women	bulb crushed and particles rubbed in water for lather, bulb fibers for brushes	0	0		Southwest Oregon, California	rock bluffs, grasslands, chaparral	no
sour berry			flora-fauna	Rhus trilobata	$óoval	ʹşo:val	squaw bush, witch hazel, three-leaf sumac. Bright: Rhus trilobata	inheritance	*sɨvaC	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Note Hopi sɨɨvi; this set turns out to be widespread, see Numic forms noted in Stubbs by my hand			same	other complex	ʹşo:va-l sumac-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:871	no info	2		1	berries	no info		gathered (wild)	women	entire berry ground, mixed with water and eaten (no parching or cooking)	0	0		Western North America	chaparral to 3500 feet	no
sparrow hawk			flora-fauna	Falco	kolókolokamay	koˈlokolokamaj	sparrow hawk	inheritance	*kɨlɨ-	Uto-Aztecan		S721 (Stubbs 2009:131); Note: Guarijío keleti̱ \| kereti̱ (?) <kelecí (¿kerecí?)> ‘kind of a hawk’ (Miller 1996: 345); correspondence of medial /l/ is off, perhaps loan. Hopi kyeele “Sparrow Hawk” definitely not regular , perhaps sound-imitation affecti	WW	%kili	same	derived	koˈlo-koloka-maj Dup-sparrow.hawk-diminutive (note: -maj is common variant of -ma-l with usual NPN suffix; -j may = -l	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	uncertain if is 7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999:398	no info	2	feathers for headdresses (Sparkman 1908:208)	2	not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652)	no info		hunted	men	feathers for arrows, headdresses, wands	0	0	ceremonial regalia bought and sold	Americas	diverse habitats	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnida, Araneae	kúyxingish	ʹkujxiŋiʃ	black widow spider	inheritance	*kuyka-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S2057 (Stubbs 2009:285)			narrower (Black Widow spider prototype)	other complex	kúyxingi-sh Black.widow-non.possessed.noun (root is derived etymologically, probably comes from word for “to bite”)				Elliott 1999:429	no info	0	couplet: kuyxingish, kuyee'ewut (E); a Chingichngish animal (Sparkman 1908:218); some say lit fire of Wuyot's pyre (Harrington 1978)	0		no		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		Western North America	diverse habitats, reclusive	yes
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna		ku/yxingi-sh (black widow)			inheritance
spotted skunk			flora-fauna	Spilogale gracilis	túkyaspal	ʹtukjaspal	small skunk species (Harrington)	inheritance	*-tɨkʷɨ-	Californian		contains -tɨkʷɨ s1984,Stubbs 2009:275 but derivation obscure			same	other complex	ʹtukjaspa-l skunk.sp-non.possessed.noun (surely root is derived)				Elliott 1999:988	no info	2		2		no		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		Western U.S.	diverse habitats	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	Bufonidae	waxáawut	waʹxa:wut	bullfrog, toad	inheritance	*wakaC-ta	Uto-Aztecan		S940 (Stubbs 2009:157); Tarahumara 7awaka seems OK in this set.	WW	%wakat	broader (includes large frogs as well as toads)	derived	waʹxa:-wu-t frog-augmentative-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	no info	Elliott 1999:1037	no info	2	Bullfrog is last child of Wuyot, and bewitched him. Couplet: waxaawut, kaarawut “bullfrog, earthworm”	2	not eaten	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		Americas	wet lands, streams and lakes	no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana spp.	píivat	ʹpi:vat	tobacco, cigarette	inheritance	pipaC (pipat?)	Uto-Aztecan		S2290 (Stubbs 2009:310)			broader (includes cigarette as well as plant and leaves)	other complex	ʹpi:va-t tobacco-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:716	no info	1	couplet: piivat, pavyut “tobacco, ceremonial.beads”; a Chingichngish plant (Harrington 1978:133); soup made of piivat at girl's initiation ceremony. Piivat is a changichngish (powerful spirit)	1	plant parts often poisonous if eaten	1		gathered (wild but closely managed)	all	smoked in pipe, chewed with lime, drunk as decoction depending on use (no ref for this but these uses universal in area)	1	0		Americas	diverse habitats	yes
