| abalone |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Haliotis spp. |
7a:po' |
ˈʔa:poʔ |
aulon |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
no info |
underived |
no npn |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Harrington 412 |
no info |
2 |
shells used for ritual caches and in shell inlays on ritual wands |
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
meat cooked, shells saved for containers, ornament |
0 |
|
1 |
shells traded inland |
West coast of North America |
cold coastal waters |
no |
|
|
|
| ant (generic) |
hormiga |
formiga |
flora-fauna |
|
Formicidae |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| antelope |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Antilocapra americana |
tona:r |
toˈna:r |
berrendo (pronghorn) |
inheritance |
*tɨn(nV)- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S52 (Stubbs 2009:45), the *tɨm(V)nV- possibility is worth considering. May be a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
toˈna:-r antelope-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 603, 078 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
hides often trade |
Western North America |
open areas |
no |
|
|
|
| badger |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Taxidea taxus |
huna:r |
huˈna:r |
tejon |
inheritance |
*hula- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S105 (Stubbs 2009:53) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
huˈna:-r badger-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 051 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
chaparral, woodland |
yes |
|
|
|
| bald eagle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Haliaeetus leucocephalus |
pa:m'o$ |
ˈpa:mʔoş |
esa águila grande que tiene la cabeza blanca |
loan |
|
|
Cupan |
Cupeño pa7mush “bird sp., a water bird”, Cahuilla pamu7ish “bald eagle”, Luiseno ʹpa:mɁuʃ (not in Stubbs) (re Cup. form, Bald Eagle is a fishing bird). The non-correspondent final -$ in Gabrielino argues for a loan |
|
|
same |
underived |
no npn (if not a loan, word may have derivation with pa: “big”? |
-ʔaʧ “pet” |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 66 |
no info |
1 |
eagle ceremony, feathers in dance regalis |
2 |
McC does not mention but is Chingichngish animal |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
eaglets captured and raised for eagle ceremony, feathers kept for ceremonial regalia |
0 |
|
1 |
eagle-feather regalia traded |
North America |
Prefers habitat with large areas of water; this is a fishing bird |
no |
|
|
|
| band-tail pigeon |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Patagioenas fasciata |
we-ahng'-ar” |
wiˈʔa:ŋar (?) |
Band-tailed pigeon |
inheritance |
*wi- ʔa:ŋa- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
I can't find this otherwise attested, but looks like *long-wing or *pointed (sharp)-wing. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
wiˈʔa:ŋa-r pigeon-npn (root might be derived) |
-ʔaʧ “pet” |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 421 |
no info |
0 |
Has ceremonial couplet in Lu., so probably in mourning ceremony in Gab. also |
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Oak and pine forests, feeds on acorns |
no |
|
|
|
| bat |
murciélago |
morcego |
flora-fauna |
|
Chiroptera spp |
po-vah-kaht |
poˈva:kat (?) |
bat |
inheritance |
*pɨvakaC- |
Takic |
|
Kitanemuk pɨvakat; “Takic” should be taken with caution because consultant was the same for Kitanemuk and Gabrielino (Mrs. Rosenmyre). But correspondence looks good. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
poˈva:ka-t bat-non.possessed.noun (npn); root may be derived |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
at http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 417 |
no info |
0 |
usually significant but no information |
1 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| beaver |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Castor |
to-le-vah'-che |
toˈlivaʧi (?) |
beaver |
loan |
|
|
probably Yokuts which has something like *t'ovik ?? |
|
|
|
same |
underived |
toˈlivaʧi -- might have been toˈlivaʧi -y, |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 417 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
streams, wetlands |
no |
|
|
|
| beetle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Coleoptera spp |
tsoo-re'-ar 60-431 |
ʧuˈri:ʔar “ |
beetle |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
narrower (probably focused on “stinkbug”) |
other complex |
ʧuˈri:ʔa-r beetle-npn (perhaps “hiccup-er) |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
|
no info |
2 |
figures in creation account (Stinkbug/Pinacate Beetle) McC 155) |
0 |
McC 121 |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
larvae often eaten raw as found McC 121 |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Global |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| big round tule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Schoenoplectus acutus |
se'-e |
siˈʔij |
Big round tule |
inheritance |
*siˈʔi:- |
Californian |
|
Cu. si'ish, Tubatulabal shi'īpül |
|
|
same |
other complex |
siˈʔi-j tule-npn |
|
|
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 441 |
|
2 |
used in making images at burning; matting of this plant used for inner enclosure of the yovaar (Harrington 1978:136) |
1 |
seeds, roots, green shoots |
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
all |
seeds parched, mixed with other seeds, some ground |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California and southern US into Mexico |
wet areas throughout territory |
no |
|
|
|
| big skunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mephitis mephitis |
po-ne'-vo |
poˈni:vor (?) |
Big skunk |
inheritance |
*po(C)ni |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Kitanemuk ponivachr; S1983 (Stubbs 2009:275); see discussion of possible UA etymology that I don't care for |
|
|
same |
other complex |
poˈni:vo-r big.skunk-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 417 |
no info |
2 |
Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony |
2 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
skins perhaps traded |
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| big wolf (gray wolf) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Canis lupus |
e-sow't 72-77, 60-415 |
ʔiˈşawt (?) |
Wolf |
inheritance |
*ʔisa-wɨ- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S552 (Stubbs 2009:112); this particular derivation for “Wolf” restricted to Takic |
|
|
same |
derived |
ʔiˈşa-w-t coyote/liar-augmentative-npn (may not be synchronic derivation since Gabrielino has 7i:tar for “coyote”) |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 415 |
no info |
1 |
Chingichngish animal |
2 |
Chingichngich animals not eaten (McC p. 117) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
for hide only |
0 |
|
0 |
hides often trade |
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| bighorn sheep |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ovis canadensis |
pa:'at |
ˈpa:ʔat |
mountain sheep |
inheritance |
*paʔaC- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S204 (Stubbs 2009:67); may be a Proto-Kiowa-tanoan loan into Proto NUA |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈpa:ʔa-t bighorn-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 080, 603 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
steep slopes, cliffs |
no |
|
|
|
| bird |
pajaro, ave |
passaro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
chē'-ū |
ˈʧi:ja (?) |
bird |
inheritance |
|
Takic |
|
S967; cf Sr chi7a “to pick up food from ground the way birds eat”, which may be from a bird word in /chi-/, widespread in California; But note Chumash tswiw, which could easily yield something like Merriam's form. Possibly an arealism. |
|
|
narrower (does not include water birds ($a:t), raptors, vultures, condors)) |
underived |
if I'm guessing right about transcription, word has no npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429 |
no info |
0 |
see for specific birds |
0 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
N/A |
N/A |
no |
|
|
|
| black ant |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger |
yoxa:r |
joˈxa:r |
hormiga chiquita amarilla, hormiga picadora |
inheritance |
*yuka:- |
Takic |
|
S47 (Stubbs 2009:44), otherwise only in Serrano, possible loan? |
|
|
same |
other complex |
joˈxa:-r black.ant-npn (jo- is in root for “black”) |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 400 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women and children |
larvae often eaten raw as found McC 121 |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| black bear |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ursus americanus |
pi'-yah'-ho'-naht |
ˈpa:yax ˈho:nat (?) (A Serrano-ized form) |
Black Bear |
loan |
|
|
Serrano or Kitanemuk for the hona:t part |
should be huna:r; Is this Kitanemuk interference? |
|
|
same |
phrase |
ˈpa:ya-x ˈhuna:-t ?-pres.tense bear-npn (why is this -t and not -r??) |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 415 |
no info |
1 |
in shamanism; and a Chingichngish animal (McC 146) |
2 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
mainly for skin, claws, but according to McC bear meat eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
hides often trade |
North America |
chaparral, woodland |
yes |
|
|
|
| black-tail Jackrabbit |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Lepus californicus |
su'i:t |
