Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix
- Category
- Nominal Categories - Number
- Notes
- Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 23 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 48 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:124, 195-7 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 92-3 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | Not for subject/object marking or possessive prefixes | Facundes, 2000: 345-355 | |||
| Arabana | no | 110, 113 | 0 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 89 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Plural forms with augmentative -ite | Mihas 2010:159,160 | |||
| Añun | no | different pronouns for plural | Patte 1989 | |||
| Bandjalang | No | 39 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.31 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 | ||||
| Batyala | No | 4 | 0 | |||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007:317 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 5.1.1 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no | 24, 32 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:55 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 50 | 0 | |||
| Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
| Cabecar | no | Bourland 1976:54-56 | ||||
| Cahuilla | yes | |||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Huayhua Pari 2001: 248 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | no | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | |||||
| Cupeño | yes | |||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 28-29 | 0 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 30 | ||||
| Dharawal | no | 49-52 | 0 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 41; 61 | 0 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 51-2 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | No | 33 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 51 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 0 | ||||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | certain pronouns have -ton or -kon endings | Payne 2012:88-89 | |||
| Gabrielino | yes | |||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 15 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | But only for third person animate | Alphonse 1956:4, Quesada 2008:70 | |||
| Gugu-Badhun | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 282 | 0 | |||
| Guna | yes | plural enclitic | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | No | 304 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 66 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 40-41 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | no | |||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1990:26 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | Except for the first person plural pronoun | Levinson 1978:6 | |||
| Jaru | no | 64-5 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | Silva 2011:146 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 31-2, 80-1 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 144 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | It is not stated but it seems that 1st person plural inclusive and 2pl are form by adding /-tʃa/ to the respective singular form and the final nasal of the singular forms is deleted but it leaves compensatoy lenghtening in the vowel as well as nasalizatio | Everett 2006:296, 303 | |||
| Katthang | yes | 64 | 1 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 7-8 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | yes | |||||
| Kogi | no | Celedón 1886:13 | ||||
| Kokama | no | |||||
| Kokatha | No | 48 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31-32 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | 3rd pronouns are derived from anaphoric particle root 'ti+' the noun class marker- in the 3P the animate plural class marker is used | Stenzel 2004, p. 161 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 421 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | n/a | 74 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No | 87, 91 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | yes | 92-93 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 213 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | yes | |||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:21 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 282 | ||||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.33-36 | ||||
| Makushi | yes | Carson 1982: 89 | *This seems a bit odd to me- pronouns using the inanimate plural marker rather than the animate one- re-read section and still got same conclusion | |||
| Mapudungun | no | However, this language distinguishes between singular, dual and plural personal pronouns which are expressed by more-or-less supletive pronoun forms | Zúñiga 2006, p. 96-99 | |||
| Marrgany | No | 303 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 0 | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 90 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:242 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 52 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.15-16 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 90 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | yes | Michael, 2008. p. 297 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 58 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 29 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 23 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 6 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 123 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 58, 76-77 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011:147 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.50-51 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:42-3 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | no | differing set of plural pronouns | Launey 2003:65 | |||
| Panyjima | yes | 156-157, 149-150 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:28 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999: 12 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | First- and third-person plural pronouns are suppletive. The second-person plural uses the 2nd person singular and a plural marker, but it seems specific to pronouns, distinct from the nominal plural, although it is used to indicate agreement on verbs. | Galindo, 2002: 160, 184 | |||
| Pintupi | no | 0 | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 18 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 194 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p170, 191 | ||||
| Páez | no | Jung:136 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | But this strategy is only used for 2nd and 3rd person; 1st person plural distinguishes between inclusive and exclusive which have suppletive forms. | Parker 1965:35 | |||
| Resígaro | no | Allin, 1976: 116 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 29 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: p.150 | ||||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Sikuani | yes | for first and second person | Queixalós 2000:13 | |||
| Siona | no | Each pronoun, including plurals, has its own form. There are no affixes for plurality for pronouns. | Wheeler - 1987:135-136 | |||
| Southern Paiute | no | |||||
| Southern Ute | no | |||||
| Surui | no | Van der Meer (?):7-8 | ||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.60 | ||||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald notes that plural marking in pronouns is distinct from that in nouns, although pronouns with a derivational classifier take the same plural marker as a noun with a classifier. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 164-165, 204 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 23 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Montes 2004b:88-89 | ||||
| Timbisha | yes | |||||
| Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997: 322 | ||||
| Uradhi | No | 353 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:213 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 68 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 151 | 0 | |||
| Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | yes | Santos, 2006: 185 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | BS151, n24 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 881 | 0 | |||
| Warnman | Yes | 25 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 40 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 28 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 175, 230 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 72 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Plural pronouns are suppletive. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 797-798 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 37-8 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | no | |||||
| WesternTorres | no | FO 136, 138 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 86 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 0 | ||||
| Worrorra | no | 25, ms7.2 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 16 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 87, 93 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:61 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | no number marked on non-possessive forms, number marked on 1st person inclusive dual and plural and on second person dual and plural with suffixes that are unique to possessive pronouns | Ramirez 1994: 209-210 | |||
| Yanyuwa | no | 12 | 0 | |||
| Yavitero | no | 1st and 2nd pronominal plurals are completely suppletive. The third-person plural uses the third-person singular form plus another morpheme -ni, but this isn't the same plural marker used elsewhere. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 41 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | not done yet | X | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | 73 | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no | 515 | 0 | |||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 63 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 518 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 19 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 43 | 0 |
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