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna	(NA)	kuláawut	kuˈla:wut	generic term for any kind of tree; wood,piece of wood, stick, log	inheritance	*kutawɨ/kɨtawɨ	Takic		S2346a (Stubbs 2009:315) Note -- Hopi is NOT part of set!			broader (includes wood, sticks, logs)	other complex	kuˈla:wu-t wood-non.possessed.noun (-wu-t is NOT the augmentative; etymologically this is kutaC-wɨC-ta wood-gather-nominalizer				Elliott 1999:408	no info	0	couplet: kuuyat, kulaawut. “Any kulaawut... can be designated th Tcangitcngic as one of his messengers for producing death” Harrington 1978:133)	0		no info		gathered (wild)	all	depends on species	0	0		Americas	diverse habitats depending on species	no
tree yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca schidegera	hunúuvat	huʹnu:vat	yucca; Bright: Mojave yucca, Yucca schidigera	inheritance	*hunuva-	Cupan plus Gabrielino		S2548 (Stubbs 2009:340)			same	other complex	huʹnu:va-t yucca.sp-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:357	no info	2		1	flowers, pods	no info		gathered (wild)	women	flowers cooked in water (Sparkman 1908:195), pods roasted in coals (p. 196)	0	0		Mojave and Sonoran Deserts (and obviously nearby Coast Ranges in dry areas)	rocky slopes, creosote flats, 300-1200m (rarely up to 2500m)	no
turkey buzzard			flora-fauna	Cathartes aura	yungáavish	juʹŋa:viʃ	vulture, turkey buzzard	inheritance	*juŋa:pi-	Takic		S336 (Stubbs 2009:87). This is probably juŋ -a-pi where a is the ablaut vowel induced by -pi. But I don't know what juŋ- means! Elliott 1999 has junga “archaic word for “to dance”)			same	other complex	juʹŋa:vi-ʃ vulture-non.possessed.noun (root may be complex, see etymology notes)	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	uncertain if is 7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999:1151	no info	2	couplet: yungaavish,nikiilish; a constellation	2	almost certainly not eaten	no info		hunted	men	feathers for arrows (Sparkman 1908:203)	0	0		Americas	diverse habitats	no
turtle (generic)			flora-fauna	Testudines	páa'ila	ʹpa:Ɂila	turtle	inheritance	ʔayaC (with pa:-	Uto-Aztecan		S2359 (Stubbs 2009:316)			narrower (California Terrapin)	derived	ʹpa:-Ɂi-la where Ɂi is what's left of Ɂaji; water/big-turtle-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla		Elliott 1999 661	Old family name (Harrington)	2	couplet: paa'ila, tamya$ut (the ritual mortar?); rattle made of shell of land tortoise	2	not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652)	no info		hunted	all	collected for shell, used as rattles	0	1	ceremonial regalia bought and sold	Western North America	diverse habitats	no
valley live oak			flora-fauna	Quercus agrifolia	wi'áa$al	wiʹɁa:şal	kind of live oak; Harrington, Quercus agrifolia	inheritance	*wiʔaN-si	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1507b (Stubbs 2009:224). Cupeno, Cahuilla have -si increment.			broader (includes tree and acorns)	other complex	wiʹɁa:şa-l coast.live.oak-non.possessed.noun (root is derived etymologically but not synchronically)				Elliott 1999:1046	no info	2	plural forms refer to time when humans were trees	1	next to Black Oak, the most esteemed acorn (Sparkman 1908:193)	no info		gathered (wild but closely managed)	all	acorns ground into flour, which is leached, then cooked into bread, mush, soup	0	1		California west of Sierra Nevada from Mendocino County to Baja California; only coastal live oak	Concentrated in valleys and on lower hills below 3000 feet	no
valley oak			flora-fauna	Quercus lobata	kwíila	ʹkʷi:la	black oak, acorns of which are best for making mush; acorns of this oak; Bright: Quercus kelloggii	inheritance	kwini/kwiyi-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1507a (Stubbs 2009:224). This is probably a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan			broader (includes tree and acorns)	other complex	ʹkʷi:-la black.oak-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:437	no info	2	couplet: $uukat, kwiila. Plural forms refer to time when humans were trees.	1	the most esteemed acorn (Sparkman 1908:193)	no info		gathered (wild but closely managed)	all	acorns ground into flour, which is leached, then cooked into bread, mush, soup	0	1		Southwest Oregon and California except in deserts	Found in high hills up to 8,000 feet, especially on slopes facing away from the desert	no
valley quail			flora-fauna	Callipepla californica	qaxáal	qaʹxa:l	Southern valley quail	inheritance	*kakaC-	Uto-Aztecan		S1702a (Stubbs 2009:241); 1702b is a different word, a Californianism.	WW	%kaka	same	other complex	qaʹxa:-l quail-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999: 798	no info	2	couplet qaxáal, qaxáawut; cut their hair in mourning for Wuyot (Harrington 1978:121)	1	abundant (Sparkman 1908:199); eggs eaten (ibid)	no info		hunted	men	broiling on coals (Sparkman 1908:199)	0	0		Far west North America to B.C.	open woodlands, chaparral	no