suˈʔi:t |
liebre |
inheritance |
*suuʔit |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1713 (Stubbs 2009:243); I give Manaster-Ramer's reconstruction |
|
|
same |
other complex |
suˈʔi:-t jackrabbit-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 161, 453, 603 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, bones ground |
0 |
|
0 |
rabbit-skin blankets traded |
North America |
flat open areas |
no |
|
|
|
| blackberry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rubus ursinus |
pikwa:r |
piˈkʷa:r |
mora, wild blackberry |
inheritance |
*pi(kwa-) |
Takic |
|
S182 (Stubbs 2009:64); |
|
|
broader (for all of these kinds of berries) |
other complex |
piˈkʷa:-r berry-npn |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Harrington165, 548 |
no info |
2 |
a Chingichngish plant (Harrington 1978:133); |
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
women and children |
eaten fresh or ground and preserved |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
foothills, uplands |
no |
|
|
|
| blue grouse |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Dendrogapus? |
pohyo:t |
pohˈjo:t |
churrea (California grouse) |
unique |
|
|
|
Note Lu. song word poyúlvumal “type of small bird” (linked to cactus wren in couplet), but this is a large bird |
|
|
same |
other complex |
pohˈjo:-t grouse-npn |
ʔaʧ “pet” |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
Harrington 604 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Map at http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Sooty_Grouse/id suggests this species does not come as far south as Gabrielino. I don't know why it's in Merriam's list for California, mainly a Rocky Mountain bird |
scrublands, woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| bobcat, lynx |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Lynx rufus |
tuku:t |
tuˈku:t |
gato montes |
inheritance |
*tuCkuC- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1306 (Stubbs 2009:200). This is a California Wanderwort; Great Basin forms giving NUA are surely loans. But loan may be early because Hopi has regular vocalism. |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
other complex |
tuˈku:-t wildcat-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 289 |
totem animal of Wildcat Moiety (McC p. 113) |
1 |
|
2 |
not mentioned in any listsof what was eaten McC p. 116; |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
mainly for hide |
0 |
|
0 |
hides often trade |
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| butterfly, moth |
mariposa |
borboleta |
flora-fauna |
|
Lepidoptera |
ah'-tab-bah, 72-79, 60-431 |
ˈʔa:tavaʔ |
butterfly |
inheritance |
*ˈʔa:tava |
Takic |
|
See Kitanemuk 'atavatava; perhaps a loan between the 2 languages; see note on “Bat” |
|
|
broader (includes moths and butterflies) |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 431 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
McC 121 |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
larvae often eaten raw as found McC 121 |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Global |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| California condor |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Gymnogyps californianus |
we'-soo-yŭ-roo-it |
ˈwiʔsoʔ joˈrojt |
California Condor |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Yokuts *wit$' “condor” (Golla 1964:61; his symbol is glottalized and sub-dotted č); but note Hopi wisoko and widespread wi- forms in UA, perhaps from an even older loan; see discussion at Hill/Miller *wi-08 |
WW |
%wit |
same |
phrase |
ˈwiʔsoʔ joˈrojt vulture-big |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 421 |
no info |
1 |
could substitute for eagle in ceremony |
2 |
McC does not mention but is Chingichngish animal |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
chicks raised like eaglets? Not discussed. |
0 |
|
1 |
feathers used in regalia, traded |
U.S. Southwest |
Rocky scrubland, woodland (they like cliffs |
no |
|
|
|
| California jay |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Aphelocoma californica? |
tsi'-e |
ˈʧaʔij (?) |
California jay |
loan into protolanguage |
*chaʔi- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
unknown |
Kitanemuk cayca7y “blue jay”; S209, Central Numic, Tubatulabal, Takic, always “blue jay” (Stubbs 2009:68). Note similarity of Yokut, Chumash words. |
WW |
%chaj |
same |
other complex |
ˈʧaʔi-j Jay-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 421 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, mainly |
0 |
|
0 |
|
throughout western North America (distributions from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted) |
scrublands, woodlands (Habitats from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted) |
no |
|
|
|
| California woodpecker |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Melanerpes formicivorus? |
pe-var” 72-77, 60-423 |
piˈva:r (?) |
California Woodpecker |
inheritance |
*piva- |
Takic |
|
Kitanemuk pivanach; see note with “Bat” |
|
|
same |
other complex |
piˈva:-r woodpecker-npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 423 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted (also, this bird caches acorns and caches are eaten) |
0 |
|
1 |
|
Southern Oregon, California, south to Colombia |
oak woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| chia |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Salvia columbariae |
pa$i:y |
paˈşi:j |
chia |
inheritance |
*pasa/i |
Californian |
|
S1599 (Stubbs 2009:233). Only Numic is Tumpisa Shoshone, almost certainly a loan from Tubatulabal. This shows up in Chumash, Salinan, may be an old Californianism. |
WW |
%pasv |
same |
other complex |
paˈşi:-j chia-npn |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Harrington 127 |
no info |
1 |
|
1 |
most important seed source |
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
women |
parched, mixed with other seeds in pinole |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California and Southwest |
Below 6000 feet in dry open areas, extensive stands in chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| chipmunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Tamias spp. |
se-se'-kot 72-77, 60-419 |
siˈsi:kot |
Chipmunk |
inheritance |
*sika-(wV) |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2094 (Stubbs 2009:288); may be very early loan into NUA; note similar Yokuts forms; but this form attests Proto-Takic $o$o (cf. Cahuilla sisi), combined with the sikawet word???) |
WW |
%sik |
broader (includes tree squirrels, apparently) |
other complex |
siˈsi:ko-t chipmunk-npn (root has redup) |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 419 |
no info |
2 |
chipmunk made the Creator's coffin (Harrington 1978) |
1 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, bones ground |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| cliff swallow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota |
e-vē'ng-ar 72-11, 60-423 |
ʔiˈvi:ŋar (?) |
Cliff swallow |
unique |
|
|
|
Note Chumash B ʔan'ipHey ??? |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʔiˈvi:ŋa-r swallow-npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 423 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Breed in North America |
Cliffs (and now in/on buildings) |
no |
|
|
|
| coot |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Fulica americana |
kwah-e-ar kwe-nar-saht 72-79, 60-427 mud eater duck |
kwaˈʔi:ʔar kwiˈna:r şa:t |
Coot |
unique |
*kwa, *kwira, *saya |
Uto-Aztecan, Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan respectively |
|
A nonce formation |
|
|
same |
phrase |
kwaˈʔi:ʔar kwiˈna:r şa:t eater mud water.bird |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
şa:t |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 427 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
West coastal and southern North America to Central America |
wetlands and open water |
no |
|
|
|
| cottontail rabbit |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sylvilagus audobonii |
to$o:xot, to$o:kot |
toˈşo:xot |
conejo |
inheritance |
*tosa-kammu |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1709 (Stubbs 2009:242) compound -- white-jackrabbit; I doubt the kammu part |
|
|
same |
other complex |
toˈşo:xo-t cottontail-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 453, 603, 161 |
no info |
2 |
Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony |
1 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, bones ground |
0 |
|
0 |
rabbit-skin blankets traded |
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| cottonwood |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Populus spp. |
tuva:r |
tuˈva:r |
alamo |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
tuˈva:-r cottonwood - npn |
|
|
|
Harrington 052, 124, 583 |
no info |
2 |
Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony; used in construction of yovaar (Harrington) |
0 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
wood for fuel, other purposes; bark fiber for clothing |
0 |
|
0 |
|
southern Canada south to northern Mexico |
moist areas |
no |
|
|
|
| coyote |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Canis latrans |
7i:tar |
ˈʔi:tar |
coyote |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈʔi:ta-r coyote-npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 041, 400 |
totem animal of Coyote Moiety (McC p. 113) |
1 |
skin could be used for Chingichngich figure (McC:28) |
2 |
