| Bankalachi Toloim |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
ow'-chă |
|
Fox |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Proto-NimYokuts *7aw'chha7 (Golla 1964:62) |
WW |
%kaw |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
C. H. Merriam 72-77, 60-449 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Big Smokey Valley Shoshone |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
waahni |
|
fox (M: Gray fox (Urocyon) |
inheritance |
*waCni |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 562 (2008:113) |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Crapo 1976;134 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cahuilla |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
qáwisiš |
ˈqawisiʃ |
fox |
inheritance |
*kawosi- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S556 (Stubbs 2009:113) |
WW |
%kaw |
narrower (Merriam records this only for Urocyon, “Gray Fox”, contrasting with wilyily “Desert Fox”, Vulpes macrotis |
other complex |
ˈqawisi-ʃ (root looks long for simplex -- this may be loan into Takic) |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:168 |
Fox is a Wildcat Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109) |
2 |
skins used for ceremonial objects (Bean 1972:63) |
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
mainly for skins |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| Central Sierra Miwok |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
júw:ely- |
|
red fox |
inheritance |
*juw:el |
Eastern Miwokan |
|
Callaghan 1971 |
|
|
|
other complex |
-y nominalizer |
|
|
|
Freeland & Broadbent 1960 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
hon-ze, hŏn-tsee' |
ontsi(A) “kit fox” Press |
Gray fox (Urocyon) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 59:521 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Barbareno |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
knɨy |
|
fox |
unique |
|
Central Chumash only |
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Ono 85; Beeler 1978:178 |
|
2 |
approaches house to warn of death |
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ineseno |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
k'noo'-e |
|
Gray fox (Urocyon) |
inheritance |
|
Central Chumash only |
|
Central Chumash |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:3 |
|
2 |
approaches house to warn of death |
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Obispeno |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ventureno |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
haw' |
|
fox |
unique |
|
|
|
Is this a loan? Seems like I've seen a similar form somewhere |
WW |
%kaw |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
JPH III:91:0044 |
|
2 |
approaches house to warn of death |
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cocopa |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
màţkawá· |
|
gray fox |
inheritance |
*p-rxa·w/m-rxa·w |
Proto-Yuman |
|
Langdon 1979:637 FOX |
|
|
same |
phrase |
màţ is “earth”; kawá· appears only in this word |
|
|
|
Crawford 1989 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
ekatseena? |
|
red fox [Vulpes] |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
phrase |
red-wild.canid |
|
|
|
Robinson & Armagost 1990:161 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
kawisish |
kaˈwisiʃ |
fox |
inheritance |
*kawosi- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S556 (Stubbs 2009:113) |
WW |
%kaw |
same |
other complex |
kaˈwisi-ʃ fox-npn (root may be complex) |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Hill & Nolasquez 1973:158 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
skins for quivers |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| Esselen |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
huniša |
|
fox |
unique |
|
Esselen |
|
|
|
|
|
other complex |
-$a animal suffix |
-$a |
|
|
Heizer/Pinart I:79 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
e-row' |
ʔiˈra:w (?) |
“Desert fox, Vulpes macrotis group” |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 415 |
no info |
2 |
Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony |
2 |
McC116 (Fages) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
skins used for quivers |
0 |
|
0 |
hides often trade |
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| Iipay 'Aa |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
parhaaw |
|
fox (Merriam Urocyon, Gray fox) |
inheritance |
*p-rxa·w/m-rxa·w |
Proto-Yuman |
|
Langdon 1979:637 FOX |
WW |
%kaw |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Couro & Hutcheson 1973 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
woziya |
|
fox (not kit fox) |
inheritance |
*woci'a |
Proto-Numic |
|
Stubbs 557a |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Zigmond et al. |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kiliwa |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
pnxaaw |
|
fox (probably Kit Fox, Vulpes macrotis) |
inheritance |
*p-rxa·w/m-rxa·w |
Proto-Yuman |
|
Langdon 1979:637 FOX |
WW |