Washington clam			flora-fauna	Saxidomus nuttalli	7óymal	ʹɁojmal	Harrington: bivalve-like clam 3/4 inch long	unique				Possible loan, note Chumash B t'o (Mary Yee cited in Ono p. 30; t- is separable)			same	derived	ʹɁoj-ma-l clam.sp-diminutive-non.possessed.noun			no info	Elliott 1999:219	no info	2		1		no info		gathered (wild)	all	no info	0	1	no Saxidomus at Lake Elsinore	Pacific Coast	in protected bays and near estuaries	no
Western Canada goose			flora-fauna	Branta canadensis	lá'la	ʹlaɁla	wild goose	loan			Yokuts	similar forms very widespread in California, Cupan forms not correspondent in spite of S708 (Stubbs 2009:130); best match here is Yowlumne lah'-lah (Merriam 58:559)	WW	%lala ~ %lak	same	underived		-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	uncertain if is qaatqat	Elliott 1999:445	Family name from Soboba	0		1	meat and eggs	no info		hunted	men	no info	0	0		North America	Wetlands, open fields	no
whale			flora-fauna	Eschrichtius robustus	koyóowut	koʹjo:wut	whale	inheritance	*kɨcuC-	Uto-Aztecan		S864 (Stubbs 2009;147)			narrower (this is California Gray Whale)	derived	koʹjo:-wu-t fish-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (except ko'jo is “water monster living near Pauma” in Lu.			no info	Elliott 1999:404	no info	2	Whale may be the “Big Fish” that brought tosawt “sacred stones” from island to mainland (Harrington 1978:146)	1	very infrequent; beached whales used mainly as source of bone	no info		no info	no info	no info	0	1	I assume whale bone was traded, it's found in interior	Pacific coast; migratory route is Alaska-Gulf of California	deep water (although California Grays may swim fairly close to shore)	no
white pelican			flora-fauna	Pelicanus erythrorhynchos	atáal	Ɂaʹta:l	pelican, extremely archaic to Mrs. Hyde	unique							broader (“pelican”, presumably White and Brown)	other complex	Ɂaʹta:-l pelican-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999 136	no info	0		2		no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		North America	On coasts in winter	no
wild grapevine			flora-fauna	Vitis californica	mákwit	ʹmakʷit	wild grape	inheritance	*makʷV-/maku-	Uto-Aztecan		S193 (Stubbs 2009:65) a new set from Stubbs that may very well be good			broader (includes plant and grapes)	other complex	ʹmakʷi-t wild.grapes-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:493	no info	2	Couplet: makwit, awiiwanawut “wild grapes, clematis”	1	fruit always eaten fresh (Sparkman 1908:195)	no info		gathered (wild)	women	“fruit is cooked and used for food” Sparkman 1908:231)	0	0		Southwest Oregon and California	common along streams and in canyon bottoms below 4000 feet	no
wild oats			flora-fauna	Avena (introduction)	7urúush	Ɂuʹru:ʃ	wild rice; Harrington: wild oats; Sparkman: wild oats	loan			Spanish	Spanish arroz “rice”	WW	%arroz	same (I think Harrington is wrong about wild rice)	underived	a fake root-non.possessed.noun formation *Ɂuʹru:-ʃ, but no possessive forms				Elliott 1999:227	no info	2		1	“a favorite” (Sparkman 1908:196)	no info		gathered (wild)	women	stripped from plant with hands, parched together with hulls, pounded into meal. Mixed with elderberries a favorite (Sparkman 1908:196)	0	0		Americas	Common up to about 3500 feet; abundant since at least 1835	no
wild rose			flora-fauna	Rosa californica	7úshla	ʹɁuʃla	wild rose; Bright, Rosa californica	inheritance	*ʔusa-la	Takic		not in Stubbs; note Cahuilla ˈʔuʃal “wild rose”, Cupeño 7u$al, Cahuilla ʔúšal, Kitanemuk ʔucuč, Gabrielino ochu:r			same	other complex	ʹɁuʃ-la wild.rose-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:228	no info	0	couplet: 'ushla, pikwla; a Chingichngish plant (Harrington 1978:133); “sting for chingichngish” (Kroeber 1925:679)	1	must have been eaten, but never mentioned.	no info		no info	no info	no info	0	0		Oregon, California, northern Baja California	moist areas, cienegas, along streams	no
wild sunflower			flora-fauna	Helianthus (and other genera)	páa'akal	pa:ʹɁakal	sunflower	inheritance	*(pa)ʔaʔka	Uto-Aztecan		S2191 (Stubbs 2009:299)			same	other complex	pa:ʹɁaka-l sunflower-non.possessed.noun (root is complex)				Elliott 1999:659	no info	0		1	seeds	no info		gathered (wild)	women	seeds parched, can be mixed with other seeds in flour	0	0		North America	diverse habitats	no