young coyotes eaten (McC p. 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
mainly for hide |
0 |
|
0 |
hides often trade |
North and Central America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| crow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
7aka:wkoc |
ʔaˈka:wkoʧ |
crow |
unique |
|
|
|
Perhaps ultimately from onomatopoeia but a more complex construction. This is more like the Yuman /qaq/ forms than the UA *atta forms. |
|
|
same |
underived |
ʔaˈka:wkoʧ: ʧ is not a Gabrielino NPN. Harrington also has 7awkot “crow” , so it seems likely there is some derivation here. Crow words are often loaned or sound-imitative. |
ʔaʧ “pet” |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
Harrington 541, 601 |
no info |
2 |
beaks, claws in Chingichngich figure (McC p. 28); but Harrington's Boscana notes caution may have been raven, not crow. crow danced hilariously at Wuyot's funeral, so people forgot themselves and laughed (Harrington 1978;121) |
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
if feathers were used in ceremonial regalia, they were traded |
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| datura |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Datura wrightii |
ma:nit |
ˈma:nit |
toloache |
inheritance |
*mani- |
Takic |
|
may be a loan; S1639 (Stubbs 2009:235); Gabrielino a good candidate for source language within Takic |
WW |
%mani |
broader (includes the drink and the plant) |
other complex |
ˈma:ni-t datura-npn (appears in song without the -t) |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Harrington 163 |
no info |
1 |
boy's initiation, shamanism, funerary |
1 |
dangerous |
1 |
for psychosomatic illness indicated by paralysis |
gathered (wild) |
men |
pounded into paste with water in ritual mortar |
1 |
|
0 |
|
U.S. Southwest, California, Mexico |
“sandy, gravelly, open areas below 4000 feet throughout Southern California” (Bean & Saubel 1972:60) |
yes |
|
|
|
| deer, mule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Odocoileus hemionus |
$uka:t |
şuˈka:t |
deer |
inheritance |
*suCkaC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S621 (Stubbs 2009:121) |
WW |
%sok |
narrower (mule deer only) |
other complex |
şuˈka:-t mule.deer-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 42, 630 |
no info |
2 |
$u:$ar deer-hoof rattle; deer horns in Chingichngich figure |
1 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
hides often traded, hoof regalia traded |
Western North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| digger pine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pinus sabiniana |
wahCH-ot' 72-79, 60-433 |
ˈwe:xat |
digger pine |
inheritance |
*wokoN |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Note Cu. ˈwiʧuxat “P. coulteri”; S1579a (Stubbs 2009:231) |
|
|
broader (includes tree and pine nuts) |
other complex |
ˈwe:xa-t pine-npn |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 433 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
pine nuts |
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
all |
cones roasted to pop out nuts |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern California and Baja California |
Pinus coulteri is generally above 4000 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| dog (camp, domestic) |
perro |
cachorro |
flora-fauna |
|
Canis familiaris |
wo$i' |
woˈşiʔ |
perro |
inheritance |
*woCtsi |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
note O'odham gogs “dog” < wo-wosi; S 672 (Stubbs 2009:126) |
|
|
same |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 425 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
with humans |
no |
|
|
|
| dogbane |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Apocynum cannabinum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| dove |
paloma |
pomba |
flora-fauna |
|
Zenaida macrocoura |
maka:ho' |
maˈka:hoʔ |
torcacita |
inheritance |
*makahVwi |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S676 (Stubbs 2009:126); vowel /o/ perhaps from ahVwi>ahwi>awi>aw> o loss of -w- is regional. |
|
|
same |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet” |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
Harrington 033 |
no info |
2 |
Has ceremonial couplet in Lu., so probably in mourning ceremony in Gab. also |
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada to Mexico |
Prefers open areas, avoids dense forests |
no |
|
|
|
| duck |
pato |
pato, marreco |
flora-fauna |
|
Anatidae |
si7i:y |
siˈʔi:j |
duck |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
siˈʔi:-j duck-npn (this may mean “tules” but probably not) |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
$a:t “water bird” |
Harrington 604 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
wetlands and open water |
no |
|
|
|
| elder |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sambucus |
hu:kat |
ˈhu:kat |
sauco |
inheritance |
*kuhu- |
Californian |
|
probably from hu-ku'V-t and in S179; kuhut also recorded; but note Cahuilla hunkat, perhaps a second set |
|
|
broader (for plant, flowers, fruit, etc.) |
other complex |
ˈhu:ka-t elderberry-npn |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Harrington 162, 070 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
flowers, berries |
1 |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
wood, berries, flowers all used, diverse preparations |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
below 4500 feet in moist areas |
no |
|
|
|
| elk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cervas elaphus |
pa$okat |
paˈşu:kat |
horse, ciervo |
inheritance |
*pa:-suka- |
Takic |
|
S788:139 “elk” |
WW |
%sok |
broader (includes horse) |
derived |
pa-ˈşu:ka-t big-deer-npn (surely synchronically noted) |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 131. 573 |
no info |
2 |
Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony |
1 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
hides often trade |
Western North America uplands, not in deserts |
forest edges, forest |
no |
|
|
|
| fish (generic) |
pez |
peixe |
flora-fauna |
|
|
kiyu:r (keu:r @ 606) |
kiˈju:r |
fish |
inheritance |
*kɨcuC |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S864 (Stubbs 2009;147) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
kiˈju:-r fish-npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 057, 596 |
no info |
0 |
Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony |
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
diverse methods |
0 |
|
0 |
ocean resources traded inland |
Americas |
water |
no |
|
|
|
| flea |
pulga |
pulga |
flora-fauna |
|
Siphonaptera |
motu:cey |
muˈtu:ʧej |
pulga |
loan |
|
|
Gabrielino |
loan direction unknown, see Tub. moo-tsoo' 60-499, Kitanemuk ʔatucit |
|
|
same |
other complex |
muˈtu:ʧe-j flea-npn (root may be derived) |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 411 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| flicker |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Colaptes sp. |
ke'-mar” |
kiˈma:r (?) |
Flicker |
inheritance |
*kima:- |
Takic |
|
Kitanemuk kimachR. See “bat” for cautionary note. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
Merriam gives ke-mahr' “zig-zag” McC 252; kiˈma:-r flicker-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 421 |
no info |
2 |
one of birds who cut hair in mourning for Wiyot; flicker feathers used in ritual (this is from Boscana; Kroeber says Boscana's material came largely from Gabrielino) |
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
1 |
it is likely that feathers of this bird were traded |
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| blowfly/housefly |
mosca |
mosca |
flora-fauna |
|
Diptera |
pi:cukwar |
ˈpi:ʧukʷar |
fly |
unique |
|
|
|
contains S893 and a widely-distributed first element in unique compound; contains contains Stubbs 1184 *pitti, also in “hummingbird” |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈpi:ʧukʷa-r fly-npn (etymologically, ˈpi:ʧu-kʷa-r ?-grub) |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington159, 541, 601 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
larvae (McC 121) |
0 |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
often eaten raw as found (McC 121) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Global |
diverse (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| foothills yucca |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Yucca whipplei |
ah-ko' 60-439 |
ʔaˈko:n (?) |
Foothills Yucca |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
narrower (refers only to head or “cabbage” of the plant) |
other complex |
ʔa-ˈko:-n its-head-possessed (consultant gave 7a-wi:wi-n for Y. schidigera “its root”) |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 439 |
no info |
0 |
source of charcoal for tattooing (McCawley 1996:13) |
1 |
Harrington said not used by Gab (McC131) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern California and Baja California |
chaparral and oak woodlands, 300-2500 m |
no |
|
|
|
| fox |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vulpes, Urocyon |
e-row' |
ʔiˈra:w (?) |
“Desert fox, Vulpes macrotis group” |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 415 |
no info |
2 |
Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony |
2 |
McC116 (Fages) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
skins used for quivers |
0 |
|
0 |
hides often trade |
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| frog (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
