Gabrielino
- Family
- Uto-Aztecan
- Region
- North America
- ISO 639-3
- ser
- Location
- 33.95°, -116.77°
- Notes
- Features
-
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information
- Data Sources
- none
Basic Vocabulary (185)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Source |
|---|
English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1pl.excl | nosotros (exclusivo) | nós (exclusivo) | grammar | missing | ||||||||||||
| 1pl.incl | nosotros (inclusivo) | nós (inclusivo) | grammar | 7iyo:mama | unknown | |||||||||||
| 1sg | yo | eu | grammar | no:- | inheritance | |||||||||||
| 2pl | ustedes | vocês | grammar | 7omoma (pl)- | inheritance | |||||||||||
| 2sg | xx | xx | grammar | 7a7 | inheritance | |||||||||||
| 3pl | ellos/ellas | eles/elas | grammar | 7em | loan | |||||||||||
| 3sg | el/ella | ele/ela | grammar | po:7 | inheritance | |||||||||||
| above | encima, arriba | acima | location | hetko, hetek “arriba” | unique | Harrington Notes from KCH | ||||||||||
| again | de nuevo, otra vez | de novo | grammar | wa--a--ky /we7ekay/? | unknown | CHM/MC255 | ||||||||||
| all | todo | todos | other | 7owe: | inheritance | |||||||||||
| and | y | e | grammar | hama7 (also means “also”) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| ankle | tobillo | tornozelo | body | missing | ||||||||||||
| armpit | axila, sobaco | axila | body | -kwa:r | inheritance | |||||||||||
| ash | ceniza(s) | cinzas | environment | ko$i:y, ku$i:y | inheritance | |||||||||||
| at | en, a | em, a | location | ahng-en-ah (nga) | inheritance | CHM/MC266 | ||||||||||
| back | espalda | costas | body | ah-tsahCH ( -cax ) | inheritance | CHM/MC241 | ||||||||||
| bad | mal | mal | quality | moha:y “malo”; pl. momo:hem | unknown | |||||||||||
| belly | barriga | barriga | body | 7a-xo:non, 7a-xo:nen | inheritance | |||||||||||
| below | abajo, debajo | abaixo | location | tongko, tongo:ko | inheritance | |||||||||||
| big | grande | grande | quality | yo7oyt | inheritance | |||||||||||
| bite | morder | morder | body | missing | ||||||||||||
| black | negro | preto | colour | yupi: | inheritance | |||||||||||
| blood | sangre | sangue | body | 7akain | unknown | |||||||||||
| blow | soplar | soprar | body | pu:y; po:7ina- “sopla” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| boil/pimple | espinilla, granos | espinha, borbulha | body | ah-chi-in “a sore” /achayn/ | unknown | CHM/MC | ||||||||||
| bone | hueso | osso | body | -7e:7en | inheritance | |||||||||||
| breast | pecho, seno | peito | body | ah-peep/-cho /7a-pi-p-cho/ "female breasts" | inheritance | CHM/MC241 | ||||||||||
| breathe | respirar | respirar | body | missing | ||||||||||||
| burn | quemar | queimar | environment | vere:k- | unknown | |||||||||||
| chew | masticar, mascar | mastigar | body | pera: | inheritance | |||||||||||
| child | niño, niña | criança | human | kweti:7 (boy? baby?) | unknown | |||||||||||
| climb | subir | subir | motion | missing | ||||||||||||
| cloud | nube | nuvem | environment | 7akwa:kin “nube, said when is to rain” | unknown | |||||||||||
| cold | frío | frio | quality | $ovo7 | inheritance | |||||||||||
| come | venir | vir | motion | -ki:, kima/-H145 | inheritance | UA | ||||||||||
| cook | cocinar | cozinhar | impact | missing | ||||||||||||
| correct/true | verdad, de veras | verdade | quality | CHM hi/yah-hah/-re “right” (vs wrong) | unknown | |||||||||||
| count | contar | contar | mental | missing | ||||||||||||
| cry | llorar | chorar | mental | yu:pu; CHM yu--ah | inheritance | |||||||||||
| cut/hack | cortar | cortar | impact | 7ara:ke- “rajar” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| day | día | dia | time | ta:met, may be “sun”, | inheritance | |||||||||||
| die/be dead | morir | morrer | state | myo:kmok “he died” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| dig | cavar | cavar | impact | missing | ||||||||||||
| dingo/wolf | fauna | wanaT “wolf” | inheritance | |||||||||||||
| dirty | sucio | sujo | quality | CHM ta--ho/-vit /teho/vit/ | unknown | |||||||||||
| dream | soñar | sonhar | mental | ah-hoov/war-ra--ro-'t / ahu/vwarerot/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| drink | beber, tomar | beber | body | pa:7a- | inheritance | |||||||||||
| dry | seco | seco | quality | aho:ken, ahokin | inheritance | |||||||||||
| dull/blunt | sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo | maçante, desamolado, não afiado | quality | yah-hi-ah-no-mah “has no edge”, ya xay 7a-noma | unknown | CHM/MC253 | ||||||||||
| dust | polvo | poeira | environment | ah-ko/-yah-kin | unknown | CHM/MC249 | ||||||||||
| ear | oreja | orelha | body | 7ananax | inheritance | |||||||||||
| earth/soil | tierra | terra | environment | 7o:xor/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| eat | comer | comer | body | kwa7a- | inheritance | |||||||||||
| egg | huevo | ovo | fauna | 7axa:xen (su blanquillo?); | unknown | |||||||||||
| eye | ojo | olho | body | -co:co-n | inheritance | |||||||||||
| faeces | heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol | fezes | body | 7awyo:7en “su cagada”; weyo:7er | unknown | |||||||||||
| fall | caer | cair | motion | pori:no, puri:no (caer, of agua, girl) | unknown | |||||||||||
| far | lejos | longe | quality | poa:n | inheritance | |||||||||||
| fat/grease | grasa | gordura | body | wita: | inheritance | |||||||||||
| father | padre, papá | pai | kinship | -na:k | inheritance | |||||||||||
| fear | miedo | medo | mental | kwa7 yo:kroy “tengo miedo” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| feather | pluma | pena | fauna | kah-kar/-ah-poo-ahn “quail its-feathers” | inheritance | CHM/MC267 | ||||||||||
| fire | fuego | fogo | environment | ca:vot "fuego, lumbre" | unknown | |||||||||||
| fish | xx | xx | fauna | keu:r, kiyu:r, kekyu:ram (pl.) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| flow | fluir | fluir | motion | missing | ||||||||||||
| flower | flor | flor | environment | 7a$o:n, 7a$o:yn, 7a$wi:n, 7a$owi:n | inheritance | |||||||||||
| fly | volar | voar | motion | e-sar-re e vahCHmok /isari7i vaxmok/ | inheritance | CHM/MC262 | ||||||||||
| fog | niebla, neblina | nevoeira, bruma, neblina | environment | koo-teet/ | inheritance | CHM/MC250 | ||||||||||
| foot | pie | pé | body | ne-ne:v | inheritance | |||||||||||
| fruit | fruta | fruta | flora | 7apu:ci-n “its fruit, its seed” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| good | bueno | bom | quality | teho:vko, teho:vet “a good one”, pl. teri:hvem | inheritance | |||||||||||
| grow | crecer | crescer | state | missing | ||||||||||||
| hair (of head) | cabello | cabelo | body | ne-cho-cho | inheritance | Ataylor/MC271 | ||||||||||
| hand | mano | mão | body | -ma:n | inheritance | |||||||||||
| head | cabeza | cabeça | body | nepoa:n “my head”; | unique | |||||||||||
| hear | oír | ouvir | mental | naxa:kwa | inheritance | |||||||||||
| heavy | pesado | pesado | quality | poto:7 | inheritance | |||||||||||
| hide | esconder | esconder | motion | missing | ||||||||||||
| hit | golpear, pegar | bater | impact | missing | ||||||||||||
| hold | correr, asegurar, sostener | segurar | other | ya:w- | inheritance | |||||||||||
| how? | como | como | grammar | 7ava:xa “how is?”, | unknown | |||||||||||
| if | si | se | grammar | ow/-te /awti/ | unknown | CHM/MC255 | ||||||||||
| in/inside | dentro, adentro | dentro | location | -$su:n-nga | inheritance | |||||||||||
| intestines | intestinos | intestinos | body | 7a$i:n | inheritance | |||||||||||
| itch | hormiguear, sentir comezón | coçar | body | missing | ||||||||||||
| kill | matar | matar | impact | moka | inheritance | |||||||||||
| know/be knowledgeable | saber, conecer | saber, conhecer | mental | hyo:na- | inheritance | |||||||||||
| lake | lago | lago | environment | mo-mu^t (^ is breve over u) | loan into protolanguage | CHM/MC249 | ||||||||||
| laugh | reír | rir | mental | 7eye:yen | inheritance | |||||||||||
| leaf | hoja | folha | environment | ah-nan/-nahCH | inheritance | CHM/MC269 | ||||||||||
| left/left hand | izquierdo | esquerdo | location/body | ah-kah-nung-ar-ro “left side” | unknown | CHM/MC253 | ||||||||||
| leg/foot | pierna | perna | body | nene:v “my foot, leg” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| lie down | acostarse, echarse | deitar | motion | o-koh/, uk-ko | inheritance | CHM/MC259 | ||||||||||
| lightning | rayo, relámpago | relampago | environment | kwa:rkwarayemuk “es blitzt” | loan into protolanguage | |||||||||||
| live/be alive | vivir | viver, morar | body | yaya:yt “alive ones” | unknown | |||||||||||
| liver | hígado | figado | body | ah-sahr | inheritance | CHM/MC241 | ||||||||||
| long | largo | comprido, longo | quality | kaho: | unknown | |||||||||||
| louse | piollo, piojo | piolho | fauna | -7a:r | inheritance | |||||||||||
| lung | pulmón | pulmão | body | 7a$a:r; | inheritance | |||||||||||
| man/male | hombre | homem | human | woroyt | inheritance | |||||||||||
| meat/flesh | carne | carne | fauna | -tu:ken | inheritance | |||||||||||
| moon | luna | lua | environment | moa:r | inheritance | |||||||||||
| mother | madre, mamá | mãe | kinship | -yok | inheritance | |||||||||||
| mouth | boca | boca | body | -to:nge-n | inheritance | |||||||||||
| name | nombre | nome | human | mo-tuwa:nya-n “your name” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| nape | base del cuello, nuca | nuca | body | -ku:ca-n | inheritance | |||||||||||
| near/close | cerca de | perto | quality | momoa: | inheritance | |||||||||||
| neck | cuello | pescoço | body | ne-pay-an | inheritance | Ataylor/MC271 | ||||||||||
| new | nuevo | novo | quality | 7emu:t | inheritance | |||||||||||
| night | noche | noite | time | yaw- (yawke “at night”); yawket “la noche” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| no/not | no | não | grammar | xay | inheritance | |||||||||||
| nose | nariz | nariz | body | 7amo:pen “his nose | inheritance | |||||||||||
| old | viejo | velho | quality | 7era:xpo7; pl. 7ere:rxam, 7ere:rakpo7am; | unknown | |||||||||||
| one | uno | um | number | puku7 (?) | unique | |||||||||||
| open/uncover | abrir | abrir | other | av/-ve-a^ (opposite of “shut”) | unknown | CHM/MC255 | ||||||||||
| other | otro | outro | grammar | sosovram | inheritance | |||||||||||
| pain/painful/sick | dolor, doloroso, enfermo | dor, doloroso, doente | body | ca:yt (sg “enfermo”) | unknown | |||||||||||
| person/human being | persona | pessoa | human | ta:xat (sg), tara:xat “people” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| pound/beat | machacar, golpear | bater | impact | missing | ||||||||||||
| rain | lluvia | chuva | environment | 7akwa:ken; | unknown | |||||||||||
| red | rojo | vermelho | colour | kwaxo:xa7 | loan into protolanguage | |||||||||||
| right/right hand | derecha | direita | location/body | ah-te/-ving-ar-ro “right side direction” | inheritance | CHM/MC253 | ||||||||||
| road/path | camino | caminho | manufacture | pet' /pet/ | inheritance | CHM/MC249 | ||||||||||
| root | raíz | raiz | flora | 7awi:win | inheritance | |||||||||||
| rotten | podrido | podre | quality | missing | ||||||||||||
| sand | arena | areia | environment | 7o:het | inheritance | |||||||||||
| say | decir | dizer | mental | pa:ri- | unknown | |||||||||||
| scratch | rascar | rasgar | impact | missing | ||||||||||||
| see | ver | ver | mental | hu:tu- | inheritance | |||||||||||
| sharp | afilado, filudo, filoso | afiado | quality | 7ata:m(b)rot (knife edge) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| shoot | tirar, disparar, balear | atirar | impact | mohu | inheritance | |||||||||||
| short | corto | curto | quality | kamu:hu7, kamu:ho7 | unique | |||||||||||
| shoulder | hombro | ombro | body | -$o:k, -$o:kin | inheritance | |||||||||||
| shy/ashamed | tímido, vergonzoso | timido, com vergonha | mental | 7ipu:ye- “tener verguenza” | unknown | |||||||||||
| sit | sentar(se) | sentar | state | yaco:- | inheritance | |||||||||||
| skin | piel | pele | body | 7axo:xoc “su cascara” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| sky | cielo | céu | environment | toku:p-nga; tuku:par | inheritance | |||||||||||
| sleep | dormir | dormir | body | ya:tar “sleepy”; yata:m-ko | unknown | |||||||||||
| small | pequeño | pequeno | quality | cenu:ho7 | inheritance | |||||||||||
| smoke | humo | fumaça | environment | 7acya:n | unknown | |||||||||||
| sniff/smell | olfatear, oler | cheirar | body | missing | ||||||||||||
| spit | escupir | cuspir | body | missing | ||||||||||||
| split | partir, dividir | rachar, dividir, partir | impact | missing | ||||||||||||
| squeeze | estrujar, exprimir | espremer | impact | missing | ||||||||||||
| stab/pierce | apuñalar, acuchillar | apunhalar | impact | missing | ||||||||||||
| stand | estar de pié | ficar em pé | state | wove:, wovi:- “levantar” | unknown | |||||||||||
| star | estrella | estrela | environment | su:r, $u:r, $o$yot, sosyot “stars” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| steal | robar | roubar | other | puki:cax “stole” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| stick/wood | palo | pau, vara | flora | kuta:/kota: | inheritance | |||||||||||
| stone | piedra | pedra | environment | tota | inheritance | |||||||||||
| suck | chupar | chupar | body | wi:ko7 “chupar” | unknown | |||||||||||
| sweat | sudar | suor, suar | body | CHM ah-tong | inheritance | |||||||||||
| swell | hincharse | inchar | body | missing | ||||||||||||
| swim | nadar | nadar | motion | ke-yu-'r-e-yar-rahCH /kiyu/r7e yara/x/ | unknown | CHM/MC262 | ||||||||||
| tail | cola, rabo | rabo | body | missing | ||||||||||||
| that | ese/esa | esse | grammar | pema:7, pe7e: | loan | |||||||||||
| thick | grueso, gordo, espeso | grosso | quality | po-re/-hah /pori/xa/ “thick by measure” | unknown | CHM/MC 252 | ||||||||||
| thin | delgado | fino | quality | yaro:re7 | ||||||||||||
| think | pensar | pensar | mental | missing | ||||||||||||
| this | este/esta | este | grammar | meya, mene:7 | inheritance | |||||||||||
| three | tres | tres | number | pa:hi | inheritance | |||||||||||
| throat | garganta | garganta | body | ang-on* | inheritance | CHM/MC240 | ||||||||||
| throw | tirar, lanzar | atirar, jogar | impact | wivax | inheritance | |||||||||||
| thunder | truenos | trovão | environment | tawvar | inheritance | |||||||||||
| tie up/fasten | atar, amarrar | amarrar | impact | missing | ||||||||||||
| tongue | lengua | lingua | body | 7ano:ngi-n | inheritance | |||||||||||
| tooth | diente | dente | body | -ta:men | inheritance | |||||||||||
| turn | girar, volter, torcer | virar | other | missing | ||||||||||||
| two | dos | dois | number | wehe | inheritance | |||||||||||
| vomit | vomitar | vomitar | body | CHM yo-e/ /yoyi/? | inheritance | |||||||||||
| walk | caminar, andar | andar | motion | nongi: | inheritance | |||||||||||
| water | agua | agua | environment | pa:r | inheritance | |||||||||||
| wet | mojado | molhado | quality | pava:r | inheritance | |||||||||||
| what? | que, qué | que | grammar | heta:; | inheritance | |||||||||||
| when? | cuando | quando | grammar | hami:ngko- | inheritance | |||||||||||
| where? | donde | onde | grammar | 7ami:nga, hami:nga | inheritance | |||||||||||
| white | blanco | branco | colour | rawro:7 | unknown | |||||||||||
| who? | quien, quién | quem | grammar | haki: | inheritance | |||||||||||
| wife | esposa | esposa | kinship | -7a$o:ng | inheritance | |||||||||||
| wind | viento | vento | environment | 7ahi:ke-n | inheritance | |||||||||||
| wing | ala | asa | body | 7ama:$a-n “his wings”, 7ama:$arot “uno que tiene alas” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| woman/female | mujer | mulher | human | toko:ra (obj. case form) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| work | trabajar | trabalhar | other | xo7e:xo- | unknown | |||||||||||
| yawn | bostezar | bocejar | body | ha:$o:7 | unknown | |||||||||||