willow			flora-fauna	Salix spp.	$axát	şaʹxat	Arroyo willow	inheritance	*sakat	Uto-Aztecan		S1023 (Stubbs 2009:166)			same	other complex	şaʹxa-t willow.sp-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:845	no info	2	used in construction of the wamkish (Harrington 1978:136)	2		no info		gathered (wild)	all	twigs and branches cut	0	0		Southwestern US and Mexico	Along streams and in wet places below 2000 feet	no
wood rat, round-tail			flora-fauna	Neotoma spp.	qáwla	ʹqawla	woodrat	inheritance	*kawa-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1423 (Stubbs 2009:242)			same	other complex	ʹqaw-la woodrat-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:798	no info	2		1	“much liked” Sparkman 1908:198)	no info		hunted	men	roasted, boiled	0	0		Western U.S., northern Mexico	diverse habitats	no
worm, hairy caterpillar			flora-fauna	Arctiidae (many species)	$akíshla	şaʹkiʃla	nettle; Harrington: a hairy caterpillar that stings on contact	unique				loan-y relationship with Cupeño sichiqily “nettle” perhaps??			broader (really means something with hairy stinging elements)	other complex	şaʹkiʃ-la nettle/hairy.caterpillar-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:833	no info	2		2	Lightfoot & Parrish 2009:272; larvae of butterflies and moths eaten by Lu.	no info		gathered (wild)	women and children	dried and stored for cooking in boiling water	0	0		Americas	diverse (depends on species)	no
worm, smooth caterpillar			flora-fauna	Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper	$iválaka	şiʹvalaka	tomato worm	unique							narrower (probably refers only to green edible worm)	underived	note absence of non.possessed.noun suffix; might be a loan				Elliott 1999:861	no info	2		2		no info		gathered (wild)	women and children	boiled in water (Sparkman 1908:200)	0	0		Americas	diverse (depends on species)	no
yellow jacket			flora-fauna	Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp.	$áa$angla	ʹşa:şaŋla	yellow jacket	inheritance	*saŋa-	Takic		S160 (Stubbs 2009:62)			same	reduplicated	$áa-$ang-la Dup-yellowjacket-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:830	no info	2		0		no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		Americas	diverse (depends on species)	no
yellowbird			flora-fauna	Dendroica petechia	missing			missing								missing							0		1		0					0	0				no
yerba santa			flora-fauna	Eriodictyon californicum	pálwut	ʹpalwut	plant species known as “hierba santa”	unique							same	derived	ʹpal-wu-t plant.sp-augmentative-non.possessed.noun				Elliott 1999:683	no info	2	couplet: palwut, 'aválwut	1	Harrington: make pinole of seeds	1	“much valued” Sparkman 1908:230	gathered (wild)	women	seeds parched and mixed with other seeds for pinole mush	0	0		Oregon, California -- USDA, oddly, doesn't show it in southern California deserts (http://plants.usda.gov/java/county?state_name=California&statefips=06&symbol=ERCA6)	diverse habitats	no

Showing 1 to 130 of 130 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (115)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source
acorn bread			food	$aawokish		tortilla, bread	loan into protolanguage	*saw-	Takic	Wintun	WW	%saw	Stubbs 2011 266c; see Cahuilla for discussion	derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
acorn mush			food	wiiwish		acorn mush	inheritance	*wiw	Takic				Stubbs 2011,1557	other complex		Elliott 1999
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology	tolmul		hell', underworld	inheritance	*tyL-mukki	Cupan				Stubbs 2113	other complex		Elliott 1999
alcohol			food	paa7kilash		drink of any kind, beverage, beer, cocktail, alcohol	unique						on 'drink'	derived, other complex		Eliott 1999
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	huula		arrow, wisdom tooth	inheritance	*huca	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 63	other complex		Elliott 1999
arrow straightener			other	yoowlash		grooved stone for straightening arrows	inheritance	*jyw	Cupan				Stubbs 2011 2227	derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
bag, sack			culture-material	kunla		sack, bag, purse, suitcase	inheritance	*kuna	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 114a	other complex		Elliott 1999
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	ichilash kaarawut		bait, worm used for bait	unique						neither form attested in cognate sets	phrase		Elliott 1999
ball game			food	waw7kish		shinny ball, shinny game itself	unique							other complex		Elliott 1999