kwa'ro' |
ˈkʷaʔroʔ |
zapo |
inheritance |
*kwaʔro |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S941 (Stubbs 2009:157) |
|
|
same |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 116 |
no info |
2 |
Frog is shaman who bewitches Wuyot (White 1963:141), or perhaps his wife |
2 |
considered disgusting (McC p. 117) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
wetlands, lakes, ponds, streams |
no |
|
|
|
| golden eagle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Aquila chrysaetos |
7a$awt |
ʔaˈşawt |
Golden eagle |
inheritance |
*ʔasa-wɨ-ta |
Californian |
|
S719 (Stubbs 2009:131); I think a Proto-Yuman form something like *?aspa, ?ashpa needs to be considered as a source here. |
|
|
same |
derived |
ʔaˈşa-w-t ? (pet?)-augmentative-npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 066 |
no info |
1 |
eagle ceremony, feathers in dance regalia; eagle road connects heaven and earth |
2 |
McC does not mention but is Chingichngish animal |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
eaglets captured and raised for eagle ceremony, feathers kept for ceremonial regalia |
0 |
|
1 |
feathers used in regalia, traded |
North America |
They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting |
no |
|
|
|
| gooseberry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ribes spp. |
ko-char' |
kuˈʧa:r (?) |
gooseberry |
loan |
|
|
Chumash |
Southern Chumash xutaʃ “pupil of eye, berry sp.” |
|
|
broader (for all of these kinds of berries) |
other complex |
kuˈʧa:-r currant-npn |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 437 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
women and children |
eaten fresh or ground and preserved |
0 |
|
0 |
|
diverse species in California |
chaparral, woodland |
no |
|
|
|
| gopher snake, bull snake |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pituophis catenifer |
yŭ-ē't tah-hoor 72-79 , 60-429 |
ˈjo:ʔit ˈta:hur “big snake” |
Gopher Snake |
inheritance |
*tahu- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Kitanemuk tahuchr; S2015 (Stubbs 2009:280) |
|
|
same |
phrase |
ˈjo:ʔi-t ˈta:hu-r big-npn snake-npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
ta:hur |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada to Mexico |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| grass |
hierba, pasto |
capim, grama |
flora-fauna |
|
(NA) |
mama:har |
maˈma:har |
grass, zacate |
inheritance |
*maha- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1614 (Stubbs 2009:234), also S. Numic (I'm sure it's elsewhere in Numic etc.) |
|
|
broader; note poku' mama:har “una rama” Harrington 602, puku' ma:har “1 zacate plant” 164 |
other complex |
maˈma:ha-r grass-npn (root may have redup) |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Harrington 602, 164 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
for seeds |
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
women |
seeds parched, mixed with other seeds, some ground |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
depends on species |
no |
|
|
|
| grasshopper |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Caelifera |
we'e:t |
weˈʔe:t |
chapule |
inheritance |
*woʔV- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1034 (Stubbs 2009:167) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
weˈʔe:-t grasshopper-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 596 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
roasted on stick in fire (McC 121) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Global |
diverse (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| gray ground squirrel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sphermophilus sp. |
xo:ngit |
ˈxo:ŋit |
ardilla |
loan |
*koŋi- |
|
Serrano or Kitanemuk |
vowel is wrong, should have e: as in Luiseno. May just be Mrs. Rosenmyre slipping into the wrong language. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈxo:ŋi-t ground.squirrel-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 543, 548, etc. |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, bones ground |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| gray tree squirrel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sciurus spp. |
se-se'-kot 72-77, 60-417 |
siˈsi:kot |
gray tree squirrel |
inheritance |
*sika-(wV) |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2094 (Stubbs 2009:288); may be very early loan into NUA; note similar Yokuts forms |
WW |
%sik |
broader (includes chipmunks and tree squirrels) |
other complex |
siˈsi:ko-t squirrel-npn (root may have redu[ |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 417 |
no info |
2 |
Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony |
1 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, bones ground |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| great horned owl |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Bubo virginianus |
mu:hut |
ˈmu:hut |
tecolote |
inheritance |
*muhuN |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1542 (Stubbs 2009:227), do NOT include Raramuri form with mo- |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈmu:hu-t owl-npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet” |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
Harrington 018 |
no info |
1 |
held in reverence, predicted death |
2 |
never killed McC p. 117 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
1 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats (less common in extreme deserts) |
no |
|
|
|
| grizzly bear |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ursus arctos horribilis |
hu:nar |
ˈhu:nar |
bear |
inheritance |
*huna-wɨ-ta |
Californian |
|
S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). Gabrielino has lost *-w- (regularly), hence the long vowel |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈhu:na-r bear-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 051, 041, 189 |
no info |
1 |
in shamanism; and a Chingichngish animal (McC 146) |
2 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
mainly for skin, claws, but according to McC bear meat eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
hides often trade |
Western North America |
chaparral, woodland |
yes |
|
|
|
| horned toad |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Phrynosomatidae |
char'-row'-ă-hoCH |
ʧaˈrawaxaʔ (?) |
Horned toad |
loan |
|
|
Cupan |
Note Cupan *ˈʧalaka; ultimate source obscure, not Yuman |
|
|
same |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429 |
no info |
2 |
Horned Toad doctored Wuyot in Lu. story, probably in Gab. too |
2 |
considered disgusting (McC p. 117) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western U.S. and Mexico |
hot, dry, sandy areas |
no |
|
|
|
| horse |
caballo |
cavalho |
flora-fauna |
|
Equus caballus |
ah-chah'-che |
ʔaˈʔaʧin |
also kava:yo' Harrington 528, |
inheritance |
*7aCti- |
Takic |
|
S39; technically not an inherited word for “horse”, but “horse” became prototypical domestic animal throughout Takic, so this is NOT a nonce formation but probably dates to 18th C |
|
|
broader (term just means “his domestic animal”) |
other complex |
ʔa-ˈʔaʧi-n its-pet-possessed |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 419 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
probably eaten in earliest period of exposure |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
I assume a market in horses once they were there |
Global |
with humans |
no |
|
|
|
| hummingbird |
colibrí, picaflor (Peru) |
beija-flor |
flora-fauna |
|
Trochilidae |
pe'-nor 72-77, 60-425 |
ˈpi:nor (?) |
hummingbird |
inheritance |
*pitsi-/*pitti |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1184 (Stubbs 2009:185); Gab form from *piyi- from *pitsi, contradicting the Serrano evidence cited in Stubbs for *piti |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈpi:no-r hummingbird-npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet” |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 425 |
no info |
0 |
one of first people, child of Temayowut (White 1963:140) |
0 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| tobacco |
tabaco |
tabaco |
flora-fauna |
|
Nicotiana spp. |
pi:vat |
ˈpi:vat |
tobacco |
inheritance |
*pipaC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2290 (Stubbs 2009:310) |
|
|
narrower (plant only, does not include the prepared leaf which is $okin or pespivat |
other complex |
ˈpi:va-t tobacco-npn |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Harrington 095, 182 |
no info |
1 |
used in ritual and shamanism as intoxicant |
1 |
plant parts often poisonous |
1 |
vomiturge, for urinary infections, stomach pains, wounds (McC p. 102) |
gathered (wild, but closely managed) |
men |
ground with lime and water as chaw (pespi:vat), smoked,decoction with other herbs |
1 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| insect (generic) |
insecto |
insecto |
flora-fauna |
|
generic |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
variable |
|
|
|
| junco |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Junco sppp |
o-cho-che-vā che-ū 72-77, 60-425 (winter bird) |
ʔoˈʧo:ʧeve ˈʧi:ja |
junco |
unique |
|
|
|
perhaps a nonce formation although all the languages have this bird as snow bird, winter bird |
|
|
same |
phrase |
ʔoˈʧo:-ʧ-eve ˈʧi:ja cold-? bird “winter bird” |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 425 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
coniferous and mixed forests, often forage in flocks in winter |