| yellow | amarillo | amarelo | colour | payu:wit | unknown |
| English |
|---|
Showing 1 to 185 of 185 entries
Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Linnean Name | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Etymology Notes | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Range of Term | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | Classifier | Classifier Notes | Hypernym | Source | Association with Social Categories | Ritual/Mythologically Significant | Ritual Notes | Food Source | Food Notes | Medicinal | Medicinal Notes | How Collected | Who Collects | How Prepared | Psychotropic | Psychotropic Notes | Traded | Trade Notes | Distribution | Habitat | Dangerous | Ethnobiology Notes | Species Notes | General Notes |
|---|
English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Linnean Name | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Etymology Notes | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Range of Term | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | Classifier | Classifier Notes | Hypernym | Source | Association with Social Categories | Ritual/Mythologically Significant | Ritual Notes | Food Source | Food Notes | Medicinal | Medicinal Notes | How Collected | Who Collects | How Prepared | Psychotropic | Psychotropic Notes | Traded | Trade Notes | Distribution | Habitat | Dangerous | Ethnobiology Notes | Species Notes | General Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| abalone | flora-fauna | Haliotis spp. | 7a:po' | ˈʔa:poʔ | aulon | unique | no info | underived | no npn | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | Harrington 412 | no info | 2 | shells used for ritual caches and in shell inlays on ritual wands | 1 | no info | gathered (wild) | all | meat cooked, shells saved for containers, ornament | 0 | 1 | shells traded inland | West coast of North America | cold coastal waters | no | ||||||||||||||||
| ant (generic) | hormiga | formiga | flora-fauna | Formicidae | missing | missing | missing | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ant (generic) | hormiga | formiga | flora-fauna | ahn-naht “red ant” | inheritance | CHM/MC268 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| antelope | flora-fauna | Antilocapra americana | tona:r | toˈna:r | berrendo (pronghorn) | inheritance | *tɨn(nV)- | Northern Uto-Aztecan | S52 (Stubbs 2009:45), the *tɨm(V)nV- possibility is worth considering. May be a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan. | same | other complex | toˈna:-r antelope-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 603, 078 | no info | 2 | 1 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | hides often trade | Western North America | open areas | no | |||||||||||||
| badger | flora-fauna | Taxidea taxus | huna:r | huˈna:r | tejon | inheritance | *hula- | Uto-Aztecan | S105 (Stubbs 2009:53) | same | other complex | huˈna:-r badger-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 051 | no info | 2 | 1 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | North America | chaparral, woodland | yes | ||||||||||||||
| bald eagle | flora-fauna | Haliaeetus leucocephalus | pa:m'o$ | ˈpa:mʔoş | esa águila grande que tiene la cabeza blanca | loan | Cupan | Cupeño pa7mush “bird sp., a water bird”, Cahuilla pamu7ish “bald eagle”, Luiseno ʹpa:mɁuʃ (not in Stubbs) (re Cup. form, Bald Eagle is a fishing bird). The non-correspondent final -$ in Gabrielino argues for a loan | same | underived | no npn (if not a loan, word may have derivation with pa: “big”? | -ʔaʧ “pet” | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 66 | no info | 1 | eagle ceremony, feathers in dance regalis | 2 | McC does not mention but is Chingichngish animal | no info | hunted | men | eaglets captured and raised for eagle ceremony, feathers kept for ceremonial regalia | 0 | 1 | eagle-feather regalia traded | North America | Prefers habitat with large areas of water; this is a fishing bird | no | |||||||||||||
| band-tail pigeon | flora-fauna | Patagioenas fasciata | we-ahng'-ar” | wiˈʔa:ŋar (?) | Band-tailed pigeon | inheritance | *wi- ʔa:ŋa- | Uto-Aztecan | I can't find this otherwise attested, but looks like *long-wing or *pointed (sharp)-wing. | same | other complex | wiˈʔa:ŋa-r pigeon-npn (root might be derived) | -ʔaʧ “pet” | possessive classifier for animals | chi:ya | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 421 | no info | 0 | Has ceremonial couplet in Lu., so probably in mourning ceremony in Gab. also | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | Americas | Oak and pine forests, feeds on acorns | no | ||||||||||||
| bat | murciélago | morcego | flora-fauna | Chiroptera spp | po-vah-kaht | poˈva:kat (?) | bat | inheritance | *pɨvakaC- | Takic | Kitanemuk pɨvakat; “Takic” should be taken with caution because consultant was the same for Kitanemuk and Gabrielino (Mrs. Rosenmyre). But correspondence looks good. | same | other complex | poˈva:ka-t bat-non.possessed.noun (npn); root may be derived | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | at http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 417 | no info | 0 | usually significant but no information | 1 | no info | no info | no info | no info | 0 | 0 | Americas | diverse habitats | no | ||||||||||||
| beaver | flora-fauna | Castor | to-le-vah'-che | toˈlivaʧi (?) | beaver | loan | probably Yokuts which has something like *t'ovik ?? | same | underived | toˈlivaʧi -- might have been toˈlivaʧi -y, | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 417 | no info | 2 | 1 | no info | no info | no info | no info | 0 | 0 | North America | streams, wetlands | no | |||||||||||||||||
| beetle | flora-fauna | Coleoptera spp | tsoo-re'-ar 60-431 | ʧuˈri:ʔar “ | beetle | unique | narrower (probably focused on “stinkbug”) | other complex | ʧuˈri:ʔa-r beetle-npn (perhaps “hiccup-er) | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | no info | 2 | figures in creation account (Stinkbug/Pinacate Beetle) McC 155) | 0 | McC 121 | no info | gathered (wild) | all | larvae often eaten raw as found McC 121 | 0 | 0 | Global | Diverse habitats | no | |||||||||||||||||
| big round tule | flora-fauna | Schoenoplectus acutus | se'-e | siˈʔij | Big round tule | inheritance | *siˈʔi:- | Californian | Cu. si'ish, Tubatulabal shi'īpül | same | other complex | siˈʔi-j tule-npn | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 441 | 2 | used in making images at burning; matting of this plant used for inner enclosure of the yovaar (Harrington 1978:136) | 1 | seeds, roots, green shoots | no info | gathered (wild but closely managed) | all | seeds parched, mixed with other seeds, some ground | 0 | 0 | California and southern US into Mexico | wet areas throughout territory | no | ||||||||||||||||
| big skunk | flora-fauna | Mephitis mephitis | po-ne'-vo | poˈni:vor (?) | Big skunk | inheritance | *po(C)ni | Northern Uto-Aztecan | Kitanemuk ponivachr; S1983 (Stubbs 2009:275); see discussion of possible UA etymology that I don't care for | same | other complex | poˈni:vo-r big.skunk-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 417 | no info | 2 | Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony | 2 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | men | no info | 0 | 0 | skins perhaps traded | North America | Diverse habitats | no | ||||||||||||
| big wolf (gray wolf) | flora-fauna | Canis lupus | e-sow't 72-77, 60-415 | ʔiˈşawt (?) | Wolf | inheritance | *ʔisa-wɨ- | Northern Uto-Aztecan | S552 (Stubbs 2009:112); this particular derivation for “Wolf” restricted to Takic | same | derived | ʔiˈşa-w-t coyote/liar-augmentative-npn (may not be synchronic derivation since Gabrielino has 7i:tar for “coyote”) | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 415 | no info | 1 | Chingichngish animal | 2 | Chingichngich animals not eaten (McC p. 117) | no info | hunted | men | for hide only | 0 | 0 | hides often trade | Americas | Diverse habitats | yes | ||||||||||||
| bighorn sheep | flora-fauna | Ovis canadensis | pa:'at | ˈpa:ʔat | mountain sheep | inheritance | *paʔaC- | Northern Uto-Aztecan | S204 (Stubbs 2009:67); may be a Proto-Kiowa-tanoan loan into Proto NUA | same | other complex | ˈpa:ʔa-t bighorn-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 080, 603 | no info | 2 | 1 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | Western North America | steep slopes, cliffs | no | ||||||||||||||
| bird | pajaro, ave | passaro | flora-fauna | chē'-ū | ˈʧi:ja (?) | bird | inheritance | Takic | S967; cf Sr chi7a “to pick up food from ground the way birds eat”, which may be from a bird word in /chi-/, widespread in California; But note Chumash tswiw, which could easily yield something like Merriam's form. Possibly an arealism. | narrower (does not include water birds ($a:t), raptors, vultures, condors)) | underived | if I'm guessing right about transcription, word has no npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429 | no info | 0 | see for specific birds | 0 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | all | roasted | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A | no | |||||||||||||
| bird | pajaro, ave | passaro | flora-fauna | che--/u- /chi7yu/ ?? | inheritance | CHM/MC267 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| black ant | flora-fauna | Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger | yoxa:r | joˈxa:r | hormiga chiquita amarilla, hormiga picadora | inheritance | *yuka:- | Takic | S47 (Stubbs 2009:44), otherwise only in Serrano, possible loan? | same | other complex | joˈxa:-r black.ant-npn (jo- is in root for “black”) | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 400 | no info | 2 | 0 | no info | gathered (wild) | women and children | larvae often eaten raw as found McC 121 | 0 | 0 | Americas | diverse habitats (depends on species) | no | |||||||||||||||
| black bear | flora-fauna | Ursus americanus | pi'-yah'-ho'-naht | ˈpa:yax ˈho:nat (?) (A Serrano-ized form) | Black Bear | loan | Serrano or Kitanemuk for the hona:t part | should be huna:r; Is this Kitanemuk interference? | same | phrase | ˈpa:ya-x ˈhuna:-t ?-pres.tense bear-npn (why is this -t and not -r??) | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 415 | no info | 1 | in shamanism; and a Chingichngish animal (McC 146) | 2 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | men | mainly for skin, claws, but according to McC bear meat eaten | 0 | 0 | hides often trade | North America | chaparral, woodland | yes | |||||||||||||
| black-tail Jackrabbit | flora-fauna | Lepus californicus | su'i:t | suˈʔi:t | liebre | inheritance | *suuʔit | Uto-Aztecan | S1713 (Stubbs 2009:243); I give Manaster-Ramer's reconstruction | same | other complex | suˈʔi:-t jackrabbit-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 161, 453, 603 | no info | 2 | 1 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | men | roasted, boiled, bones ground | 0 | 0 | rabbit-skin blankets traded | North America | flat open areas | no | |||||||||||||
| blackberry | flora-fauna | Rubus ursinus | pikwa:r | piˈkʷa:r | mora, wild blackberry | inheritance | *pi(kwa-) | Takic | S182 (Stubbs 2009:64); | broader (for all of these kinds of berries) | other complex | piˈkʷa:-r berry-npn | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | Harrington165, 548 | no info | 2 | a Chingichngish plant (Harrington 1978:133); | 1 | no info | gathered (wild but closely managed) | women and children | eaten fresh or ground and preserved | 0 | 0 | Western North America | foothills, uplands | no | ||||||||||||||
| blowfly/housefly | mosca | mosca | flora-fauna | Diptera | pi:cukwar | ˈpi:ʧukʷar | fly | unique | contains S893 and a widely-distributed first element in unique compound; contains contains Stubbs 1184 *pitti, also in “hummingbird” | same | other complex | ˈpi:ʧukʷa-r fly-npn (etymologically, ˈpi:ʧu-kʷa-r ?-grub) | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington159, 541, 601 | no info | 0 | 0 | larvae (McC 121) | 0 | gathered (wild) | all | often eaten raw as found (McC 121) | 0 | 0 | Global | diverse (depends on species) | no | ||||||||||||||
| blowfly/housefly | mosca | mosca | flora-fauna | pi:cukwar | loan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| blue grouse | flora-fauna | Dendrogapus? | pohyo:t | pohˈjo:t | churrea (California grouse) | unique | Note Lu. song word poyúlvumal “type of small bird” (linked to cactus wren in couplet), but this is a large bird | same | other complex | pohˈjo:-t grouse-npn | ʔaʧ “pet” | possessive classifier for animals | chi:ya | Harrington 604 | no info | 0 | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | Map at http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Sooty_Grouse/id suggests this species does not come as far south as Gabrielino. I don't know why it's in Merriam's list for California, mainly a Rocky Mountain bird | scrublands, woodlands | no | |||||||||||||||
| bobcat, lynx | flora-fauna | Lynx rufus | tuku:t | tuˈku:t | gato montes | inheritance | *tuCkuC- | Northern Uto-Aztecan | S1306 (Stubbs 2009:200). This is a California Wanderwort; Great Basin forms giving NUA are surely loans. But loan may be early because Hopi has regular vocalism. | WW | %tuku | same | other complex | tuˈku:-t wildcat-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 289 | totem animal of Wildcat Moiety (McC p. 113) | 1 | 2 | not mentioned in any listsof what was eaten McC p. 116; | no info | hunted | men | mainly for hide | 0 | 0 | hides often trade | North America | Diverse habitats | no | |||||||||||
| butterfly, moth | mariposa | borboleta | flora-fauna | Lepidoptera | ah'-tab-bah, 72-79, 60-431 | ˈʔa:tavaʔ | butterfly | inheritance | *ˈʔa:tava | Takic | See Kitanemuk 'atavatava; perhaps a loan between the 2 languages; see note on “Bat” | broader (includes moths and butterflies) | underived | no npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 431 | no info | 2 | 0 | McC 121 | no info | gathered (wild) | all | larvae often eaten raw as found McC 121 | 0 | 0 | Global | Diverse habitats | no | ||||||||||||
| California condor | flora-fauna | Gymnogyps californianus | we'-soo-yŭ-roo-it | ˈwiʔsoʔ joˈrojt | California Condor | loan | Yokuts | Yokuts *wit$' “condor” (Golla 1964:61; his symbol is glottalized and sub-dotted č); but note Hopi wisoko and widespread wi- forms in UA, perhaps from an even older loan; see discussion at Hill/Miller *wi-08 | WW | %wit | same | phrase | ˈwiʔsoʔ joˈrojt vulture-big | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 421 | no info | 1 | could substitute for eagle in ceremony | 2 | McC does not mention but is Chingichngish animal | no info | hunted | men | chicks raised like eaglets? Not discussed. | 0 | 1 | feathers used in regalia, traded | U.S. Southwest | Rocky scrubland, woodland (they like cliffs | no | |||||||||||
| California jay | flora-fauna | Aphelocoma californica? | tsi'-e | ˈʧaʔij (?) | California jay | loan into protolanguage | *chaʔi- | Northern Uto-Aztecan | unknown | Kitanemuk cayca7y “blue jay”; S209, Central Numic, Tubatulabal, Takic, always “blue jay” (Stubbs 2009:68). Note similarity of Yokut, Chumash words. | WW | %chaj | same | other complex | ˈʧaʔi-j Jay-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | chi:ya | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 421 | no info | 2 | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | men | roasted, mainly | 0 | 0 | throughout western North America (distributions from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted) | scrublands, woodlands (Habitats from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted) | no | ||||||||||