%kaw |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Mixco 1985 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
kawčač |
ˈkawʧraʧr |
fox (used for quiver) |
inheritance |
*kawosi |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S556; I don't like his Tarahumara form (Stubbs 2009:113) |
WW |
%kaw |
narrower (does not include desert fox) |
other complex |
ˈkawʧra-ʧr fox-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:347 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
surely hunted for skin for quiver |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
for skin |
0 |
|
0 |
skins often traded |
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| Lake Miwok |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
túucaj |
|
fox (et) (CHM says Urocyon 57:513) |
loan |
|
|
Patwin |
Note Patwin t'ucay “coyote”, S. pomo duZa “fox” 144 |
|
|
|
other complex |
-aj is suffix |
|
|
|
Callaghan 1965 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
qewéewish |
qeʹwe:wiʃ |
fox |
inheritance |
*kawosi- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S556 (Stubbs 2009:113) |
WW |
%kaw |
narrower (does not include Vulpes, Kit fox/Desert fox, as far as I know) |
other complex |
qeʹwe:wi-ʃ fox-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
|
Elliott 1999:807 |
Clan name at Rincon (Strong 1979:277) |
2 |
couplet: muuta, qeweewish |
2 |
almost certainly not eaten |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
skin used for quiver (Sparkman 1908:206) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| Maidu |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
hàwí |
|
fox |
loan into protolanguage |
*haw |
Maiduan |
unknown |
Ultan 1964:363 # 59 |
WW |
%kaw |
|
other complex |
-i is stem former |
|
|
|
Shipley 1963 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Mojave |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
marho |
|
gray fox |
inheritance |
*p-rxa·w/m-rxa·w |
Proto-Yuman |
|
Langdon's 1976 FOX, Find again |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Munro et al.1992 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Mutsun |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
yah”-we |
|
Gray fox (Urocyon) (or Mephitis? in pencil) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:403 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Nisenan |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
haw |
|
fox (Merriam confirms Urocyon, gray fox) |
loan into protolanguage |
*haw |
Maiduan |
unknown |
Ultan 1964:363 #59; Callaghan 2001:325 matches PW *ha:w, Pynim *7aw'chHa- |
WW |
%kaw |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Uldall & Shipley 1966 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
wannge'e |
|
Fox (M: Gray fox (Urocyon) |
inheritance |
*waCni |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 562 (2008:113) |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Yerington Dictionary |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Northern Sierra Miwok |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
wac:ih:a- |
|
fox (Merriam confirms gray fox 57:417) |
loan |
|
|
Central Numic |
S557a NUA *wanci7a “fox” ; Proto-Numic *woci'a; looks like loan from a variety with *wa, but N. Paiute has a different word from S562 *waCni; W. Mono has a Yokuts loan ha'wutsa'. Suggests that Numic recon should be *waci'a, with *a>o recent. |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Callaghan 1987 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Plains Miwok |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
ju:wel, |
|
fox (CHM has ju:wel as Urocyon) |
inheritance |
*juw:el- |
Eastern Miwokan |
|
Callaghan 1971, 1997:58 |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Callaghan 1984 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Salinan A |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
sto7 |
|
fox (Merriam Gray Fox Urocyon 55:365) |
unique |
|
Salinan |
|
|
|
|
|
other complex |
s- animal prefix |
|
|
|
Mason 1918:124; Turner 1980:74 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Salinan M |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
sto' |
|
fox (Merriam Gray Fox (Urocyon) 55:365) |
unique |
|
Salinan |
|
|
|
|
|
other complex |
s- animal prefix |
|
|
|
Mason 1918:124 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Seri (Comcaac) |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
xees |
|
gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Comcaac Dictionary 584 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
qor:Ta-T |
|
fox (CHM confirms Urocyon 72:27 |
inheritance |
*kawosi |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S556 (Stubbs 2009;113); this is an unusual development from *kawo, not really a nice cognate. |
|
|
|
other complex |
-t NPN |
|
|
|
KCHill ms 2001:50 from original file slip |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
tavangwaimpitsI |
|
Fox |
unique |
|
|
|
See S. Ute tavíic?ą-cI |
|
|
narrower (surely one of the 3 kinds of fox; Sapir doesn't say which) |
other complex |
has -pɨtsI ABS; Givon 1979 suggests the tav- here might be “sun” |
|
|
|