no |
|
|
|
| juniper |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Juniperus californica |
wa:'at |
ˈwa:ʔat |
guata |
inheritance |
*waʔaC- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S414 (Stubbs 2009:94) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈwa:ʔa-t Juniper - NPN |
|
|
|
Harrington 030, 195, 597 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
wood, berries probably used |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
abundant 3000-4500 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| louse |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
order Phtiraptera |
-a:r |
-ˈʔa:r |
piojos |
inheritance |
*ʔatɨC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1357 (Stubbs 2009:205) |
|
|
narrower (almost certainly just “head louse”) |
other complex |
-ˈʔa:r requires possessive prefix |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 015 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Global |
On people's hair |
no |
|
|
|
| mallard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Anas platyrhynchos |
te-hoo-vits saht, 72-77, 60-427 or te-hŭ-vits saht 72-77 “pretty duck” |
tiˈho:vit şa:t |
mallard |
unique |
*saya |
|
|
nonce formation |
|
|
same |
phrase |
tiˈho:vit şa:t good/pretty water.bird (each with -t npn) |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
$a:t “water bird” |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 427 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Global |
wetlands and open water |
no |
|
|
|
| manzanita |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Arctostaphylos spp. |
soo-boo'-cheCH |
şuˈvu:ʧiy (?) |
Manzanita |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
şuˈvu:ʧi-y manzanita-npn |
|
|
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 435 |
no info |
2 |
seeds used in rattles (Harrington) |
1 |
berries |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women and children |
berries made into lemonade |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
chaparral, edges of woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| milkweed, broad leaf |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Asclepias eriocarpa |
wi:vor |
ˈwi:vor |
milkweed; in Merriam, milkweed string |
semantic shift |
*wi(k)- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
note Kitanemuk wivɨʧ “fiber-producing milkweed”, a perfect cognate; S1796 (Stubbs 2009:253) |
|
|
broader (includes plant and fiber) |
other complex |
ˈwi:vo-r milkweed-npn (root is probably derived from wi:) |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Harrington 492 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
chewing gum |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
gum squeezed and cooked, plant soaked and fiber stripped |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California and adjacent Nevada and Baja California |
dry barren areas 200-1900 m (Jepson Herbarium site) |
no |
|
|
|
| milkweed, narrow leaf |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Asclepias fascicularis |
to-hah'-che-ar' 72-79, 60-439 “chewing gum” in McC p. 247, but this is from A. eriocarpa |
toˈxa:ʧiʔar (?) |
Narrow-leaf Milkweed |
unique |
|
|
|
note Kitanemuk kacic?? Also note Chumash /tok/ “narrow-leaved milkweed, red milkweed”?? Lu. tokmat “white milkweed” |
|
|
broader (may include both milkweeds and the chewing gum) |
derived |
toˈxa:-ʧiʔa-r ?-?-npn |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 439 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
soaked and fiber stripped |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Inland California to Washington, Baja California |
dry areas, slopes, 50-2200 m (Jepson Herbarium) |
no |
|
|
|
| mission tule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Juncus |
$wa:r |
şwa:r |
junco |
inheritance |
*sɨji- |
Takic |
|
S1735 (Stubbs 2009:246) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
şwa:-r Juncus-npn |
-hi:n |
nihi:n $war mi junco Harrington 019 (also nime:'en?? 019 |
|
Harrington 164 |
no info |
2 |
appears in song: tavo:kma swa:ra “estoy poniendo el junco” Harrington 680 |
1 |
mainly for fiber |
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
women |
a basketry plant, mainly; scapes split, provide different colors |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
moist areas |
no |
|
|
|
| mockingbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mimus polyglottos |
tow't 72-11, 60-425 |
ta:wt (?) |
Mockingbird |
semantic shift |
*tawe- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S210b (Stubbs 2009:68) reconstructs as “hawk”, but may be related to *tapi “flicker”. Mockingbird a conspicuous bird. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ta:w-t mockingbird-npn (may be ta:-w-t with wV augmentative?) |
-ʔaʧ “pet” |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 425 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America, Mexico |
diverse habitats (they like habitats with high places to perch, and don't like pine trees) |
no |
|
|
|
| mosquito |
mosquito, zancudo |
mosquito, carapana |
flora-fauna |
|
Anopheles spp, Isoptera |
arr” |
ʔaˈraʔra (a place name) ? or = louse? |
Mosquito |
unique |
|
|
|
perhaps same as “louse” |
|
|
same |
underived |
ʔaˈraʔra (no NPN, but may be same word as “louse”) |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 431 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Global |
diverse (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| moth |
mariposa nocturna, polilla |
mariposa |
flora-fauna |
|
Heterocera |
ah'-tab-bah, 72-79, 60-431 |
ˈʔa:tava |
moth |
inheritance |
*ˈʔa:tava |
Takic |
|
See Kitanemuk 'atavatava; perhaps a loan between the 2 languages |
|
|
broader (includes moths and butterflies) |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 431 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
McC 121 |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
larvae often eaten raw as found McC 121 |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| mountain lion |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Puma concolor |
tuku:rut |
tuˈku:rot |
leon |
inheritance |
*tuCkuC-wɨ |
Californian |
|
S1306b (Stubbs 2009;200); -ro-t is the regular Gab. augmentative from *wɨ |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
derived |
tuˈku:-ro-t wildcat-big-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 287 |
no info |
1 |
skin could be used for Chingichngich figure (McC:28); a Chingichngish animal (McC 146) |
2 |
not mentioned in any lists McC p. 116; Chingichngich animals not eaten (McC117_ |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
mainly for hide |
0 |
|
0 |
hides often trade |
North America |
diverse habitats (prefers uplands) |
yes |
|
|
|
| mountain quail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oreortyx pictus |
kakawt |
kaˈkawt |
codorniz de la sierra |
inheritance |
*kakaC |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1702a (Stubbs 2009:241); 1702b is a different word, a Californianism. The augmentative formation is Californian. |
WW |
%kaka |
same |
derived |
kaˈka-w-t quail-augmentative-npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet” |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
Harrington 032 |
no info |
2 |
quail topknots for wands |
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
US west of Rockies and Baja California |
Chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| mussel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mytilus spp. |
a-chin-ka-hi |
ʔaʔaʧi-n kaxa:y (?) |
sea museles (sic) |
unique |
|
|
|
Note Mojave 'achiily 'olivella' |
|
|
no info |
phrase |
ʔa-ʔaʧi-n kaxa:y his-pet-possessed ?-npn (see xaxa:-mo-nga “Rancho de los Verdugos”) -- I think this is inland, in Glendale area, though |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Taylor in McC 273 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
meat cooked, shells saved for containers, ornament |
0 |
|
1 |
traded inland for spoons |
West coast of North America |
cold coastal waters |
no |
|
|
|
| olivella (olive snail) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Callianax biplicata |
7awverot |
ˈʔawverot |
abalorios |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
no info |
derived |
ˈʔawve-ro-t ?-big-npn |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Harrington 094, 456 |
strings of these beads circulated among tomyaar “chiefs” |
2 |
exchange, display is part of a number of ceremonies |
2 |
seems like they'd be too small and inconvenient to eat |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
men |
beads made from various parts of shell, strung for shell money |
0 |
|
1 |
among chiefs; may mostly have come in from Channel Islands |
Pacific Coast of North America, B.C. to Baja California |
sandy substrates intertidally and tidally and in bays |
no |
|
|
|
| pinyon jay |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cyanocitta stelleri? |
hi'-ing' che-ū 60-421 |
ˈhajŋa ˈʧi:ja (?) |
Pinyon Jay |
loan |
|
|
Serrano or Kitanemuk |
ultimately Yokutsan but immediately Serran, cf. Kitanemuk hayha'y “crested jay”; Merriam has hi'-hi for Bankalachi (where all the other names are Yokuts); *kayve- in Cupeño, Cahuilla; Proto-NimYokuts *xay “Crested Jay” (Golla 1964:61); Southern Sierra |
WW |
%kaj |
same |
phrase |
ˈhaj-ŋa ˈʧi:ja edge-on bird |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 421 |
no info |
2 |
considered deer's helper, warns of hunters (Harrington in Elliott) |