| California woodpecker | flora-fauna | Melanerpes formicivorus? | pe-var” 72-77, 60-423 | piˈva:r (?) | California Woodpecker | inheritance | *piva- | Takic | Kitanemuk pivanach; see note with “Bat” | same | other complex | piˈva:-r woodpecker-npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | chi:ya | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 423 | no info | 2 | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | all | roasted (also, this bird caches acorns and caches are eaten) | 0 | 1 | Southern Oregon, California, south to Colombia | oak woodlands | no | |||||||||||||
| chia | flora-fauna | Salvia columbariae | pa$i:y | paˈşi:j | chia | inheritance | *pasa/i | Californian | S1599 (Stubbs 2009:233). Only Numic is Tumpisa Shoshone, almost certainly a loan from Tubatulabal. This shows up in Chumash, Salinan, may be an old Californianism. | WW | %pasv | same | other complex | paˈşi:-j chia-npn | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | Harrington 127 | no info | 1 | 1 | most important seed source | no info | gathered (wild but closely managed) | women | parched, mixed with other seeds in pinole | 0 | 0 | California and Southwest | Below 6000 feet in dry open areas, extensive stands in chaparral | no | ||||||||||||
| chipmunk | flora-fauna | Tamias spp. | se-se'-kot 72-77, 60-419 | siˈsi:kot | Chipmunk | inheritance | *sika-(wV) | Northern Uto-Aztecan | S2094 (Stubbs 2009:288); may be very early loan into NUA; note similar Yokuts forms; but this form attests Proto-Takic $o$o (cf. Cahuilla sisi), combined with the sikawet word???) | WW | %sik | broader (includes tree squirrels, apparently) | other complex | siˈsi:ko-t chipmunk-npn (root has redup) | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 419 | no info | 2 | chipmunk made the Creator's coffin (Harrington 1978) | 1 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | men | roasted, boiled, bones ground | 0 | 0 | North America | woodlands | no | |||||||||||
| cliff swallow | flora-fauna | Petrochelidon pyrrhonota | e-vē'ng-ar 72-11, 60-423 | ʔiˈvi:ŋar (?) | Cliff swallow | unique | Note Chumash B ʔan'ipHey ??? | same | other complex | ʔiˈvi:ŋa-r swallow-npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | chi:ya | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 423 | no info | 2 | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | all | roasted | 0 | 0 | Breed in North America | Cliffs (and now in/on buildings) | no | |||||||||||||||
| coot | flora-fauna | Fulica americana | kwah-e-ar kwe-nar-saht 72-79, 60-427 mud eater duck | kwaˈʔi:ʔar kwiˈna:r şa:t | Coot | unique | *kwa, *kwira, *saya | Uto-Aztecan, Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan respectively | A nonce formation | same | phrase | kwaˈʔi:ʔar kwiˈna:r şa:t eater mud water.bird | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | şa:t | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 427 | no info | 2 | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | West coastal and southern North America to Central America | wetlands and open water | no | |||||||||||||
| cottontail rabbit | flora-fauna | Sylvilagus audobonii | to$o:xot, to$o:kot | toˈşo:xot | conejo | inheritance | *tosa-kammu | Northern Uto-Aztecan | S1709 (Stubbs 2009:242) compound -- white-jackrabbit; I doubt the kammu part | same | other complex | toˈşo:xo-t cottontail-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 453, 603, 161 | no info | 2 | Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony | 1 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | men | roasted, boiled, bones ground | 0 | 0 | rabbit-skin blankets traded | North America | Diverse habitats | no | ||||||||||||
| cottonwood | flora-fauna | Populus spp. | tuva:r | tuˈva:r | alamo | unique | same | other complex | tuˈva:-r cottonwood - npn | Harrington 052, 124, 583 | no info | 2 | Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony; used in construction of yovaar (Harrington) | 0 | no info | gathered (wild) | all | wood for fuel, other purposes; bark fiber for clothing | 0 | 0 | southern Canada south to northern Mexico | moist areas | no | |||||||||||||||||||
| coyote | flora-fauna | Canis latrans | 7i:tar | ˈʔi:tar | coyote | unique | same | other complex | ˈʔi:ta-r coyote-npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 041, 400 | totem animal of Coyote Moiety (McC p. 113) | 1 | skin could be used for Chingichngich figure (McC:28) | 2 | young coyotes eaten (McC p. 116) | no info | hunted | men | mainly for hide | 0 | 0 | hides often trade | North and Central America | Diverse habitats | no | |||||||||||||||
| crow | flora-fauna | Corvus brachyrhynchos | 7aka:wkoc | ʔaˈka:wkoʧ | crow | unique | Perhaps ultimately from onomatopoeia but a more complex construction. This is more like the Yuman /qaq/ forms than the UA *atta forms. | same | underived | ʔaˈka:wkoʧ: ʧ is not a Gabrielino NPN. Harrington also has 7awkot “crow” , so it seems likely there is some derivation here. Crow words are often loaned or sound-imitative. | ʔaʧ “pet” | possessive classifier for animals | chi:ya | Harrington 541, 601 | no info | 2 | beaks, claws in Chingichngich figure (McC p. 28); but Harrington's Boscana notes caution may have been raven, not crow. crow danced hilariously at Wuyot's funeral, so people forgot themselves and laughed (Harrington 1978;121) | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | if feathers were used in ceremonial regalia, they were traded | Americas | diverse habitats | no | |||||||||||||
| datura | flora-fauna | Datura wrightii | ma:nit | ˈma:nit | toloache | inheritance | *mani- | Takic | may be a loan; S1639 (Stubbs 2009:235); Gabrielino a good candidate for source language within Takic | WW | %mani | broader (includes the drink and the plant) | other complex | ˈma:ni-t datura-npn (appears in song without the -t) | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | Harrington 163 | no info | 1 | boy's initiation, shamanism, funerary | 1 | dangerous | 1 | for psychosomatic illness indicated by paralysis | gathered (wild) | men | pounded into paste with water in ritual mortar | 1 | 0 | U.S. Southwest, California, Mexico | “sandy, gravelly, open areas below 4000 feet throughout Southern California” (Bean & Saubel 1972:60) | yes | ||||||||||
| deer | venado | veado, cariacu | flora-fauna | $ukat | inheritance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| deer, mule | flora-fauna | Odocoileus hemionus | $uka:t | şuˈka:t | deer | inheritance | *suCkaC- | Uto-Aztecan | S621 (Stubbs 2009:121) | WW | %sok | narrower (mule deer only) | other complex | şuˈka:-t mule.deer-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 42, 630 | no info | 2 | $u:$ar deer-hoof rattle; deer horns in Chingichngich figure | 1 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | hides often traded, hoof regalia traded | Western North America | Diverse habitats | no | ||||||||||
| digger pine | flora-fauna | Pinus sabiniana | wahCH-ot' 72-79, 60-433 | ˈwe:xat | digger pine | inheritance | *wokoN | Uto-Aztecan | Note Cu. ˈwiʧuxat “P. coulteri”; S1579a (Stubbs 2009:231) | broader (includes tree and pine nuts) | other complex | ˈwe:xa-t pine-npn | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 433 | no info | 2 | 1 | pine nuts | no info | gathered (wild but closely managed) | all | cones roasted to pop out nuts | 0 | 0 | Southern California and Baja California | Pinus coulteri is generally above 4000 feet | no | ||||||||||||||
| dog (camp, domestic) | perro | cachorro | flora-fauna | Canis familiaris | wo$i' | woˈşiʔ | perro | inheritance | *woCtsi | Uto-Aztecan | note O'odham gogs “dog” < wo-wosi; S 672 (Stubbs 2009:126) | same | underived | no npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 425 | no info | 0 | 0 | McC p. 116 | no info | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | Americas | with humans | no | ||||||||||||
| dog (camp, domestic) | perro | cachorro | flora-fauna | wo$i7 (sg), wowo:$e7 | inheritance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dogbane | flora-fauna | Apocynum cannabinum | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dove | paloma | pomba | flora-fauna | Zenaida macrocoura | maka:ho' | maˈka:hoʔ | torcacita | inheritance | *makahVwi | Uto-Aztecan | S676 (Stubbs 2009:126); vowel /o/ perhaps from ahVwi>ahwi>awi>aw> o loss of -w- is regional. | same | underived | no npn | -ʔaʧ “pet” | possessive classifier for animals | chi:ya | Harrington 033 | no info | 2 | Has ceremonial couplet in Lu., so probably in mourning ceremony in Gab. also | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | Southern Canada to Mexico | Prefers open areas, avoids dense forests | no | ||||||||||
| duck | pato | pato, marreco | flora-fauna | Anatidae | si7i:y | siˈʔi:j | duck | unique | same | other complex | siˈʔi:-j duck-npn (this may mean “tules” but probably not) | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | $a:t “water bird” | Harrington 604 | no info | 0 | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | Americas | wetlands and open water | no | ||||||||||||||
| elder | flora-fauna | Sambucus | hu:kat | ˈhu:kat | sauco | inheritance | *kuhu- | Californian | probably from hu-ku'V-t and in S179; kuhut also recorded; but note Cahuilla hunkat, perhaps a second set | broader (for plant, flowers, fruit, etc.) | other complex | ˈhu:ka-t elderberry-npn | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | Harrington 162, 070 | no info | 2 | 1 | flowers, berries | 1 | gathered (wild) | all | wood, berries, flowers all used, diverse preparations | 0 | 0 | North America | below 4500 feet in moist areas | no | ||||||||||||||
| elk | flora-fauna | Cervas elaphus | pa$okat | paˈşu:kat | horse, ciervo | inheritance | *pa:-suka- | Takic | S788:139 “elk” | WW | %sok | broader (includes horse) | derived | pa-ˈşu:ka-t big-deer-npn (surely synchronically noted) | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 131. 573 | no info | 2 | Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony | 1 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | hides often trade | Western North America uplands, not in deserts | forest edges, forest | no | ||||||||||
| fish (generic) | pez | peixe | flora-fauna | kiyu:r (keu:r @ 606) | kiˈju:r | fish | inheritance | *kɨcuC | Uto-Aztecan | S864 (Stubbs 2009;147) | same | other complex | kiˈju:-r fish-npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 057, 596 | no info | 0 | Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony | 1 | no info | hunted | all | diverse methods | 0 | 0 | ocean resources traded inland | Americas | water | no | ||||||||||||
| flea | pulga | pulga | flora-fauna | Siphonaptera | motu:cey | muˈtu:ʧej | pulga | loan | Gabrielino | loan direction unknown, see Tub. moo-tsoo' 60-499, Kitanemuk ʔatucit | same | other complex | muˈtu:ʧe-j flea-npn (root may be derived) | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 411 | no info | 2 | 0 | no info | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | Americas | Diverse habitats | no | ||||||||||||||
| flicker | flora-fauna | Colaptes sp. | ke'-mar” | kiˈma:r (?) | Flicker | inheritance | *kima:- | Takic | Kitanemuk kimachR. See “bat” for cautionary note. | same | other complex | Merriam gives ke-mahr' “zig-zag” McC 252; kiˈma:-r flicker-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | chi:ya | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 421 | no info | 2 | one of birds who cut hair in mourning for Wiyot; flicker feathers used in ritual (this is from Boscana; Kroeber says Boscana's material came largely from Gabrielino) | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 1 | it is likely that feathers of this bird were traded | Americas | diverse habitats | no | |||||||||||
| foothills yucca | flora-fauna | Yucca whipplei | ah-ko' 60-439 | ʔaˈko:n (?) | Foothills Yucca | unique | narrower (refers only to head or “cabbage” of the plant) | other complex | ʔa-ˈko:-n its-head-possessed (consultant gave 7a-wi:wi-n for Y. schidigera “its root”) | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 439 | no info | 0 | source of charcoal for tattooing (McCawley 1996:13) | 1 | Harrington said not used by Gab (McC131) | no info | gathered (wild) | all | no info | 0 | 0 | Southern California and Baja California | chaparral and oak woodlands, 300-2500 m | no | ||||||||||||||||
| fox | flora-fauna | Vulpes, Urocyon | e-row' | ʔiˈra:w (?) | “Desert fox, Vulpes macrotis group” | unique | same | underived | no npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 415 | no info | 2 | Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony | 2 | McC116 (Fages) | no info | hunted | men | skins used for quivers | 0 | 0 | hides often trade | Americas | Diverse habitats | no | |||||||||||||||
| frog (generic) | flora-fauna | kwa'ro' | ˈkʷaʔroʔ | zapo | inheritance | *kwaʔro | Uto-Aztecan | S941 (Stubbs 2009:157) | same | underived | no npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 116 | no info | 2 | Frog is shaman who bewitches Wuyot (White 1963:141), or perhaps his wife | 2 | considered disgusting (McC p. 117) | no info | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | Americas | wetlands, lakes, ponds, streams | no | ||||||||||||||
| golden eagle | flora-fauna | Aquila chrysaetos | 7a$awt | ʔaˈşawt | Golden eagle | inheritance | *ʔasa-wɨ-ta | Californian | S719 (Stubbs 2009:131); I think a Proto-Yuman form something like *?aspa, ?ashpa needs to be considered as a source here. | same | derived | ʔaˈşa-w-t ? (pet?)-augmentative-npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 066 | no info | 1 | eagle ceremony, feathers in dance regalia; eagle road connects heaven and earth | 2 | McC does not mention but is Chingichngish animal | no info | hunted | men | eaglets captured and raised for eagle ceremony, feathers kept for ceremonial regalia | 0 | 1 | feathers used in regalia, traded | North America | They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting | no | ||||||||||||
| gooseberry | flora-fauna | Ribes spp. | ko-char' | kuˈʧa:r (?) | gooseberry | loan | Chumash | Southern Chumash xutaʃ “pupil of eye, berry sp.” | broader (for all of these kinds of berries) | other complex | kuˈʧa:-r currant-npn | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 437 | no info | 2 | 1 | no info | gathered (wild but closely managed) | women and children | eaten fresh or ground and preserved | 0 | 0 | diverse species in California | chaparral, woodland | no | ||||||||||||||||
| gopher snake, bull snake | flora-fauna | Pituophis catenifer | yŭ-ē't tah-hoor 72-79 , 60-429 | ˈjo:ʔit ˈta:hur “big snake” | Gopher Snake | inheritance | *tahu- | Northern Uto-Aztecan | Kitanemuk tahuchr; S2015 (Stubbs 2009:280) | same | phrase | ˈjo:ʔi-t ˈta:hu-r big-npn snake-npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | ta:hur | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429 | no info | 2 | 2 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | all | no info | 0 | 0 | Southern Canada to Mexico | Diverse habitats | no | |||||||||||||
| grass | hierba, pasto | capim, grama | flora-fauna | (NA) | mama:har | maˈma:har | grass, zacate | inheritance | *maha- | Northern Uto-Aztecan | S1614 (Stubbs 2009:234), also S. Numic (I'm sure it's elsewhere in Numic etc.) | broader; note poku' mama:har “una rama” Harrington 602, puku' ma:har “1 zacate plant” 164 | other complex | maˈma:ha-r grass-npn (root may have redup) | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | Harrington 602, 164 | no info | 0 | 0 | for seeds | no info | gathered (wild but closely managed) | women | seeds parched, mixed with other seeds, some ground | 0 | 0 | Americas | depends on species | no | ||||||||||||
| grass | hierba, pasto | capim, grama | flora-fauna | mama:har | inheritance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| grasshopper | flora-fauna | Caelifera | we'e:t | weˈʔe:t | chapule | inheritance | *woʔV- | Uto-Aztecan | S1034 (Stubbs 2009:167) | same | other complex | weˈʔe:-t grasshopper-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 596 | no info | 2 | 1 | no info | gathered (wild) | all | roasted on stick in fire (McC 121) | 0 | 0 | Global | diverse (depends on species) | no | |||||||||||||||