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	tukmal		basket, winnowing basket	unique							derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	apmal		small basket	inheritance	*apo	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1711; also pa'kumal	derived, other coplex		Elliott 1999
basketry hat			culture-material	yumpish		hat, basketry cap	inheritance	*yumu	Cupan				see "hat"	derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	pavyut		ceremonial wand, ceremonial beads	inheritance	payu, papayu	Takic				Stubbs 2011 1268a Lu, Ca, add Gab	other complex	really reduplicated but probably not synchronically	Elliott 1999
beans			food	missing			missing
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool	wa:ka-t			inheritance
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	missing			missing
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	mala:-l			inheritance
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	kutapish		bow, ash tree	inheritance	*kuCta	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 278, from 'wood'?	derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	pawxit		yellow pine, dugout canoe	semantic shift	*woNko	Uto-Aztecan				pine tree plus pa-, either water or big, this is actually sewn plank canoe, not dugout, but given word must have been dugout at some point	other complex		Elliott 1999
carrying net			subsistence tool	iikat		carrying net	inheritance	*iCkaC	Cupan				Stubbs 2011 1519	other complex		Elliott 1999
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	tuukut kingawish		house cat (Harrington)	unique				WW	%tuku		phrase		Elliott 1999
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	qaxaavaywut		chicken	semantic shift	*kakaC	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Hill/Miller ka-15; this is an embellishment of the "quail" word; Stubbs 2011 1749a	derived, other complex		Eliott 1999
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	noo-t		chief, boss, leader, spokesman	inheritance	*nyC-ta	Cupan					other complex		Elliott 1999
clapper			acculturation	qa$lapish		split-stick rattle used in tatahuila dance	unique							derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	miyxanish		clothes, dress	inheritance	*miyxan	Cupan				also in Cupeno -mixan 'belongings'	derived, other complex		Eliott 1999
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	wotilash		bat, club, chopping block	unique							derived, other complex	from 'beat'	Elliott 1999
cook food			food	qwa$o'i		to cook, make ripen	inheritance	*kwasi/aC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 421	simplex	root	Elliott 1999
corn			food	kutápish		shelled corn or beans	unique							derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
corpse			food	toowish		spirit, ghost, deceased person, cadaver, corpse, soul	inheritance	*tywi-	Takic				Stubbs 1799	other complex		Elliott 1999
cradleboard			culture-material	qeepish		baby basket, crib, bassinet, cradle	inheritance	*qopi	Takic				Hill/Miller ko-42	other complex		Elliott 1999
cremate			culture-mythology	chuyi		to light fire, cremate, burn, set fire, fire pottery	unknown						looks a bit like the Gab. Too-e word; Harrington has taaxan for 'cremate' instead of 'bury'	simplex	root	Elliott 1999
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	pelaxish		generic dance	unique							derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
Datura wrightii			narcotics	naqtumush		Jimsonweed, toloache, boys' tea for initiation	inheritance	*naNka-tama	Takic				ear-mouth??	other complex	compound not retrievable synchronically	Elliott 1999
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	yuungawish		God, Lord	semantic shift	*jungavish	Cupan				Isn't this the vulture/condor word??? Hill/Miller ju-12	other complex		Elliott 1999
digging stick			subsistence tool	no-nah-hah	nonax'a (probably no-nax'a my-digging.stick)	digging stick	inheritance	*naka-ta	Californian (Takic plus Tubatulabal)					other complex		Merriam 49:23
digging stick			subsistence tool				missing
dipper			subsistence tool	icháqilash		drinking cup (from ichaqi 'to dip up liquid')	unique							derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	putii'ish		dream (N)	unique							other complex		Elliott 1999
drone pipe			culture-mythology	missing			missing
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	missing			missing