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
Foothills where pinyon groves occur |
no |
|
|
|
| pinyon pine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pinus monophylla |
tova:'at |
toˈva:ʔat |
pinyon |
inheritance |
*tɨpat |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1583 (Stubbs 2009:231). This is probably a loan into Proto-NUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan (Hill 2008 |
|
|
broader (includes tree and nuts) |
other complex |
toˈva:ʔa-t pinyon-npn |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Harrington 584, 413 |
no info |
2 |
were once human |
1 |
pine nuts |
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
all |
cones roasted to pop out nuts |
0 |
|
1 |
|
Southwestern North America and Mexico |
In pinyon-juniper woodland, 3500-9000 feet (for P. monophylla), 2500-8000 feet (for P. quadrifolia). Rocky hills and slopes. |
no |
|
|
|
| pismo clam |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Tivella stultorum |
-ta:ri-n |
-ˈta:rin |
mi almeja (= vagina) |
unique |
|
|
|
Note S2387 Central Numic *ta'i “female genitalia”. The question here is, is this a dirty word for “clam”, or a euphemism for “vulva”? |
|
|
no info |
other complex |
-ˈta:r-in clam-possessed (requires a possessive prefix) |
|
|
|
|
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
McC 122 |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
meat cooked, shells saved for diverse uses |
0 |
|
1 |
Tivella beads were money, but not clams in this area |
Pacific Coast |
sandy beaches in surf zone |
no |
|
|
|
| pocket gopher |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Thomomys |
mhwat |
mwa:t |
gopher |
inheritance |
*mɨjɨN- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1009 (Stubbs 2009:164) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
mwa:-t gopher-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 419 |
no info |
2 |
helped Frog bewitch Wuyot (Harrington 1978:118) |
1 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, bones ground |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| poison oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Toxicodendron diversilobum |
o-ar” maybe ya:r (Kit. yachr) |
ʔoa:r |
Poison Oak |
inheritance |
*ʔɨjaa- |
Californian |
|
S1506 (Stubbs 2009:224) Huasteca Nahuatl iyatl “tobacco”is ridiculous. Kitanemuk ʔɨycič should be in. First vowel is central, Gab. attests.. ya:r may be blend with Chumash yasis?? |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʔoa:-r poison.oak-npn |
|
|
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 437 |
no info (Los Angeles, ya:nga, is probably poison-oak-at) |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Pacific coast Canada to Baja California |
Likes damp, shady areas, chaparral |
yes |
|
|
|
| rattlesnake |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Crotalus spp. |
$o:t |
şo:t |
vibora, Black Diamondback Rattler |
inheritance |
*sɨwɨn- |
Takic |
|
S2011a (Stubbs 2009:280); not Stubbs' reconstruction, but Kitanemuk, Serrano are conservative in retaining these nasals. |
|
|
narrower (seems to mean this particular species of rattlesnake, or have that as prototype) |
other complex |
şo:-t rattlesnake-npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 596 |
no info |
1 |
Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony |
2 |
Reid said rattlesnake not eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada south |
Diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| red ant |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Solenopsis spp |
ahn'-naht' (red ant) |
ˈʔa:nat |
red ant |
inheritance |
*ʔalɨN- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S44 (Stubbs 2009:44) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈʔa:na-t red.ant-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 431 |
no info |
1 |
in ant ordeal |
0 |
McC 121 |
1 |
swallowed for medicine (McC) |
gathered (wild) |
all |
larvae often eaten raw as found McC 121 |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| red-shouldered blackbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Agelaius phoeniceus |
chakwyu' |
ʧaˈkʷjuʔ |
red-winged blackbird |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Nim-Yokuts *č'ax (Golla 1964:60) |
WW |
%chak |
same |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
Harrington 160 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North and Central America |
Open grassy areas, prefers wetlands, but also found in dry upland meadows |
no |
|
|
|
| red-tailed hawk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Buteo jamaicensis |
paki:sar |
paˈki:sar |
gavilan pollero |
inheritance |
*kisa |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S720 (Stubbs 2009:131) |
|
|
same |
derived |
pa-ˈki:sa-r big/water-hawk-npn (I am not sure this is synchronically productive in Gab) |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 147 |
no info |
2 |
beaks, claws in Chingichngich figure (McC p. 28) |
2 |
McC does not mention but is Chingichngish animal |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
for feathers, for arrows and regalia |
0 |
|
0 |
feathers used in regalia, traded |
Widespread in Americas |
Mixed forest and field |
no |
|
|
|
| roadrunner |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Geococcyx californianus |
poo'-he-awt |
puˈwiʔawt (?) |
Roadrunner |
inheritance |
*puhi/*puʔi/*puwi (all proposed) |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
I agree with Stubbs 2009:250 that Yecora Piman pu7i “roadrunner” fits here. S1776. In all Takic. |
WW |
%pu: |
same |
derived |
puˈwiʔ-a-w-t roadrunner-?-augmentative-npn (/a/ may be an ablaut vowel) |
ʔaʧ “pet” |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 421 |
no info |
2 |
cut hair in mourning for Wiyot |
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwestern U.S. to Central America |
desert areas |
no |
|
|
|
| ruddy duck |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oxyura jamaicensis |
ah-ā's-rōt-saht |
ʔaˈʔe:şarot şa:t |
Ruddy duck |
unique |
*osa “paint”, *saya |
Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
nonce formation |
|
|
same |
phrase |
ʔaˈʔe:şarot şa:t painted duck (each with npn) |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
$a:t “water bird” |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 427 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
lakes and ponds, winter in coastal wetlands |
no |
|
|
|
| sage herb |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Artemisia californica |
huru:var |
huˈru:var |
romerillo |
inheritance |
*hulupa- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Note Lu. hulvul “Artemisia californica”; S1597 (Stubbs 2009:233) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
huˈru:va-r romerillo-npn |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Harrington 128 |
no info |
2 |
may be given to boys and girls at initiation in ball with salt but that plant not identified for Gabrielino; Couplet: hulvul, qawiimal; a Chingichngish plant (Harrington 1978:133); |
2 |
|
1 |
poultice for sores, swellings, tumors, rheumatic pains, eye medicine (McC 102) |
gathered (wild) |
women |
diverse methods |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California, Baja California |
Chaparral and “dry foothills communities” |
no |
|
|
|
| salmon/steelhead |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| scaly lizard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pygopus lepidopodus? |
che-roo'-ko? 60-429 |
ʧiˈrukuʔ |
Scaly lizard |
loan |
|
|
Gabrielino |
Kitanemuk chiruku' “lizard, cachora (iguana)”; See discussion at S1332 (Stubbs 2009:202). See also note with “Bat” |
|
|
broader (for several kinds of lizards, but not all so-called in English) |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
considered disgusting (McC p. 117) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| small bird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
tse'-ū |
ˈtsi:ya |
small bird |
loan |
|
|
Chumash |
see “bird” |
|
|
no info |
underived |
may just be dialect variant of chi:ya, or may be phonaesthetic modification of consonant to make chi:ya smaller and cuter |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429 |
no info |
2 |
1978:122) |
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
N/A |
N/A |
no |
|
|
|
| small brown lizard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
che-roo'-ko? |
ʧiˈrukuʔ |
Small brown lizard |
loan |
|
|
Gabrielino |
See discussion at S1332 (Stubbs 2009:202) |
|
|
broader (for several kinds of lizards, but not all so-called in English) |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
considered disgusting (McC p. 117) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
desert areas |
no |
|
|
|
| snake (generic) |
culebra, serpiente |
cobra |
flora-fauna |
|
|
ta:hur, ta:xor (281) |
ˈta:hur |
la culebra, gopher snake |
inheritance |
*tahu- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2015 (Stubbs 2009:280) |
|
|
narrower (does not include rattlesnakes) |
other complex |
ˈta:hu-r snake-npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 161 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| soaproot |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Chlorogalum |
$u:har |
ˈşu:har |
amole, escobete |
loan |
|
|
Gabrielino |
Note Cupeno ˈsuxuxul (a Faye recording); loan from Proto-Nim-Yokuts (at least) *ThoxoTh Golla 1964:65 into Takic |
WW |
%svkv |
same |
other complex |