| gray ground squirrel | flora-fauna | Sphermophilus sp. | xo:ngit | ˈxo:ŋit | ardilla | loan | *koŋi- | Serrano or Kitanemuk | vowel is wrong, should have e: as in Luiseno. May just be Mrs. Rosenmyre slipping into the wrong language. | same | other complex | ˈxo:ŋi-t ground.squirrel-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 543, 548, etc. | no info | 2 | 1 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | men | roasted, boiled, bones ground | 0 | 0 | North America | Diverse habitats | no | ||||||||||||||
| gray tree squirrel | flora-fauna | Sciurus spp. | se-se'-kot 72-77, 60-417 | siˈsi:kot | gray tree squirrel | inheritance | *sika-(wV) | Northern Uto-Aztecan | S2094 (Stubbs 2009:288); may be very early loan into NUA; note similar Yokuts forms | WW | %sik | broader (includes chipmunks and tree squirrels) | other complex | siˈsi:ko-t squirrel-npn (root may have redu[ | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 417 | no info | 2 | Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony | 1 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | men | roasted, boiled, bones ground | 0 | 0 | Western North America | woodlands | no | |||||||||||
| great horned owl | flora-fauna | Bubo virginianus | mu:hut | ˈmu:hut | tecolote | inheritance | *muhuN | Uto-Aztecan | S1542 (Stubbs 2009:227), do NOT include Raramuri form with mo- | same | other complex | ˈmu:hu-t owl-npn | -ʔaʧ “pet” | possessive classifier for animals | chi:ya | Harrington 018 | no info | 1 | held in reverence, predicted death | 2 | never killed McC p. 117 | no info | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 1 | Americas | Diverse habitats (less common in extreme deserts) | no | ||||||||||||
| grizzly bear | flora-fauna | Ursus arctos horribilis | hu:nar | ˈhu:nar | bear | inheritance | *huna-wɨ-ta | Californian | S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). Gabrielino has lost *-w- (regularly), hence the long vowel | same | other complex | ˈhu:na-r bear-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 051, 041, 189 | no info | 1 | in shamanism; and a Chingichngish animal (McC 146) | 2 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | men | mainly for skin, claws, but according to McC bear meat eaten | 0 | 0 | hides often trade | Western North America | chaparral, woodland | yes | ||||||||||||
| horned toad | flora-fauna | Phrynosomatidae | char'-row'-ă-hoCH | ʧaˈrawaxaʔ (?) | Horned toad | loan | Cupan | Note Cupan *ˈʧalaka; ultimate source obscure, not Yuman | same | underived | no npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429 | no info | 2 | Horned Toad doctored Wuyot in Lu. story, probably in Gab. too | 2 | considered disgusting (McC p. 117) | no info | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | Western U.S. and Mexico | hot, dry, sandy areas | no | ||||||||||||||
| horse | caballo | cavalho | flora-fauna | Equus caballus | ah-chah'-che | ʔaˈʔaʧin | also kava:yo' Harrington 528, | inheritance | *7aCti- | Takic | S39; technically not an inherited word for “horse”, but “horse” became prototypical domestic animal throughout Takic, so this is NOT a nonce formation but probably dates to 18th C | broader (term just means “his domestic animal”) | other complex | ʔa-ˈʔaʧi-n its-pet-possessed | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 419 | no info | 0 | 0 | probably eaten in earliest period of exposure | no info | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | I assume a market in horses once they were there | Global | with humans | no | |||||||||||
| hummingbird | colibrí, picaflor (Peru) | beija-flor | flora-fauna | Trochilidae | pe'-nor 72-77, 60-425 | ˈpi:nor (?) | hummingbird | inheritance | *pitsi-/*pitti | Uto-Aztecan | S1184 (Stubbs 2009:185); Gab form from *piyi- from *pitsi, contradicting the Serrano evidence cited in Stubbs for *piti | same | other complex | ˈpi:no-r hummingbird-npn | -ʔaʧ “pet” | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 425 | no info | 0 | one of first people, child of Temayowut (White 1963:140) | 0 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | all | roasted | 0 | 0 | Americas | diverse habitats | no | |||||||||||
| insect (generic) | insecto | insecto | flora-fauna | generic | missing | missing | missing | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | variable | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| junco | flora-fauna | Junco sppp | o-cho-che-vā che-ū 72-77, 60-425 (winter bird) | ʔoˈʧo:ʧeve ˈʧi:ja | junco | unique | perhaps a nonce formation although all the languages have this bird as snow bird, winter bird | same | phrase | ʔoˈʧo:-ʧ-eve ˈʧi:ja cold-? bird “winter bird” | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | chi:ya | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 425 | no info | 0 | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | all | roasted | 0 | 0 | North America | coniferous and mixed forests, often forage in flocks in winter | no | |||||||||||||||
| juniper | flora-fauna | Juniperus californica | wa:'at | ˈwa:ʔat | guata | inheritance | *waʔaC- | Northern Uto-Aztecan | S414 (Stubbs 2009:94) | same | other complex | ˈwa:ʔa-t Juniper - NPN | Harrington 030, 195, 597 | no info | 2 | 1 | no info | gathered (wild) | all | wood, berries probably used | 0 | 0 | North America | abundant 3000-4500 feet | no | |||||||||||||||||
| louse | flora-fauna | order Phtiraptera | -a:r | -ˈʔa:r | piojos | inheritance | *ʔatɨC- | Uto-Aztecan | S1357 (Stubbs 2009:205) | narrower (almost certainly just “head louse”) | other complex | -ˈʔa:r requires possessive prefix | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 015 | no info | 2 | 0 | no info | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | Global | On people's hair | no | |||||||||||||||
| mallard | flora-fauna | Anas platyrhynchos | te-hoo-vits saht, 72-77, 60-427 or te-hŭ-vits saht 72-77 “pretty duck” | tiˈho:vit şa:t | mallard | unique | *saya | nonce formation | same | phrase | tiˈho:vit şa:t good/pretty water.bird (each with -t npn) | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | $a:t “water bird” | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 427 | no info | 2 | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | Global | wetlands and open water | no | ||||||||||||||
| manzanita | flora-fauna | Arctostaphylos spp. | soo-boo'-cheCH | şuˈvu:ʧiy (?) | Manzanita | unique | same | other complex | şuˈvu:ʧi-y manzanita-npn | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 435 | no info | 2 | seeds used in rattles (Harrington) | 1 | berries | no info | gathered (wild) | women and children | berries made into lemonade | 0 | 0 | Western North America | chaparral, edges of woodlands | no | ||||||||||||||||||
| milkweed, broad leaf | flora-fauna | Asclepias eriocarpa | wi:vor | ˈwi:vor | milkweed; in Merriam, milkweed string | semantic shift | *wi(k)- | Uto-Aztecan | note Kitanemuk wivɨʧ “fiber-producing milkweed”, a perfect cognate; S1796 (Stubbs 2009:253) | broader (includes plant and fiber) | other complex | ˈwi:vo-r milkweed-npn (root is probably derived from wi:) | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | Harrington 492 | no info | 2 | 1 | chewing gum | no info | gathered (wild) | women | gum squeezed and cooked, plant soaked and fiber stripped | 0 | 0 | California and adjacent Nevada and Baja California | dry barren areas 200-1900 m (Jepson Herbarium site) | no | ||||||||||||||
| milkweed, narrow leaf | flora-fauna | Asclepias fascicularis | to-hah'-che-ar' 72-79, 60-439 “chewing gum” in McC p. 247, but this is from A. eriocarpa | toˈxa:ʧiʔar (?) | Narrow-leaf Milkweed | unique | note Kitanemuk kacic?? Also note Chumash /tok/ “narrow-leaved milkweed, red milkweed”?? Lu. tokmat “white milkweed” | broader (may include both milkweeds and the chewing gum) | derived | toˈxa:-ʧiʔa-r ?-?-npn | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 439 | no info | 0 | 1 | no info | gathered (wild) | women | soaked and fiber stripped | 0 | 0 | Inland California to Washington, Baja California | dry areas, slopes, 50-2200 m (Jepson Herbarium) | no | |||||||||||||||||
| mission tule | flora-fauna | Juncus | $wa:r | şwa:r | junco | inheritance | *sɨji- | Takic | S1735 (Stubbs 2009:246) | same | other complex | şwa:-r Juncus-npn | -hi:n | nihi:n $war mi junco Harrington 019 (also nime:'en?? 019 | Harrington 164 | no info | 2 | appears in song: tavo:kma swa:ra “estoy poniendo el junco” Harrington 680 | 1 | mainly for fiber | no info | gathered (wild but closely managed) | women | a basketry plant, mainly; scapes split, provide different colors | 0 | 0 | Americas | moist areas | no | |||||||||||||
| mockingbird | flora-fauna | Mimus polyglottos | tow't 72-11, 60-425 | ta:wt (?) | Mockingbird | semantic shift | *tawe- | Uto-Aztecan | S210b (Stubbs 2009:68) reconstructs as “hawk”, but may be related to *tapi “flicker”. Mockingbird a conspicuous bird. | same | other complex | ta:w-t mockingbird-npn (may be ta:-w-t with wV augmentative?) | -ʔaʧ “pet” | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 425 | no info | 2 | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | all | roasted | 0 | 0 | North America, Mexico | diverse habitats (they like habitats with high places to perch, and don't like pine trees) | no | ||||||||||||||
| mosquito | mosquito, zancudo | mosquito, carapana | flora-fauna | Anopheles spp, Isoptera | arr” | ʔaˈraʔra (a place name) ? or = louse? | Mosquito | unique | perhaps same as “louse” | same | underived | ʔaˈraʔra (no NPN, but may be same word as “louse”) | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 431 | no info | 0 | 0 | no info | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | Global | diverse (depends on species) | no | |||||||||||||||
| moth | mariposa nocturna, polilla | mariposa | flora-fauna | Heterocera | ah'-tab-bah, 72-79, 60-431 | ˈʔa:tava | moth | inheritance | *ˈʔa:tava | Takic | See Kitanemuk 'atavatava; perhaps a loan between the 2 languages | broader (includes moths and butterflies) | underived | no npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 431 | no info | 2 | 0 | McC 121 | no info | gathered (wild) | all | larvae often eaten raw as found McC 121 | 0 | 0 | Americas | diverse (depends on species) | no | ||||||||||||
| mountain lion | flora-fauna | Puma concolor | tuku:rut | tuˈku:rot | leon | inheritance | *tuCkuC-wɨ | Californian | S1306b (Stubbs 2009;200); -ro-t is the regular Gab. augmentative from *wɨ | WW | %tuku | same | derived | tuˈku:-ro-t wildcat-big-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 287 | no info | 1 | skin could be used for Chingichngich figure (McC:28); a Chingichngish animal (McC 146) | 2 | not mentioned in any lists McC p. 116; Chingichngich animals not eaten (McC117_ | no info | hunted | men | mainly for hide | 0 | 0 | hides often trade | North America | diverse habitats (prefers uplands) | yes | ||||||||||
| mountain quail | flora-fauna | Oreortyx pictus | kakawt | kaˈkawt | codorniz de la sierra | inheritance | *kakaC | Uto-Aztecan | S1702a (Stubbs 2009:241); 1702b is a different word, a Californianism. The augmentative formation is Californian. | WW | %kaka | same | derived | kaˈka-w-t quail-augmentative-npn | -ʔaʧ “pet” | possessive classifier for animals | chi:ya | Harrington 032 | no info | 2 | quail topknots for wands | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | US west of Rockies and Baja California | Chaparral | no | ||||||||||
| mussel | flora-fauna | Mytilus spp. | a-chin-ka-hi | ʔaʔaʧi-n kaxa:y (?) | sea museles (sic) | unique | Note Mojave 'achiily 'olivella' | no info | phrase | ʔa-ʔaʧi-n kaxa:y his-pet-possessed ?-npn (see xaxa:-mo-nga “Rancho de los Verdugos”) -- I think this is inland, in Glendale area, though | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | Taylor in McC 273 | no info | 2 | 1 | no info | gathered (wild) | all | meat cooked, shells saved for containers, ornament | 0 | 1 | traded inland for spoons | West coast of North America | cold coastal waters | no | ||||||||||||||||
| olivella (olive snail) | flora-fauna | Callianax biplicata | 7awverot | ˈʔawverot | abalorios | unique | no info | derived | ˈʔawve-ro-t ?-big-npn | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | Harrington 094, 456 | strings of these beads circulated among tomyaar “chiefs” | 2 | exchange, display is part of a number of ceremonies | 2 | seems like they'd be too small and inconvenient to eat | no info | gathered (wild) | men | beads made from various parts of shell, strung for shell money | 0 | 1 | among chiefs; may mostly have come in from Channel Islands | Pacific Coast of North America, B.C. to Baja California | sandy substrates intertidally and tidally and in bays | no | |||||||||||||||
| pinyon jay | flora-fauna | Cyanocitta stelleri? | hi'-ing' che-ū 60-421 | ˈhajŋa ˈʧi:ja (?) | Pinyon Jay | loan | Serrano or Kitanemuk | ultimately Yokutsan but immediately Serran, cf. Kitanemuk hayha'y “crested jay”; Merriam has hi'-hi for Bankalachi (where all the other names are Yokuts); *kayve- in Cupeño, Cahuilla; Proto-NimYokuts *xay “Crested Jay” (Golla 1964:61); Southern Sierra | WW | %kaj | same | phrase | ˈhaj-ŋa ˈʧi:ja edge-on bird | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | chi:ya | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 421 | no info | 2 | considered deer's helper, warns of hunters (Harrington in Elliott) | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | Western North America | Foothills where pinyon groves occur | no | |||||||||||
| pinyon pine | flora-fauna | Pinus monophylla | tova:'at | toˈva:ʔat | pinyon | inheritance | *tɨpat | Northern Uto-Aztecan | S1583 (Stubbs 2009:231). This is probably a loan into Proto-NUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan (Hill 2008 | broader (includes tree and nuts) | other complex | toˈva:ʔa-t pinyon-npn | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | Harrington 584, 413 | no info | 2 | were once human | 1 | pine nuts | no info | gathered (wild but closely managed) | all | cones roasted to pop out nuts | 0 | 1 | Southwestern North America and Mexico | In pinyon-juniper woodland, 3500-9000 feet (for P. monophylla), 2500-8000 feet (for P. quadrifolia). Rocky hills and slopes. | no | |||||||||||||
| pismo clam | flora-fauna | Tivella stultorum | -ta:ri-n | -ˈta:rin | mi almeja (= vagina) | unique | Note S2387 Central Numic *ta'i “female genitalia”. The question here is, is this a dirty word for “clam”, or a euphemism for “vulva”? | no info | other complex | -ˈta:r-in clam-possessed (requires a possessive prefix) | no info | 2 | 1 | McC 122 | no info | gathered (wild) | all | meat cooked, shells saved for diverse uses | 0 | 1 | Tivella beads were money, but not clams in this area | Pacific Coast | sandy beaches in surf zone | no | ||||||||||||||||||
| pocket gopher | flora-fauna | Thomomys | mhwat | mwa:t | gopher | inheritance | *mɨjɨN- | Northern Uto-Aztecan | S1009 (Stubbs 2009:164) | same | other complex | mwa:-t gopher-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 419 | no info | 2 | helped Frog bewitch Wuyot (Harrington 1978:118) | 1 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | men | roasted, boiled, bones ground | 0 | 0 | North America | Diverse habitats | no | |||||||||||||
| poison oak | flora-fauna | Toxicodendron diversilobum | o-ar” maybe ya:r (Kit. yachr) | ʔoa:r | Poison Oak | inheritance | *ʔɨjaa- | Californian | S1506 (Stubbs 2009:224) Huasteca Nahuatl iyatl “tobacco”is ridiculous. Kitanemuk ʔɨycič should be in. First vowel is central, Gab. attests.. ya:r may be blend with Chumash yasis?? | same | other complex | ʔoa:-r poison.oak-npn | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 437 | no info (Los Angeles, ya:nga, is probably poison-oak-at) | 2 | 2 | no info | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | Pacific coast Canada to Baja California | Likes damp, shady areas, chaparral | yes | |||||||||||||||||