Sapir 1930:669 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Sierra Miwok |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
juw:el- |
|
fox |
inheritance |
*juw:el |
Eastern Miwokan |
|
Callaghan 1971 |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Broadbent 1964: |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
tavíic?ą-cI |
|
fox |
unique |
|
|
|
see S. Paiute tavangwaimpitsI |
|
|
broader (there are several kinds of foxes) |
other complex |
has -ci ABS; historically might be sun-catcher-ABS |
|
|
|
Givon 1979 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Tübatulabal |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
iklōpal |
ʔiklo:ˈbal |
fox |
inheritance |
*kalopV- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S560 (Stubbs 2009:113) tries to link this to Tubar kahulowi, possibly *kalop. I think is dubious but might work. Reconstruction is surely wrong -- maybe *kawo-lopV |
|
|
narrower (probably desert fox, Vulpes macrotis) |
other complex |
ʔiklo:ˈba-l fox-npn (root must be derived historically) |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:26 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
for pelt, used for quiver, etc. |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| Tümpisa Shoshone |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
wotsia |
|
Gray fox |
inheritance |
*woci'a |
Proto-Numic |
|
Stubbs 557a |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Dayley 1989:390 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Wappo |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
lúhcha |
|
fox? wolf? |
loan |
|
|
Pomo |
Proto-pomo *du:cá “fox” (McLendon 1973:77 |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Sawyer 1965 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Washo |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
wátziha |
fox sp. loan |
gray fox |
loan |
|
|
Northern Sierra Miwok |
Mins wac:ih:a- is in turn a loan from Numic ; S557a NUA *wanci7a “fox”. |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:297 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
ha'wutsa' |
|
fox |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Note Chukchansi ow'-wooCH (also resembles Sutbbs 557a, Fowler's *woci'a in Numic, but is not cognate |
WW |
%kaw |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Bethel et al.:27 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
skin for quivers, leggings, etc. |
0 |
|
0 |
Eastern Mono brought fox-skin leggings to trade (Gayton 2:215) |
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Wintu |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
7uwe ha:w |
|
common gray fox |
loan into protolanguage |
*ha:w |
Wintun |
unknown |
Shepherd 2005; identical form in Proto-Maidu, perhaps related to Yokutsan words |
WW |
%kaw |
|
relative clause |
Pitkin 1985 says ha:w “probably a kenning originally” (from “go”, keep going”; he glosses 7uwe as “just that way” |
|
|
|
Schlichter 1981 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yavapai |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
qqór |
|
fox |
inheritance |
*p-rxa·w/m-rxa·w |
Proto-Yuman |
|
Langdon 1979:637 FOX |
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Shaterian 1983 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Palewyami |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
ow'-chah |
|
Gray fox (Urocyon) |
inheritance |
*ɂawčhaɂ (NY) |
Yokutsan |
|
Golla 1964:62; Callaghan 2001:325 notes PW *ha:w “fox”, PM *haw “gray fox”, considers this YU-W-M, notes also Mim Ah-wah-ke “gray fox (Merriam) |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 58:515 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yawdanchi |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
au'tca |
|
fox (Merriam: Gray fox (WIK 58:357) |
inheritance |
*ɂawčhaɂ (NY) |
Yokutsan |
|
Golla 1964:62; Callaghan 2001:325 notes PW *ha:w “fox”, PM *haw “gray fox”, considers this YU-W-M, notes also Mim Ah-wah-ke “gray fox (Merriam) |
WW |
%kaw |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:199 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yowlumne |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
au'tca, 'aw'ca' |
|
fox (Merriam confirms gray fox, Urocyon 58:547) |
inheritance |
*ɂawčhaɂ (NY) |
Yokutsan |
|
Golla 1964:62; Callaghan 2001:325 notes PW *ha:w “fox”, PM *haw “gray fox”, considers this YU-W-M, notes also Mim Ah-wah-ke “gray fox (Merriam) |
WW |
%kaw |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:199 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yuki |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
yuk=wáN-shi Cs |
|
fox (CHM Gray fox, Urocyon) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
phrase |
unknown elements |
|
|
|
Sawyer & Schlichter 1984 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yuma |
Vulpes, Urocyon |
met-kwah-vah' |
|
Gray fox (urocyon) |
inheritance |
*p-rxa·w/m-rxa·w |
Proto-Yuman |
|
Langdon 1979:637 FOX; note Cocopa màţkawá·, Yuma form MIGHT be a loan from Cocopa |
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 61:449 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