earring			other	paaxwichat		earring	unique							other complex		Elliott 1999
feather headband			dress	cheeyat		feather dance bonnet, headdress	inheritance	*choya	Cupan				Stubbs 2011 865	other complex		Elliott 1999
fire drill			subsistence tool	moorilash		fire drill	unique						Hill/Miller my-01 takic myLi 'twist'	derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
fire-tender			culture-mythology	taaxku		ceremonial official who used to drink water in which clothes of dead had been washed	inheritance	ta-ku	Uto-Aztecan				cognate with Cupeno tekweve'esh	simplex	really compound but not synchronically	Elliott 1999
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other	kut pochuyila		fire place	unique							phrase		Eliott 1999
firewood	leña	lenha	other	kulaawut		wood, sticks, etc.	inheritance	*kutawi	Northern Uto-Azteca				Stubbs 2011 2409a	other complex		Eliott 1999
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	missing			missing
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	7ichi		to clear from obligation, get even, to fish	inheritance	*itsh 'dip up'	Uto-Aztecan				Hill/Miller i-11	simplex	root	Elliott 1999
fish hook			subsistence tool	iiqish		fish hook (archaic)	inheritance	*ok	Takic				root also in the Kitanemuk word;and maybe in W. Mono; also 7orilish (S); possibly from the 'bone' word???	other complex		Eliott 1999
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	missing			missing
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	hunuuvat (S)		fishing line, yucca schidigera	semantic shift	*hunuva	Takic				Stubbs 2009 2548	other complex		Elliott 1999
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	wiirulash		flute	inheritance	*wiLu	PNUA				Stubbs 912	derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
gambling sticks			other	missing			missing
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	qwq'pish		game, hunted animal to be eaten	unique						from qaaw 'die'??	derived, other complex	and reduplicated but not synchronically is my guess	Elliott 1999
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	toowish 'alaxwish		evil spirit	inheritance	*tywi-	Takic	Yok-Utian	WW	%7el	Stubbs 1799	phrase		Elliott 1999
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	toowish		spirit, ghost, deceased person	inheritance	*tywi-	Takic				Stubbs 1799	other complex		Elliott 1999
glue			subsistence tool	$aanat		glue, gum	inheritance	*salaC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1634	other complex		Elliott 1999
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	taaxanash		cemetery, grave	inheritance						Cupan only; Harrington collected taxanish 'cemetery' for Cupeno (3:130:140)	derived, other complex		Eliott 1999
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	patkilash		gun	unique						on pati like Cu	derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	yumpish		hat	inheritance	*yumu	Cupan					derived, other complex		Stubbs 2011 1148
honey	miel	mel	food	$a$angla po'aw		honey	unique							phrase	bee its juice	Elliott 1999
house			other	kii-cha		house	inheritance	*ki:	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1214	other complex		Elliott 1999
house			other	ki:-cha			inheritance
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	aamo		to hunt	inheritance	*7amu	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1233	simplex	root	Elliott 1999
initiate boy			culture-mythology	pumi		initiate into manhood	unique							simplex	root	Elliott 1999
initiate girl			culture-mythology	wiqeni-		hold girls' puberty ceremony (I've backformed from wiqenish)	unique							simplex	root	Elliott 1999
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	pikát		stone knife	inheritance	*pikkaC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1266	other complex		Elliott 1999
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	missing			missing
mat			culture-material	ngaw'lash		mattress, mat, bed, mat to sleep on	unique							derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
medicine			narcotics	tengalish		medicine, poultice, medicinal herb	inheritance	*tonga	Cupan				Stubbs 2011 1161	derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	toopal		mortar for grinding	inheritance	*typpa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1083	other complex		Elliott 1999
necklace			other	qenxat		necklace, beads	inheritance	*koLoka	Uto-Aztecan		WW	%xene	Stubbs 2011 1505	other complex		Elliott 1999