ˈşu:ha-r soaproot-npn |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Harrington 541 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
root could be eaten, mainly for little brushes for mortars |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
fibers stripped for brushes, root chopped for soap |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwest Oregon, California |
rock bluffs, grasslands, chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| sour berry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rhus trilobata |
so-rah' |
şoˈra:t (?) |
Sour berry |
inheritance |
*sɨ(ta)- |
Californian |
|
Note Cahuilla selet, Kitanemuk hɨʧr, Tubatulabal shyl |
|
|
same |
other complex |
şoˈra:-t sour.berry-NPN (Merriam doesn't have npn but it's there in Cahuilla, I think he just didn't hear it) |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 437 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
berries considered not good to eat (in Merriam notes) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
women |
for basketry |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
chaparral to 3500 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| sparrow hawk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Falco |
koo'-neets |
ˈku:niʧ (?) |
Sparrow hawk |
unique |
|
|
|
Could this be the NUA “turkey” word??? Stubbs 2358 (2008;316), *kuyu-...? |
|
|
same |
underived |
-ʧ is not an npn. Alexander Taylor gave this word for "bird" (in McC) |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 421 |
no info |
2 |
beaks, claws in Chingichngich figure (McC p. 28) |
2 |
McC does not mention but is Chingichngish animal |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
for feathers, for arrows and regalia |
0 |
|
0 |
feathers used in regalia, traded |
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| spider |
araña |
aranha |
flora-fauna |
|
Arachnida, Araneae |
wer-rā-cheCH |
weˈre:ʧix “it goes round in a circle” |
Spider |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
narrower (doesn't include black widow, surely ku:kat (cf. Kuka-mo-nga) |
phrase |
weˈre:ʧi-x go.around.in.circle-present.tense (?) |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 431 |
no info |
0 |
a Chingichngish animal (McC 146); some say lit fire of Wuyot's pyre (Harrington 1978) |
0 |
Chingichngich animals not eaten (McC p. 117) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
diverse habitats, reclusive |
yes |
|
|
|
| spotted skunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Spilogale gracilis |
che-noo'-e po-ne'-vo 72-77, 60-417 (che-noo'-e = “small”) |
ʧiˈnu:y poˈni:vor |
spotted skunk |
unique |
|
|
|
a nonce formation, see “Big Skunk” for head word, which is NUA |
|
|
same |
phrase |
ʧiˈnu:-y poˈni:vo-r small-npn skunk-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 417 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western U.S. |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| toad |
sapo |
sapo |
flora-fauna |
|
Bufonidae |
kwa'ro' |
ˈkʷaʔroʔ |
zapo |
inheritance |
*kwaʔro |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S941 (Stubbs 2009:157) |
|
|
same |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 116 |
no info |
2 |
Bullfrog is last child of Wuyot, and bewitched him. Couplet: waxaawut, kaarawut “bullfrog, earthworm |
2 |
considered disgusting (McC p. 117) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| tree |
árbol |
arvore |
flora-fauna |
|
(NA) |
kuta |
kuˈta |
tree, palo |
inheritance |
*kut(ta) |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2345 (Stubbs 2009:315) |
|
|
broader (includes tree, wood |
other complex |
kuˈ-ta tree-npn |
|
|
|
Harrington 463 |
no info |
0 |
kutumut, central pole, derived from this word; “Any [kuta] can be designated th Tcangitcngic as one of his messengers for producing death” Harrington 1978:133) |
0 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
items manufactured of wood are traded, like wands |
Americas |
diverse habitats, depending on species |
no |
|
|
|
| tree yucca |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Yucca schidegera |
hunu:vut |
huˈnu:vut |
for making fiber for tying the fences |
inheritance |
*hɨnuva- |
Cupan plus Gabriellino |
|
S2548 (Stubbs 2009:340) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
huˈnu:vu-t yucca-npn |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Harrington 484 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
Harrington said not used by Gab (McC131) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
all |
soaked and fiber stripped |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Mojave and Sonoran Deserts (and obviously nearby Coast Ranges in dry areas) |
rocky slopes, creosote flats, 300-1200m (rarely up to 2500m) |
no |
|
|
|
| turkey buzzard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cathartes aura |
wi'$o' |
ˈwiʔşoʔ |
aura |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
see Condor. It occurs to me that the problematic Hopi “vulture” word could have a Yokutsan source ultimately. |
WW |
%wit |
same |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 069, 413, 596 |
no info |
2 |
eggs source of shamanic power (McC p. 97 |
2 |
McC does not mention but is Chingichngish animal |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
men |
for eggs only, apparently |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| turtle (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Testudines |
pah'-ar” 72-79, 60-429 |
ˈpa:ʔa:r (?) |
turtle |
inheritance |
*pa:-*ʔayaC |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2359 (Stubbs 2009:316) |
|
|
same |
derived |
ˈpa:-ʔa:-r water-turtle-npn (is this synchronically productive?) |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429 |
no info |
2 |
couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony; shells used for rattles |
2 |
McC p. 116 |
1 |
broth for aging (of a mud turtle) |
hunted |
all |
shells saved for rattles |
0 |
|
1 |
|
Western North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| valley live oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Quercus agrifolia |
wi:y |
wi:y |
bellota |
inheritance |
*wi'aN- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1507b (Stubbs 2009:224); one of diverse derivations on this base for “oak” |
|
|
broader (includes tree and acorns) |
other complex |
wi:-y live.oak-npn |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Harrington 559 |
no info |
2 |
were once human |
1 |
acorns |
1 |
oak bark as general all-purpose antiseptic wash (McC p. 102) |
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
all |
acorns ground, flour leached, made into mush, soup, bread |
0 |
|
1 |
|
California west of Sierra Nevada from Mendocino County to Baja California; only coastal live oak |
Concentrated in valleys and on lower hills below 3000 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| valley oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Quercus lobata |
kwa:r |
kʷa:r |
bellota = tree |
inheritance |
*kwini/*kwiyi- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1507a (Stubbs 2009:224). This is probably a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan |
|
|
broader (includes tree and acorns) |
other complex |
kʷa:-r black.oak-npn |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Harrington 125 |
no info |
2 |
were once human |
1 |
acorns |
1 |
oak bark as general all-purpose antiseptic wash (McC p. 102) |
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
all |
acorns ground, flour leached, made into mush, soup, bread |
0 |
|
1 |
|
Southwest Oregon and California except in deserts |
Found in high hills up to 8,000 feet, especially on slopes facing away from the desert |
no |
|
|
|
| valley quail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Callipepla californica |
kaka:r |
kaˈka:r |
codorniz |
inheritance |
*kakaC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1702a (Stubbs 2009:241); 1702b is a different word, a Californianism. |
WW |
%kaka |
same |
other complex |
kaˈka:-r quail-npn (root is sound-imitative) |
-ʔaʧ “pet” |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
Harrington 605 |
no info |
2 |
quail topknots for wands; cut hair in mourning for Creator |
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Far west North America to British Columbia |
open woodlands, chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| Washington clam |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Saxidomus nuttalli |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Western Canada goose |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Branta canadensis |
wu:xam “ansaras” source of bone for whistle Harrington 021 |
ˈwu:xam |
ansaras |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈwu:xa-m goose-plural (npn often dropped in plurals) |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
$a:t “water bird” |
Harrington 021 |
no info |
0 |
bones used for whistles |
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
wetlands, open fields |
no |
|
|
|
| whale |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Eschrichtius robustus |
kyot |
kjot |
whale |
inheritance |
*kɨcuC-wɨt |
Cupan plus Gabriellino |
|
note Cupeno qeyuwet “whale”, good cognate |
|
|
no info |
phrase |
ˈpa:-ŋa xa:-r water-in rat-npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Munro 1988 cited in Anderton 1988:355 |
no info |
2 |
rock art representations in caves; Whale may be the “Big Fish” that brought tosawt “sacred stones” from island to mainland (Harrington 1978:146) |
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