| rattlesnake | flora-fauna | Crotalus spp. | $o:t | şo:t | vibora, Black Diamondback Rattler | inheritance | *sɨwɨn- | Takic | S2011a (Stubbs 2009:280); not Stubbs' reconstruction, but Kitanemuk, Serrano are conservative in retaining these nasals. | narrower (seems to mean this particular species of rattlesnake, or have that as prototype) | other complex | şo:-t rattlesnake-npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 596 | no info | 1 | Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony | 2 | Reid said rattlesnake not eaten (McC 116) | no info | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | Southern Canada south | Diverse habitats | yes | |||||||||||||
| red ant | flora-fauna | Solenopsis spp | ahn'-naht' (red ant) | ˈʔa:nat | red ant | inheritance | *ʔalɨN- | Uto-Aztecan | S44 (Stubbs 2009:44) | same | other complex | ˈʔa:na-t red.ant-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 431 | no info | 1 | in ant ordeal | 0 | McC 121 | 1 | swallowed for medicine (McC) | gathered (wild) | all | larvae often eaten raw as found McC 121 | 0 | 0 | Americas | Diverse habitats | no | ||||||||||||
| red-shouldered blackbird | flora-fauna | Agelaius phoeniceus | chakwyu' | ʧaˈkʷjuʔ | red-winged blackbird | loan | Yokuts | Nim-Yokuts *č'ax (Golla 1964:60) | WW | %chak | same | underived | no npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | chi:ya | Harrington 160 | no info | 2 | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | all | roasted | 0 | 0 | North and Central America | Open grassy areas, prefers wetlands, but also found in dry upland meadows | no | ||||||||||||
| red-tailed hawk | flora-fauna | Buteo jamaicensis | paki:sar | paˈki:sar | gavilan pollero | inheritance | *kisa | Northern Uto-Aztecan | S720 (Stubbs 2009:131) | same | derived | pa-ˈki:sa-r big/water-hawk-npn (I am not sure this is synchronically productive in Gab) | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 147 | no info | 2 | beaks, claws in Chingichngich figure (McC p. 28) | 2 | McC does not mention but is Chingichngish animal | no info | hunted | men | for feathers, for arrows and regalia | 0 | 0 | feathers used in regalia, traded | Widespread in Americas | Mixed forest and field | no | ||||||||||||
| roadrunner | flora-fauna | Geococcyx californianus | poo'-he-awt | puˈwiʔawt (?) | Roadrunner | inheritance | *puhi/*puʔi/*puwi (all proposed) | Uto-Aztecan | I agree with Stubbs 2009:250 that Yecora Piman pu7i “roadrunner” fits here. S1776. In all Takic. | WW | %pu: | same | derived | puˈwiʔ-a-w-t roadrunner-?-augmentative-npn (/a/ may be an ablaut vowel) | ʔaʧ “pet” | possessive classifier for animals | chi:ya | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 421 | no info | 2 | cut hair in mourning for Wiyot | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | Southwestern U.S. to Central America | desert areas | no | ||||||||||
| ruddy duck | flora-fauna | Oxyura jamaicensis | ah-ā's-rōt-saht | ʔaˈʔe:şarot şa:t | Ruddy duck | unique | *osa “paint”, *saya | Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan | nonce formation | same | phrase | ʔaˈʔe:şarot şa:t painted duck (each with npn) | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | $a:t “water bird” | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 427 | no info | 2 | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | North America | lakes and ponds, winter in coastal wetlands | no | |||||||||||||
| sage herb | flora-fauna | Artemisia californica | huru:var | huˈru:var | romerillo | inheritance | *hulupa- | Northern Uto-Aztecan | Note Lu. hulvul “Artemisia californica”; S1597 (Stubbs 2009:233) | same | other complex | huˈru:va-r romerillo-npn | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | Harrington 128 | no info | 2 | may be given to boys and girls at initiation in ball with salt but that plant not identified for Gabrielino; Couplet: hulvul, qawiimal; a Chingichngish plant (Harrington 1978:133); | 2 | 1 | poultice for sores, swellings, tumors, rheumatic pains, eye medicine (McC 102) | gathered (wild) | women | diverse methods | 0 | 0 | California, Baja California | Chaparral and “dry foothills communities” | no | |||||||||||||
| salmon/steelhead | flora-fauna | Oncorhynchus mykiss | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| scaly lizard | flora-fauna | Pygopus lepidopodus? | che-roo'-ko? 60-429 | ʧiˈrukuʔ | Scaly lizard | loan | Gabrielino | Kitanemuk chiruku' “lizard, cachora (iguana)”; See discussion at S1332 (Stubbs 2009:202). See also note with “Bat” | broader (for several kinds of lizards, but not all so-called in English) | underived | no npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429 | no info | 2 | 2 | considered disgusting (McC p. 117) | no info | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | Americas | Diverse habitats | no | |||||||||||||||
| small bird | flora-fauna | tse'-ū | ˈtsi:ya | small bird | loan | Chumash | see “bird” | no info | underived | may just be dialect variant of chi:ya, or may be phonaesthetic modification of consonant to make chi:ya smaller and cuter | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | chi:ya | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429 | no info | 2 | 1978:122) | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | all | roasted | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A | no | ||||||||||||||
| small brown lizard | flora-fauna | che-roo'-ko? | ʧiˈrukuʔ | Small brown lizard | loan | Gabrielino | See discussion at S1332 (Stubbs 2009:202) | broader (for several kinds of lizards, but not all so-called in English) | underived | no npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429 | no info | 2 | 2 | considered disgusting (McC p. 117) | no info | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | Western North America | desert areas | no | ||||||||||||||||
| snake (generic) | culebra, serpiente | cobra | flora-fauna | ta:hur, ta:xor (281) | ˈta:hur | la culebra, gopher snake | inheritance | *tahu- | Northern Uto-Aztecan | S2015 (Stubbs 2009:280) | narrower (does not include rattlesnakes) | other complex | ˈta:hu-r snake-npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 161 | no info | 0 | 1 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | all | no info | 0 | 0 | Americas | Diverse habitats | no | |||||||||||||
| snake (generic) | culebra, serpiente | cobra | flora-fauna | $o:t “snake”; $o:wot “rattlesnake”; | inheritance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| soaproot | flora-fauna | Chlorogalum | $u:har | ˈşu:har | amole, escobete | loan | Gabrielino | Note Cupeno ˈsuxuxul (a Faye recording); loan from Proto-Nim-Yokuts (at least) *ThoxoTh Golla 1964:65 into Takic | WW | %svkv | same | other complex | ˈşu:ha-r soaproot-npn | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | Harrington 541 | no info | 2 | 1 | root could be eaten, mainly for little brushes for mortars | no info | gathered (wild) | women | fibers stripped for brushes, root chopped for soap | 0 | 0 | Southwest Oregon, California | rock bluffs, grasslands, chaparral | no | |||||||||||||
| sour berry | flora-fauna | Rhus trilobata | so-rah' | şoˈra:t (?) | Sour berry | inheritance | *sɨ(ta)- | Californian | Note Cahuilla selet, Kitanemuk hɨʧr, Tubatulabal shyl | same | other complex | şoˈra:-t sour.berry-NPN (Merriam doesn't have npn but it's there in Cahuilla, I think he just didn't hear it) | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 437 | no info | 2 | 1 | berries considered not good to eat (in Merriam notes) | no info | gathered (wild but closely managed) | women | for basketry | 0 | 0 | Western North America | chaparral to 3500 feet | no | ||||||||||||||
| sparrow hawk | flora-fauna | Falco | koo'-neets | ˈku:niʧ (?) | Sparrow hawk | unique | Could this be the NUA “turkey” word??? Stubbs 2358 (2008;316), *kuyu-...? | same | underived | -ʧ is not an npn. Alexander Taylor gave this word for "bird" (in McC) | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 421 | no info | 2 | beaks, claws in Chingichngich figure (McC p. 28) | 2 | McC does not mention but is Chingichngish animal | no info | hunted | men | for feathers, for arrows and regalia | 0 | 0 | feathers used in regalia, traded | Americas | diverse habitats | no | ||||||||||||||
| spider | araña | aranha | flora-fauna | Arachnida, Araneae | wer-rā-cheCH | weˈre:ʧix “it goes round in a circle” | Spider | unique | narrower (doesn't include black widow, surely ku:kat (cf. Kuka-mo-nga) | phrase | weˈre:ʧi-x go.around.in.circle-present.tense (?) | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 431 | no info | 0 | a Chingichngish animal (McC 146); some say lit fire of Wuyot's pyre (Harrington 1978) | 0 | Chingichngich animals not eaten (McC p. 117) | no info | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | Western North America | diverse habitats, reclusive | yes | ||||||||||||||
| spider | araña | aranha | flora-fauna | wer-ra--cheCH /werechix/ | unique | CHM/MC268 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| spotted skunk | flora-fauna | Spilogale gracilis | che-noo'-e po-ne'-vo 72-77, 60-417 (che-noo'-e = “small”) | ʧiˈnu:y poˈni:vor | spotted skunk | unique | a nonce formation, see “Big Skunk” for head word, which is NUA | same | phrase | ʧiˈnu:-y poˈni:vo-r small-npn skunk-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 417 | no info | 2 | 2 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | men | no info | 0 | 0 | Western U.S. | Diverse habitats | no | ||||||||||||||||
| toad | sapo | sapo | flora-fauna | Bufonidae | kwa'ro' | ˈkʷaʔroʔ | zapo | inheritance | *kwaʔro | Uto-Aztecan | S941 (Stubbs 2009:157) | same | underived | no npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 116 | no info | 2 | Bullfrog is last child of Wuyot, and bewitched him. Couplet: waxaawut, kaarawut “bullfrog, earthworm | 2 | considered disgusting (McC p. 117) | no info | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | Americas | Diverse habitats | no | |||||||||||
| tobacco | tabaco | tabaco | flora-fauna | Nicotiana spp. | pi:vat | ˈpi:vat | tobacco | inheritance | *pipaC- | Uto-Aztecan | S2290 (Stubbs 2009:310) | narrower (plant only, does not include the prepared leaf which is $okin or pespivat | other complex | ˈpi:va-t tobacco-npn | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | Harrington 095, 182 | no info | 1 | used in ritual and shamanism as intoxicant | 1 | plant parts often poisonous | 1 | vomiturge, for urinary infections, stomach pains, wounds (McC p. 102) | gathered (wild, but closely managed) | men | ground with lime and water as chaw (pespi:vat), smoked,decoction with other herbs | 1 | 0 | Americas | Diverse habitats | no | ||||||||||
| tree | árbol | arvore | flora-fauna | (NA) | kuta | kuˈta | tree, palo | inheritance | *kut(ta) | Uto-Aztecan | S2345 (Stubbs 2009:315) | broader (includes tree, wood | other complex | kuˈ-ta tree-npn | Harrington 463 | no info | 0 | kutumut, central pole, derived from this word; “Any [kuta] can be designated th Tcangitcngic as one of his messengers for producing death” Harrington 1978:133) | 0 | no info | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | items manufactured of wood are traded, like wands | Americas | diverse habitats, depending on species | no | |||||||||||||
| tree yucca | flora-fauna | Yucca schidegera | hunu:vut | huˈnu:vut | for making fiber for tying the fences | inheritance | *hɨnuva- | Cupan plus Gabriellino | S2548 (Stubbs 2009:340) | same | other complex | huˈnu:vu-t yucca-npn | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | Harrington 484 | no info | 2 | 1 | Harrington said not used by Gab (McC131) | no info | gathered (wild but closely managed) | all | soaked and fiber stripped | 0 | 0 | Mojave and Sonoran Deserts (and obviously nearby Coast Ranges in dry areas) | rocky slopes, creosote flats, 300-1200m (rarely up to 2500m) | no | ||||||||||||||
| turkey buzzard | flora-fauna | Cathartes aura | wi'$o' | ˈwiʔşoʔ | aura | loan | Yokuts | see Condor. It occurs to me that the problematic Hopi “vulture” word could have a Yokutsan source ultimately. | WW | %wit | same | underived | no npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 069, 413, 596 | no info | 2 | eggs source of shamanic power (McC p. 97 | 2 | McC does not mention but is Chingichngish animal | no info | gathered (wild) | men | for eggs only, apparently | 0 | 0 | Americas | Diverse habitats | no | ||||||||||||
| turtle (generic) | flora-fauna | Testudines | pah'-ar” 72-79, 60-429 | ˈpa:ʔa:r (?) | turtle | inheritance | *pa:-*ʔayaC | Uto-Aztecan | S2359 (Stubbs 2009:316) | same | derived | ˈpa:-ʔa:-r water-turtle-npn (is this synchronically productive?) | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429 | no info | 2 | couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony; shells used for rattles | 2 | McC p. 116 | 1 | broth for aging (of a mud turtle) | hunted | all | shells saved for rattles | 0 | 1 | Western North America | Diverse habitats | no | ||||||||||||
| valley live oak | flora-fauna | Quercus agrifolia | wi:y | wi:y | bellota | inheritance | *wi'aN- | Northern Uto-Aztecan | S1507b (Stubbs 2009:224); one of diverse derivations on this base for “oak” | broader (includes tree and acorns) | other complex | wi:-y live.oak-npn | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | Harrington 559 | no info | 2 | were once human | 1 | acorns | 1 | oak bark as general all-purpose antiseptic wash (McC p. 102) | gathered (wild but closely managed) | all | acorns ground, flour leached, made into mush, soup, bread | 0 | 1 | California west of Sierra Nevada from Mendocino County to Baja California; only coastal live oak | Concentrated in valleys and on lower hills below 3000 feet | no | ||||||||||||
| valley oak | flora-fauna | Quercus lobata | kwa:r | kʷa:r | bellota = tree | inheritance | *kwini/*kwiyi- | Northern Uto-Aztecan | S1507a (Stubbs 2009:224). This is probably a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan | broader (includes tree and acorns) | other complex | kʷa:-r black.oak-npn | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | Harrington 125 | no info | 2 | were once human | 1 | acorns | 1 | oak bark as general all-purpose antiseptic wash (McC p. 102) | gathered (wild but closely managed) | all | acorns ground, flour leached, made into mush, soup, bread | 0 | 1 | Southwest Oregon and California except in deserts | Found in high hills up to 8,000 feet, especially on slopes facing away from the desert | no | ||||||||||||
| valley quail | flora-fauna | Callipepla californica | kaka:r | kaˈka:r | codorniz | inheritance | *kakaC- | Uto-Aztecan | S1702a (Stubbs 2009:241); 1702b is a different word, a Californianism. | WW | %kaka | same | other complex | kaˈka:-r quail-npn (root is sound-imitative) | -ʔaʧ “pet” | possessive classifier for animals | chi:ya | Harrington 605 | no info | 2 | quail topknots for wands; cut hair in mourning for Creator | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | Far west North America to British Columbia | open woodlands, chaparral | no | ||||||||||
| Washington clam | flora-fauna | Saxidomus nuttalli | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Western Canada goose | flora-fauna | Branta canadensis | wu:xam “ansaras” source of bone for whistle Harrington 021 | ˈwu:xam | ansaras | unique | same | other complex | ˈwu:xa-m goose-plural (npn often dropped in plurals) | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | $a:t “water bird” | Harrington 021 | no info | 0 | bones used for whistles | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | North America | wetlands, open fields | no | |||||||||||||||