needle/awl			subsistence tool	eevish		awl	inheritance	*7opi	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 92	other complex		Elliott 1999
ochre			culture-mythology	navyót		red ochre, hematite	loan			Gabrielino				other complex		Elliott 1999
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	wotilish		oar or paddle	unique							derived, other complex	beat	Elliott 1999
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	missing			missing
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	toopawut		pestle	inheritance	*typpa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 20111083 with -wut increment like in Cahuilla	derived, other complex	has augmentative suffix	Elliott 1999
pinole			food	pooyish		pinole	inheritance	*pyji-	Cupan					other complex		Elliott 1999
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	piveesash		tule, type of pipe	unknown						tobacco-reed, but I can't find reed word; also piviisaxmal, qaluunmal, ngatatmal, chetmal, etc.	other complex		Elliott 1999
pitch			food	$aanut		tar, pitch, gum	inheritance	*salaC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1634	other complex		Elliott 1999
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation	to$ngukat		policeman, officer, justice of the peace, commander,director, principal (of school), driver	unique							derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	peshlish		generic pot, dish, earthenware bowl	inheritance	*pasa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1706, not sure I believe this	other complex		Elliott 1999
quiver			subsistence tool	taavalkwash		quiver	unique							other complex	taav 'put in'???	Elliott 1999
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	paa'ayat		turtleshell rattle	inheritance	*(pa)-7aya-la	Cupan				Stubbs 2422 but in 'rattle' meaning onlyTakic	other complex		Elliott 1999
red paint			culture-mythology	paa'isval		red paint made from iron-bearing pond scum	unique						from *os 'to draw'	other complex	water-paint-stuff	Elliott 1999
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	wiichut		rope, string, twine	inheritance	*wik-tiwa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1843	other complex		Elliott 1999
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	wi:-cha-t, wi:-chu-t			inheritance
salt	sal	sal	food	engla		salt, salt lick	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex		Elliott 1999
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	piláchilash		school	unique							derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
seed beater			subsistence tool	washpish		seed beater	inheritance	*wacap	Takic				see Kitanemuk; Elliott has woshpish, washpish is Bright's form	derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	puu-la		shaman	inheritance	*puha	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1160a	other complex		Elliott 1999
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	wachxat		shoe	inheritance	waCci(kaC0	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1955 has parens around the first C, curse excel	other complex		Elliott 1999
sinew-backed bow			subsistence tool	nemeexát		bow (Sparkman, archaic)	unique						related to word for "wrap"	other complex		Elliott 1999
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	olval		cape-like garment, women's skirt (B)	inheritance	*ylaC	Cupan				Stubbs 2011 498	other complex		Elliott 1999
snare			subsistence tool	orilash		trap	unique						Merriam 49:21 saw-tish 'deadfall'	derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	neqpikat		soldier (fighter)	unique							derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	heelaxish		song	unique							derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	$e'lalash		arrow, spear (H)	unique							derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	hu:la “arrow”			inheritance
spearthrower			subsistence tool	ku/tupish “bow”			inheritance
stirring stick			food	iival		wooden paddle	inheritance	*ipa	Cupan				Stubbs 2011 1596	other complex		Elliott 1999
stone bowl			culture-material	missing			missing
string of shell money			other	sinaval		money	unique							other complex		Elliott 1999
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	kó$aat		sweet, candy, jam, sugar, sweets, cookies	unique							other complex		Elliott 1999
sweathouse			other	ha$lash		sweathouse	inheritance	*hashla	Cupan				Stubbs 2011 2252	derived, other complex		Elliott 1999