bones of beached whales used for house construction; vertebrae as stools |
0 |
|
1 |
whale vertebra stools found well inland |
Pacific coast; migratory route is Alaska-Gulf of California |
deep water (although California Grays may swim fairly close to shore) |
no |
|
|
|
| white pelican |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pelicanus erythrorhynchos |
ah'ng-ŭ-root-saht' |
ˈʔa:ŋarot şa:t ? |
White pelican |
unique |
*ʔaŋa- , *saya(C) |
Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S220, S217 respectively (Stubbs 2009:69). But note that *ʔaŋa- is also a good UA word for “wing” (although not hitherto attested in Takic; it is in Tubatulabal as per Merriam notes). So this is probably “wing-big” . Probably a nonce formation but on UA |
|
|
same |
phrase |
ˈʔa:ŋa-ro-t şa:-t ?-big-nominalizer water.bird-npn; might be: ˈʔana:ŋe xarot şa:t “still would.be water.bird”??? Or could 7a:nga be the UA “wing” word??? |
-ʔaʧ “pet” |
possessive classifier for animals |
şa:t “water bird” |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 425 |
no info |
0 |
|
2 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
breed inland and are on coasts in winter (White Pelicans) |
no |
|
|
|
| wild grapevine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vitis californica |
pah-vah's kā-veet 72-79, 60-441 |
paˈva:ş ˈke:vit (?) |
Wild grapevine |
inheritance |
*paaʔas |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S189 (Stubbs 2009:65) Yaqui is quite good; Is kevit the same as Lu. makwit? |
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony |
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwest Oregon and California |
common along streams and in canyon bottoms below 4000 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| wild oats |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Avena (introduction) |
ă-vā'-har |
ʔaˈve:har |
Wild oats |
loan |
|
|
Spanish |
|
WW |
%avena |
same |
other complex |
ʔaˈve:ha-r oats-npn (unusual addition of an npn to Spanish loan) |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 441 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
for seeds |
2 |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
women |
seeds parched, mixed with other seeds, some ground |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Common up to about 3500 feet; abundant since at least 1835 |
no |
|
|
|
| wild rose |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rosa californica |
ochu:r |
ʔuˈʧu:r |
wild rose, rosa de castilla |
inheritance |
*ʔusa-la |
Takic |
|
Not in Stubbs; note Luiseño 7ush-la, Cahuilla ʔúšal, Cupeno 7u$al; Kitanemuk ʔucuč |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʔuˈʧu:-r rose-npn |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Harrington 529 |
no info |
0 |
couplet in Lu., a Chingichngish plant (Harrington 1978:133); |
1 |
|
1 |
as gentle purgative for babies (McC p. 102) |
gathered (wild) |
women and children |
fruits raw or ground and stored, flowers for tea, wood for bows/arrows |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Oregon, California, northern Baja California |
moist areas, cienegas, along streams |
no |
|
|
|
| wild sunflower |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Helianthus (and other genera) |
pahCH'-har |
ˈpa:ʔaxar |
Sunflower |
inheritance |
*(pa)ʔaʔka |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Kitanemuk pa'apkachr; S2191 (Stubbs 2009:299) |
|
|
same |
derived |
ˈpa:-ʔaxa-r big/water - sunflower - npn (derivation may not be synchronic) |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 441 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
seeds eaten (Merriam) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
seeds parched (later considered good only for chicken feed) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| willow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Salix spp. |
$axa:t |
şaˈxa:t |
saus |
inheritance |
*sakat |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
also as $axa:t at 123 and at 547 in $a$a(:)xat; S1023 (Stubbs 2009:166) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
şaˈxa:-t npn |
|
|
|
Harrington 164 |
no info |
2 |
used in construction of the yovaar (Harrington 1978:136) |
2 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
fiber plant, basketry, wood |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwestern US and Mexico |
Along streams and in wet places below 2000 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| wood rat, round-tail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Neotoma spp. |
xa:r |
xa:r |
rata |
inheritance |
*kawa- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Kitanemuk kachr; S1423 (Stubbs 2009:242) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
xa:-r rat-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 502 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, bones ground |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western U.S., northern Mexico |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| worm, hairy caterpillar |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Arctiidae (many species) |
ah-ker-ran-mah-mah-her-rah |
ʔaˈxaren maˈma:hŋa (?) |
worm,hairy caterpillar |
unique |
|
|
|
A nonce formation |
|
|
no info |
phrase |
ʔa-ˈxare-n maˈma:h-ŋa its-life-possessed grass-in (??) |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 431 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
McC 121 |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
often eaten raw as found (McC 121) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| worm, smooth caterpillar |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper |
ko'a:r |
kuˈʔa:r |
gusano |
inheritance |
*kuʔa- |
Takic |
|
S893 (Stubbs 2009:152), |
|
|
broader (includes lots of different grubs, maggots, worms, caterpillars) |
other complex |
kuˈʔa:-r grub-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 024 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
McC 121 |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
often eaten raw as found (McC 121) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| yellow jacket |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp. |
hah'ng-ar' |
ˈha:ŋar |
Yellow jacket |
inheritance |
*saŋa- |
Takic |
|
S160 (Stubbs 2009:62) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈha:ŋa-r yellow.jacket-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 431 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
larvae (McC 121) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
often eaten raw as found (McC 121) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse (depends on species) |
no |
|
|
|
| yellowbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Dendroica petechia |
pah'-har-ring-r che-u (=sunflower bird) |
pa:xariŋar ˈʧi:ja (?) |
Astragalinus |
semantic shift |
*paaxingi-sh |
Cupan plus Gabriellino |
|
Cupan *paaxingi-sh “red-winged blackbird”; I don't want to reconstruct Merriam's extra syllable. “Sunflower” probably a false etymology. If true should be pa7akaringish chi:ya and he should have heard the /k/ |
|
|
same |
phrase |
paˈʔa:xa:-r ʔa-ˈhi:-n ˈʧi:ja sunflower-npn its-possession-possessed (pd) bird (looks like “sunflower's bird”, but that should be paˈʔa:xa:r ʔa-ˈʔaʧe-n ˈʧi:ja, so maybe my guess here is wrong |
ʔaʧ “pet” |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 425 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America; the relevant subspecies is west of Sierras and in deserts and Baja California in winter |
open country |
no |
|
|
|
| yerba santa |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Eriodictyon californicum |
hŭ-hĕr'-hetch-ō>t 72-79, 60-437 (medicine) |
haˈheheʧʔot (?) |
Yerba Santa |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
haˈheheʧʔo-t has npn; root must be derived somehow but I can't find source |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 437 |
no info |
2 |
Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony |
1 |
|
1 |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
teas, etc |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Oregon, California |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| ant (generic) |
hormiga |
formiga |
flora-fauna |
|
|
ahn-naht “red ant” |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
CHM/MC268 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bird |
pajaro, ave |
passaro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
che--/u- /chi7yu/ ?? |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
CHM/MC267 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| blowfly/housefly |
mosca |
mosca |
flora-fauna |
|
|
pi:cukwar |
|
|
loan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| dog (camp, domestic) |
perro |
cachorro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
wo$i7 (sg), wowo:$e7 |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| grass |
hierba, pasto |
capim, grama |
flora-fauna |
|
|
mama:har |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| deer |
venado |
veado, cariacu |
flora-fauna |
|
|
$ukat |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| snake (generic) |
culebra, serpiente |
cobra |
flora-fauna |
|
|
$o:t “snake”; $o:wot “rattlesnake”; |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| spider |
araña |
aranha |
flora-fauna |
|
|
wer-ra--cheCH /werechix/ |
|
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
CHM/MC268 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