| whale | flora-fauna | Eschrichtius robustus | kyot | kjot | whale | inheritance | *kɨcuC-wɨt | Cupan plus Gabriellino | note Cupeno qeyuwet “whale”, good cognate | no info | phrase | ˈpa:-ŋa xa:-r water-in rat-npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | Munro 1988 cited in Anderton 1988:355 | no info | 2 | rock art representations in caves; Whale may be the “Big Fish” that brought tosawt “sacred stones” from island to mainland (Harrington 1978:146) | 1 | no info | gathered (wild) | all | bones of beached whales used for house construction; vertebrae as stools | 0 | 1 | whale vertebra stools found well inland | Pacific coast; migratory route is Alaska-Gulf of California | deep water (although California Grays may swim fairly close to shore) | no | |||||||||||||
| white pelican | flora-fauna | Pelicanus erythrorhynchos | ah'ng-ŭ-root-saht' | ˈʔa:ŋarot şa:t ? | White pelican | unique | *ʔaŋa- , *saya(C) | Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan | S220, S217 respectively (Stubbs 2009:69). But note that *ʔaŋa- is also a good UA word for “wing” (although not hitherto attested in Takic; it is in Tubatulabal as per Merriam notes). So this is probably “wing-big” . Probably a nonce formation but on UA | same | phrase | ˈʔa:ŋa-ro-t şa:-t ?-big-nominalizer water.bird-npn; might be: ˈʔana:ŋe xarot şa:t “still would.be water.bird”??? Or could 7a:nga be the UA “wing” word??? | -ʔaʧ “pet” | possessive classifier for animals | şa:t “water bird” | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 425 | no info | 0 | 2 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | men | roasted | 0 | 0 | North America | breed inland and are on coasts in winter (White Pelicans) | no | |||||||||||||
| wild grapevine | flora-fauna | Vitis californica | pah-vah's kā-veet 72-79, 60-441 | paˈva:ş ˈke:vit (?) | Wild grapevine | inheritance | *paaʔas | Uto-Aztecan | S189 (Stubbs 2009:65) Yaqui is quite good; Is kevit the same as Lu. makwit? | unknown | 2 | Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | Southwest Oregon and California | common along streams and in canyon bottoms below 4000 feet | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| wild oats | flora-fauna | Avena (introduction) | ă-vā'-har | ʔaˈve:har | Wild oats | loan | Spanish | WW | %avena | same | other complex | ʔaˈve:ha-r oats-npn (unusual addition of an npn to Spanish loan) | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 441 | no info | 2 | 1 | for seeds | 2 | gathered (wild but closely managed) | women | seeds parched, mixed with other seeds, some ground | 0 | 0 | Americas | Common up to about 3500 feet; abundant since at least 1835 | no | ||||||||||||||
| wild rose | flora-fauna | Rosa californica | ochu:r | ʔuˈʧu:r | wild rose, rosa de castilla | inheritance | *ʔusa-la | Takic | Not in Stubbs; note Luiseño 7ush-la, Cahuilla ʔúšal, Cupeno 7u$al; Kitanemuk ʔucuč | same | other complex | ʔuˈʧu:-r rose-npn | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | Harrington 529 | no info | 0 | couplet in Lu., a Chingichngish plant (Harrington 1978:133); | 1 | 1 | as gentle purgative for babies (McC p. 102) | gathered (wild) | women and children | fruits raw or ground and stored, flowers for tea, wood for bows/arrows | 0 | 0 | Oregon, California, northern Baja California | moist areas, cienegas, along streams | no | |||||||||||||
| wild sunflower | flora-fauna | Helianthus (and other genera) | pahCH'-har | ˈpa:ʔaxar | Sunflower | inheritance | *(pa)ʔaʔka | Uto-Aztecan | Kitanemuk pa'apkachr; S2191 (Stubbs 2009:299) | same | derived | ˈpa:-ʔaxa-r big/water - sunflower - npn (derivation may not be synchronic) | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 441 | no info | 0 | 1 | seeds eaten (Merriam) | no info | gathered (wild) | women | seeds parched (later considered good only for chicken feed) | 0 | 0 | North America | Diverse habitats | no | ||||||||||||||
| willow | flora-fauna | Salix spp. | $axa:t | şaˈxa:t | saus | inheritance | *sakat | Uto-Aztecan | also as $axa:t at 123 and at 547 in $a$a(:)xat; S1023 (Stubbs 2009:166) | same | other complex | şaˈxa:-t npn | Harrington 164 | no info | 2 | used in construction of the yovaar (Harrington 1978:136) | 2 | no info | gathered (wild) | women | fiber plant, basketry, wood | 0 | 0 | Southwestern US and Mexico | Along streams and in wet places below 2000 feet | no | ||||||||||||||||
| wood rat, round-tail | flora-fauna | Neotoma spp. | xa:r | xa:r | rata | inheritance | *kawa- | Northern Uto-Aztecan | Kitanemuk kachr; S1423 (Stubbs 2009:242) | same | other complex | xa:-r rat-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 502 | no info | 2 | 1 | McC p. 116 | no info | hunted | men | roasted, boiled, bones ground | 0 | 0 | Western U.S., northern Mexico | Diverse habitats | no | ||||||||||||||
| worm, hairy caterpillar | flora-fauna | Arctiidae (many species) | ah-ker-ran-mah-mah-her-rah | ʔaˈxaren maˈma:hŋa (?) | worm,hairy caterpillar | unique | A nonce formation | no info | phrase | ʔa-ˈxare-n maˈma:h-ŋa its-life-possessed grass-in (??) | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 431 | no info | 2 | 2 | McC 121 | no info | gathered (wild) | all | often eaten raw as found (McC 121) | 0 | 0 | Americas | diverse (depends on species) | no | ||||||||||||||||
| worm, smooth caterpillar | flora-fauna | Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper | ko'a:r | kuˈʔa:r | gusano | inheritance | *kuʔa- | Takic | S893 (Stubbs 2009:152), | broader (includes lots of different grubs, maggots, worms, caterpillars) | other complex | kuˈʔa:-r grub-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | Harrington 024 | no info | 2 | 2 | McC 121 | no info | gathered (wild) | all | often eaten raw as found (McC 121) | 0 | 0 | Americas | diverse (depends on species) | no | ||||||||||||||
| yellow jacket | flora-fauna | Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp. | hah'ng-ar' | ˈha:ŋar | Yellow jacket | inheritance | *saŋa- | Takic | S160 (Stubbs 2009:62) | same | other complex | ˈha:ŋa-r yellow.jacket-npn | -ʔaʧ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 431 | no info | 2 | 0 | larvae (McC 121) | no info | gathered (wild) | all | often eaten raw as found (McC 121) | 0 | 0 | Americas | diverse (depends on species) | no | ||||||||||||||
| yellowbird | flora-fauna | Dendroica petechia | pah'-har-ring-r che-u (=sunflower bird) | pa:xariŋar ˈʧi:ja (?) | Astragalinus | semantic shift | *paaxingi-sh | Cupan plus Gabriellino | Cupan *paaxingi-sh “red-winged blackbird”; I don't want to reconstruct Merriam's extra syllable. “Sunflower” probably a false etymology. If true should be pa7akaringish chi:ya and he should have heard the /k/ | same | phrase | paˈʔa:xa:-r ʔa-ˈhi:-n ˈʧi:ja sunflower-npn its-possession-possessed (pd) bird (looks like “sunflower's bird”, but that should be paˈʔa:xa:r ʔa-ˈʔaʧe-n ˈʧi:ja, so maybe my guess here is wrong | ʔaʧ “pet” | possessive classifier for animals | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 425 | no info | 0 | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | all | roasted | 0 | 0 | North America; the relevant subspecies is west of Sierras and in deserts and Baja California in winter | open country | no | ||||||||||||||
| yerba santa | flora-fauna | Eriodictyon californicum | hŭ-hĕr'-hetch-ō>t 72-79, 60-437 (medicine) | haˈheheʧʔot (?) | Yerba Santa | unique | same | other complex | haˈheheʧʔo-t has npn; root must be derived somehow but I can't find source | -hi:n | classifier for worthwhile possessions | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 437 | no info | 2 | Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony | 1 | 1 | gathered (wild) | women | teas, etc | 0 | 0 | Oregon, California | Diverse habitats | no |
Showing 1 to 130 of 130 entries
Cultural Vocabulary (115)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Etymology Notes | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | General Notes | Source |
|---|
English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Etymology Notes | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | General Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acorn bread | food | pēCH-kā-e | cakes of mush hardened in water, acorn bread | unique | other complex | Merriam 49:109 | ||||||||||||
| acorn mush | food | we"CH | wi:y H 126 | acorn mush | inheritance | *wiw | Takic | Stubbs 2011,1557 | other complex | Merriam 49:109 | ||||||||
| afterworld, land of dead, Heaven | tierra do los muertos | terra dos mortos | culture-mythology | to-koop-nah-ar'-ro | $i:$ovet infierno H 520 | final abode, place above | unique | this is from sky word | other complex | |||||||||
| alcohol | food | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| arrow | flecha | flecha | subsistence tool | hu:r | arrow | inheritance | *huca | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 63 | other complex | Hill Harrington Notes | |||||||
| arrow straightener | other | o-roo-sar | arrow stone for polishing | unique | perhaps not straightener? Maybe for arrowheads? | other complex | Merriam 49:101 | |||||||||||
| bag, sack | culture-material | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| bait for fishing | cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) | isca | subsistence tool | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| ball game | food | pe-ah-kā-e | game of lacrosse | unique | other complex | Merriam (McCawley 1996) | ||||||||||||
| basket (general) | canasta, canasto, cesta | cesto | culture-material | ko-me'-me | komi:me' (H) | basket (general term), basket shaped like a bandeja (H570) | inheritance | *komi | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 99b "pot, back of tortoise, back" | simplex | Merriam 49:105 | ||||||
| basket, small | canasta, canasto, cesta | cesto pequeno, tampado | culture-material | too-moo-hah | tomu:xa' H 570 | sub-globular choke-mouth bowl | unique | simplex | Merriam 49:105 | |||||||||
| basketry hat | culture-material | ah-mah'-kah | basketry hat worn by women | unique | simplex | Merriam 49:97 | ||||||||||||
| bead | abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar | miçanga | culture-material | to-koo-par | beads | inheritance | *tukuC-pa | Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 2032b, related to (a) "sky"; also tomo:$axar kind of beads H 456 | other complex | Merriam 49:97 | |||||||
| beans | food | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| boomerang/throwing stick (generic) | subsistence tool | wa:kat | unknown | |||||||||||||||
| bottle | botella | garrafa | acculturation | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| bottom grinding stone | manufacture | tokwis “mortero” | unknown | |||||||||||||||
| bow | arco | arco | subsistence tool | pi-tro-ar, H. paytxot 'arco en general' | common bow | inheritance | *pakoti | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 277 | other complex | Merriam 49:101 | |||||||
| canoe | canoa | canoa | transport | ti7aat | sewn-plank canoe | inheritance | Meroz 2011 has Gab-Cup ti7aa- 'to stack', seems good; should be added to Stubbs 2011:1745a | other complex | ||||||||||
| carrying net | subsistence tool | how'-oo-kut | carrying net | unique | other complex | Merriam 49:103 | ||||||||||||
| cat | gato | gato | acculturation | to-koot | cat | semantic shift | *tukkuC | Northern Uto-Aztecan | other complex | Merriam (McCawley 1996) | ||||||||
| chicken | gallina | galinha | acculturation | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| chief/leader | jefe, cacique | chefe | culture-mythology | tomya:r | chief | unique | other complex | Hill Harrington notes | ||||||||||
| clapper | acculturation | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| clothing | ropa | roupa | culture-mythology | moha:von | tu ropa (fresada) | inheritance | *ha-pyt | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 244 | other complex | Hill Harrington notes | |||||||
| club | garrote, cachiporra | clava, porrete | subsistence tool | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| cook food | food | maynok kwa7i:vet | make food | unique | phrase | Hill Harrington notes | ||||||||||||
| corn | food | maiz | maize (same as in Spanish) | loan | Spanish | WW | %maiz | simplex | Alexander Taylor in McCawley 1996 | |||||||||
| corpse | food | ah-mŭ'-yah | amoya7 'difunto' H | corpse | unique | other complex | Merriam (McCawley 1996) | |||||||||||
| cradleboard | culture-material | tahr-rah'-hoor | baby basket | unique | other complex | Merriam 49:105 | ||||||||||||
| cremate | culture-mythology | too-e- | vere:k?? H 670 | cremate | unknown | looks like Lu. Chuyi, Ca. chut | simplex | root | Merriam 49:145 | |||||||||
| dance (generic) | culture-mythology | yah-kā-ēCH | ya:key H564 | a dance | inheritance | *yawai | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 635a | other complex | Merriam 49:113 | ||||||||
| Datura wrightii | narcotics | ma:nit | el toloache | inheritance | *manit | Takic | WW | %mani | this is surely the source language | other complex | Hill Harrington notes | |||||||
| deity/powerful spirit/culture figure | dios(es), deidad | divinidade, figura mítica | culture-mythology | te-huv-soo-nar, hetekrungaiy 'el dios' (H"315)) (that which is above); $aho:vet H 061 | God, good spirit | inheritance | *tu7apa | Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 2570 maybe | other complex | Merriam 49:113 | |||||||
| digging stick | subsistence tool | ah-nahCH | digging stick | inheritance | *naka-ta | Californian (Takic plus Tubatulabal) | other complex | Merriam 49:103 | ||||||||||
| digging stick | subsistence tool | ah-nahCH /7a-nax/ (also “spear for fish”) | inheritance | CHM/MC245 | ||||||||||||||
| dipper | subsistence tool | wahng'-ar | dipper | inheritance | *wanga- | Takic | also in Kitanemuk | other complex | Merriam 49:103 | |||||||||
| dream | sueño, soñar | sonho, sonhar | culture-mythology | hoo-hoo-war-ră-wēCH | dream | unique | other complex, reduplicated | Merriam 49:113 | ||||||||||
| drone pipe | culture-mythology | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| drum | tambor | tambor | culture-mythology | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| earring | other | too-e-kāCH | ear pendant of small shells | unique | other complex | Merriam 49:97 | ||||||||||||
| feather headband | dress | pa-vahm'-ut | headdress of feathers | inheritance | *payu, *papayu | Takic | Stubbs 2011 1268a Lu, Ca, add Gab | other complex | Merriam (McCawley 1996) | |||||||||
| fire drill | subsistence tool | to-tah-chah'-vō't | fire drill | unique | contains cha 'fire' | derived, other complex | stone fire | Merriam 49:101 | ||||||||||
| fire-tender | culture-mythology | ta:xkwa7 | a kind of religious officer | inheritance | *ta-*ku | Uto-Aztecan | Hill 1985 | simplex | Hill Harrington notes | |||||||||
| fireplace | hogar | lareira | other | ho'-mā-chō't | fireplace | unique | other complex | Merriam (McCawley 1996) | ||||||||||
| firewood | leña | lenha | other | kuta: | leña, trees | inheritance | *kutawi | Northern Uto-Azteca | Stubbs 2011 2409a | other complex | Hill Harrington notes 546 | |||||||
| fish (with fish-poison) | pescar con barbasco, barbasquear | pescar com timbó; tinguijar | food | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| fish (with line) | anzuelear, pescar con linea | pescar (com linha) | food | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| fish hook | subsistence tool | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| fish poison | barbasco, matapez (Colombia) | timbó | subsistence tool | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| fishing line | cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze | linha de pesca | subsistence tool | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| flute | flauta, quena (Peru) | flauta | culture-mythology | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| gambling sticks | other | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| game animal | caza, animal de caza | caça, animal de caça | food | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit | espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio | espirito | culture-mythology | she-soo | Devil or bad spirit | loan | unknown | should be added to list of substratal vocab in Gab. | simplex | Merriam 49:113 | ||||||||
| ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit | espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio | espirito | culture-mythology | ah-ni't | ghost | unique | other complex | Merriam 49:113 | ||||||||||
| glue | subsistence tool | hoo-oot | glue for arrow points and other purposes from limbs of high bushes | unique | other complex | Merriam 49:103 | ||||||||||||
| grave | tumba, sepultura, sepulcro | sepultura, sepulcro, cova | culture-mythology | nah-heCH'; nah-hah'-met-sut | grave in ground | unique | other complex | Merriam (McCawley 1996) | ||||||||||
| gun | arma, escopeta | espingarda, fusil | acculturation | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| hat | sombero | chapéu | dress | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| honey | miel | mel | food | awe:' (H) | honey | unique | Hill Harrington notes transcr 307, 550 sugar, dulce | other complex | Merriam 49:111 | |||||||||
| house | other | ki:y | house | inheritance | *ki: | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 1214 | other complex | Hill Harrington notes | |||||||||
| house | other | 7a-ki:-n | inheritance | |||||||||||||||
| hunt | cazar | caçar | food | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| initiate boy | culture-mythology | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| initiate girl | culture-mythology | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| knife | cuchillo | faca | culture-material | pa:xo-t(H) | stone knife | semantic shift | *paka | Uto-Aztecan | transcr Harrington Hill notes401, 581; Hill/Miller has this with paxa 'reed, arrow' words | other complex | Merriam 49:101 | |||||||
| loincloth | taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla | tanga, tapa-sexo | dress | ah-tah' -par-ră-ba | loincloth | inheritance | Takic | same as Serrano | phrase | Merriam 49:95 | ||||||||
| mat | culture-material | sā-he' | tule mat | unknown | could this be related to Comanche 'boat' and N. Paiute 'tule raft'??? | other complex | Merriam 49:99 | |||||||||||
| medicine | narcotics | ah-no-vēn | mediine | inheritance | *nyhaC | Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 120 | other complex | Merriam 49:111 | |||||||||
| mortar | mortero | pilão | subsistence tool | tō-kwe-is | to:kwi$ el mortero H 250, 530 | portable stone mortar | inheritance | *ty-kwis | Takic | also in Kitanemuk | other complex | Merriam 49:101 | ||||||
| necklace | other | ah-hoo-noCH | xu:nxo'ar beads worn as necklace H 455 | necklace of shells | inheritance | *koLoka | Uto-Aztecan | WW | %xene | Stubbs 2011 1505 | other complex | Merriam 49:97 | ||||||
| needle/awl | subsistence tool | e-vē't | needle, awl | inheritance | *7opi | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 92 | other complex | Merriam 49:103 | |||||||||
| ochre | culture-mythology | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| paddle/oar | remo | remo | transport | koo-tah' | paddle | semantic shift | *kuta | Uto-Aztecan | this is just 'stick' | other complex | Merriam 49:103 | |||||||
| paper | papel | papel | acculturation | ā's-tsoot | paper | unique | other complex | Merriam (McCawley 1996) | ||||||||||
| pestle | pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor | mão de pilão | subsistence tool | ah-pah'-ho | pestle | inheritance | *paha | Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 1085 | simplex | Merriam 49:101 | |||||||
| pinole | food | pee'r-kāCH (M), a:xe (H 511) pinole, mohi: (H511) | mush of wild oats | inheritance | *7aki | Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 782; I think is early loan from Chumashan | other complex | Merriam 49:109 | |||||||||
| pipe for tobacco | pipa | cachimbo | other | wee'k-chot | to$a:wt stone pipe H 593, 'the real high name of pipe' | straight pipe | inheritance | *wik- | Takic | also in Serrano | other complex | Merriam 49:103 | ||||||
| pitch | food | ah-sah'-nah | $a:nat 'brea' H 548) | pine resin or pitch | inheritance | *salaC | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 1634 | other complex | Merriam 49:103 | ||||||||
| policeman | polícia | policía | acculturation | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| pot | olla, pote | panela, vasilha | subsistence tool | kwe-nahr' | earthenware vessel, pot for cooking; H says is 'lodo' and ku:me is 'traste' (ku:kme 'trastes") | inheritance | *kwiLa | Uto-Aztecan | Hill 2012 | other complex | Merriam 49:101 | |||||||
| quiver | subsistence tool | ap-pŭCH | quiver | unique | other complex | Merriam 49:101 | ||||||||||||
| rattle | matraca, maraca | marico, chocalho | culture-mythology | ah-pah'-an | rattle of mtn. sheep bladder with stones inside | inheritance | presumably contains pa7at 'mountain sheep'?? | other complex | Merriam 49:113 | |||||||||
| red paint | culture-mythology | oyi:' (H); ne'e:sen kwaxo:xa' | red paint, mi pintura colorada (H:260) | unknown | is this same as Kawaiisu 7om-by?? | simplex | Merriam 49:97, Hill Harrington notes 253 | |||||||||||
| rope/string | mecate, cuerda, soga | corda | culture | we-vor | wi:vor 'milkweed' H492 | thread, cord, rope | inheritance | *wika | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 1843; this odd development shared with Kitanemuk | other complex | Merriam 49:103 | ||||||
| rope/string | mecate, cuerda, soga | corda | culture | we/-vor /wivo-r/JHH | inheritance | CHM/MC245 | ||||||||||||
| salt | sal | sal | food | ongo:r (H) | salt | inheritance | *omCa | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 1865 | other complex | Hill Harrington notes | |||||||
| school | escuela | escola | acculturation | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| seed beater | subsistence tool | ho-kov'-chōt | seed paddle | unique | other complex | Merriam 49:105 | ||||||||||||
| shaman, healer | chamán, brujo | xaman, pajé, feiticeiro | culture-mythology | ahu:voroyt | doctor, hechicero | unique | other complex | Hill Harrington | ||||||||||
| shoes | zapatos | sapatos | dress | āh-nā-nāv-sahCH | shoes, moccasins worn by men in winter | inheritance | *napo | Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 938 | other complex, reduplicated | Merriam (McCawley 1996) | |||||||
| sinew-backed bow | subsistence tool | chah-kah'-mar | war bow, sinew on back (what about H. ku:cap 'arco (poss)' (H 189) | unique | other complex | Merriam 49:101 | ||||||||||||
| skirt | falda, saya, fustan, pollera | saia | culture-material | ah-now-wah | skirt (formerly worn by women) | inheritance | *nawi | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 485 | other complex | Merriam 49:95 | |||||||
| snare | subsistence tool | ho-ah-chō't | snare | inheritance | *hy7aC | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 2406 | other complex | Merriam 49:101 | |||||||||
| soldier | soldado | soldado | acculturation | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| song (generic) | canción, canto | canção | culture-mythology | ci'e:'ey (H) | song | inheritance | *ca | Takic | Stubbs 2011 1987 I don't like set, only Gab and Serran, might be a loan, correspondences not pretty | derived, other complex | Hill Harrington notes | |||||||
| spear | lanza | lança | subsistence tool | ah-nahCH | spear for fish | inheritance | *naka-ta | Californian (Takic plus Tubatulabal) | other complex | Merriam 49:101 | ||||||||
| spear | lanza | lança | subsistence tool | -hu: "arrow", hu:r | inheritance | |||||||||||||
| spearthrower | subsistence tool | -ku:cap "bow" | unknown | |||||||||||||||
| stirring stick | food | wā-ah'-ho | stirring stick for stirring stones in basket | inheritance | *weahu/o | Takic | also Kitanemuk | simplex | Merriam 49:103 | |||||||||
| stone bowl | culture-material | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| string of shell money | other | awverot (H) | wampum (long string of it), abalorios (H 456) | unique | also ho-pe-hah, of small shells, worth more than big | other complex | Merriam 49:97 | |||||||||||
| sugarcane/sugar | azúcar, caña de azúcar | açucar (de cana) | acculturation | 7awe:7 | sugar, azucar, es dulce | unique | other complex | Hill Harrington notes | ||||||||||
| sweathouse | other | se-hi-ēCH | sweat house | inheritance | *soka | Takic | Stubbs 2011 525 | other complex | Merriam 49:99 | |||||||||
| tell history | culture-mythology | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| thatch/roof | crisneja | palha, caraná | culture-material | missing | ||||||||||||||
| tobacco (native) | narcotics | pi:vat; $u:key (H572,3) | tobacco | inheritance | *pipaC | Uto-Aztecan | Yok-Utian | WW | %sokon | Stubbs 2011 2348; $u:key is Utian origin Wanderwoerter | other complex | Hill Harrington Notes | ||||||
| top grinding stone | metate, mano; piedra de moler | metate, mano | manufacture | ah-pah-ho “pestle of stone” | loan direction unknown | CHM/MC245 | ||||||||||||
| tule boat | transport | tah-rīng-hah | tara:ynxa' (H 572 'horqueta') | boat (bundle of tules) | unique | simplex | Merriam 49:103 | |||||||||||
| wheat | food | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| white paint | culture-mythology | to-vēCH | to:viy 'white clay' H 453) | white paint | inheritance | *typiC | Takic | Stubbs 2011 758 | other complex | Merriam 49:97 | ||||||||
| winnow | aventar, tirar (sementes) | joeirar | manufacture | missing | ||||||||||||||
| winnowing basket | culture-material | no-vor (ano:von 'su batea' H no page) novo:r 570 | circular winnower, flat, coiled | inheritance | *nyhaC | Northern Uto-Azteca | Stubbs 2011 120 what is -vor? | other complex | Merriam 49:105 | |||||||||
| wood tray | subsistence tool | koo-tah-mi'-ēCH | circular tray or shallow bowl of wood for serving food | unique | other complex | Merriam 49:103 |
Showing 1 to 115 of 115 entries
Grammatical Data (226)
| Category | Grammatical Feature | Grammatical Feature: Notes | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Category | Grammatical Feature | Grammatical Feature: Notes | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive NN compounding | Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced | ||||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive VV serialization (without compounding) | Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection | ||||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive VV compounding | Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word | ||||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions | There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap' | ||||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Auxiliary verb(s) | There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs | ||||||
| Morphology - General | Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb) | Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number] | ||||||
| Morphology - General | Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes | Stem change, tone | no | |||||
| Morphology - General | Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes) | Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word | yes | |||||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing | There are many more prefixes than suffixes | no | |||||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing | There are many more suffixes than prefixes | no | |||||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred | The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different | yes | |||||
| Morphology - General | Reduplication: full | The full morpheme is reduplicated | yes | |||||
| Morphology - General | Reduplication: partial | Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated | yes | |||||
| Morphology - Incorporation | Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process | Verb contains nominal segment | ||||||
| Morphology - Incorporation | Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs | Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Adpositions mark core NPs | Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: number of cases | Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun | 5 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked | Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: symmetrical | All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity) | yes | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: asymmetrical | Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: suffix or postpositional clitic | yes | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: prefix or prepositional clitic | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: infix or inpositional clitic | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: stem change | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: tone | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: comitative = instrumental | Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument' | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Definite or specific articles | Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only | yes | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives | Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Indefinite or non-specific article | or marker | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals | Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound) | no | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number) | Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system | 2 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.) | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Noun classes/genders | Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Number of noun classes/genders | Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders | 0 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders) | Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain. | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates | Masculine, feminine, neuter | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system | Animate/inanimate, human/non-human | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns | add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | "Repeater" classifiers | Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot" | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals) | Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns | Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.' | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Singular number may be marked on the noun | Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural affix on noun | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked by reduplication of noun | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural word/clitic | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked on human or animate nouns only | no | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix | Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns | yes | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Unique associative plural marker | e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them' | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-2 | At least some part of the system involves base-2 | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-5 | At least some part of the system involves base-5 | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-10 | At least some part of the system involves base-10 | yes | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Other base (specify) | 4, 20, etc. | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5 | e.g. two = 'eye-quantity' | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Numerals do not go above 5 | 'Many' or some other non-exact term used | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Numerals do not go above 10 | 'Many' or some other non-exact term used | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Other nominal | Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates | i.e. nominal or adjectival | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Other nominal | Person inflection on non-verbal predicates | i.e. nominal or adjectival | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 3sg pronouns | no | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 3pl pronouns | no | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns | no | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Formal/informal distinction in pronouns | Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Reflexive pronouns | e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Adjectives | Underived adjectives | There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Adjectives | Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP | There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival) | There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer) | There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song) | There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive verbalizing morphology | There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Other | NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently | 'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary' | no | |||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N | alienable/inalienable? | yes | |||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N | alienable/inalienable? | no | |||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent | e.g. 