tell history			culture-mythology	aa'alvi		tell a story	inheritance	*7a7al	Californian (Takic plus Tubatulabal)				Stubbs 2011 1873b	simplex	root	Elliott 1999
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	kotla-sh			unknown									Elliott
tobacco (native)			narcotics	piivat		tobacco, cigarette	inheritance	*pipaC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2348	other complex		Elliott 1999
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture	to:pa-wu-t “pestle” (no “mano”)			loan into protolanguage, direction unknown
tule boat			transport	wixét, wixee7et		song word, canoe made of tules, balsa raft	semantic shift	*woNko	Uto-Aztecan				PUA 'pine tree', but I wonder if this is a distinct etymon?? Makes no sense (the sewn plank canoe is the BIG wixet (pawxit)			Elliott 1999
wheat			food	$aaxish		grain, wheat	inheritance	*saki	Uto-Aztecan				Hill 2007 BLS	other complex		Eliott 1999
white paint			culture-mythology	toovish		white clay used to paint boys at initiation	inheritance	*typic	Takic				Stubbs 2011 758	other complex		Elliott 1999
winnow	aventar, tirar (sementes)	joeirar	manufacture	cha:yi-			unknown
winnowing basket			culture-material	tukmal		basket, winnowing basket	unique							other complex		Elliott 1999
wood tray			subsistence tool	missing			missing

Showing 1 to 115 of 115 entries

Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	no
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	yes
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	yes
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	6-7
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	yes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	no
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	yes
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	no
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	3
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	no
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		yes
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		no
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		no
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	yes
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	no
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	no
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		no
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	no
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	no
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	yes
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	no
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	yes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		yes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	yes
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	no
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	yes
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	yes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	yes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	yes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	yes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	yes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	yes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	no
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	no
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	no
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	yes
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		yes
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		no
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	no
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		yes
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	yes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	yes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	yes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		yes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		yes
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	no
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	yes
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no
Word Order	Num-Noun		yes
Word Order	Noun-Num		no
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	yes
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	no
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
	large	HG	medium	seasonal		no

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