'the boy-'s dog' | no | |||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head | e.g. 'the boy his-dog' | yes | |||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Possessive classifiers | There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Morphological marking of inalienable possession | Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Morphological marking of alienable possession | Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed | An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Inalienable possession of kin terms | 'my-father' but *father | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal) | 'my-leg' but *leg | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed | Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man) | ||||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Pre-/post-nasalized stops | Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive. | ||||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Glottalized/ejective consonants | Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative] | no | |||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Palatalized stops | Phonemic contrast | ||||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Phonemic vowel length | Does the language have long and short vowels? | ||||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels | |||||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Complex onsets | Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme | ||||||
| Phonology - Segmental | No codas | *(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained] | ||||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Word-final coda required | Do all syllables end in a consonant? | ||||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Contrastive tones | Note how many contrastive tones | 0 | |||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Contrastive stress | Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference? | ||||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable | In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments | ||||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries | Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to? | ||||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Vowel harmony | |||||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative | Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative | Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive | Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite | Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive | Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep) | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative | yes | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative | no | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive | yes, no, mixed, other | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite | no | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive | no | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative | Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive | yes, no, mixed, other | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive | no | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical | Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3) | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: split | More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc. | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions | Grammaticalized verbal desiderative | Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it) | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: interrogative particle | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: verb morphology | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: word order | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: intonation only | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Content questions: word order differs from declaratives | Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.) | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Clausal negator is a preposed element | Clausal negator is a preposed element | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Clausal negator is a postposed element | Clausal negator is a postposed element | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: affix | Negatives: affix | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: particle | Negatives: particle | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: auxiliary verb | Negatives: auxiliary verb | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: double | Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas' | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist' | |||||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Distinct negative expression 'I don't know' | Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Clause chaining | Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause. | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Morphologically marked switch-reference system | There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses | Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Predicate adjectives: verbal | Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Predicate adjectives: nominal | Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible | Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all) | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Headless relative clauses | Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head) | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause | Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses. | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker | It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Relativizer is a verbal affix | |||||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer | The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes) | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position | Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb | Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option) | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb | Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option) | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host | Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position | Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person marking on intransitive verbs | Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs | Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs | Transitive verbs take object (P) markers | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects | 3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects | 3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Number can be marked separately from person on the verb | Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers | Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Gender distinguished in verbal person markers | For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: indirect object | In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: double object | In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: secondary object | In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme | Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal. | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reflexive: dedicated morpheme | Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive. | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme | Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Passive | Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Antipassive | Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Other intransitivizing morphology | There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Applicative: benefactive | Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Applicative: other | Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: prefix | Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: suffix | Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone | Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: serial verb or analytical construction | Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy' | Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.' | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: dedicated sociative | Indicates that causer participates in event | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence) | There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Dedicated past marker(s) | Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference | e.g. distant vs. recent past | no | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference | e.g. imminent vs. distant future | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Dedicated future or non-past marker(s) | yes | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: prefix | no | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: suffix | yes | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut | no | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect suppletion | no | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Directionals | Directional elements affixed to the verb | There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc. | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized visual | Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized nonvisual | Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt) | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized inferential | Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker. | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized reportive | Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly' | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized quotative | Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Other evidential | Any other evidential values not represented above | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic | no | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: part of tense system | Includes portmanteau morphs | no | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: separate particle | yes | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: modal morpheme | no | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form | There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood | yes | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Polite imperative morpheme | There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language) | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses | There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses | yes | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative) | as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing' | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: affix on verb | Inflectional marking of capacity to do something | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: verbal construction | |||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: other marking | yes | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: affix on verb | Modal expressing hypothesis | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: verbal construction | |||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: other marking | yes | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Marking of expected/unexpected action or result | There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Verbal frustrative | Modal expressing frustration ("in vain") | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Verbal habitual | Modal expressing habituality | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Apprehensive construction | There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens' | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Reality status marking on verbs | There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events' | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Affect markers (positive/negative) | Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Other | Social interaction markers | Note the type of interaction | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Verbal number | Verbal number suppletion | yes | ||||||
| Word Order | No fixed basic constituent order | |||||||
| Word Order | VS in intransitive clauses | Verb precedes subject | ||||||
| Word Order | VS in transitive clauses | |||||||
| Word Order | VO in transitive clauses | Verb precedes object | ||||||
| Word Order | OS in transitive clauses | Object precedes subject | ||||||
| Word Order | Preposition-Noun | no | ||||||
| Word Order | Noun-Postposition or case suffix | yes | ||||||
| Word Order | Gen-Noun | Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book) | ||||||
| Word Order | Noun-Gen | Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John') | ||||||
| Word Order | Adj-Noun | Adjective precedes the noun | ||||||
| Word Order | Noun-Adj | Adjective follows the noun | ||||||
| Word Order | Dem-Noun | yes | ||||||
| Word Order | Noun-Dem | no | ||||||
| Word Order | Num-Noun | yes | ||||||
| Word Order | Noun-Num | no | ||||||
| Word Order | Noun-Rel | Relative clause follows noun that it modifies | ||||||
| Word Order | Rel-Noun | Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies | ||||||
| Word Order | Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative) | e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away') | ||||||
| Word Order | Relative clause is correlative or adjoined | e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat' | ||||||
| Word Order | Question word is clause initial | 'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause | yes |
Showing 1 to 226 of 226 entries
Ethnographic Information
| Current Population (speakers) | Former Population Estimate | Subsistence Preference | Density | Sedentism | Ecotome | Marriage Pattern | Notes | Source |
|---|
Current Population (speakers) | Former Population Estimate | Subsistence Preference | Density | Sedentism | Ecotome | Marriage Pattern | Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| large | HG | dense | sedentary | no |
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries