Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Kawaiisu

Family: Uto-Aztecan
Region: North America
ISO 639-3: xaw
Location: 36.05°, -118.68°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: none

Basic Vocabulary (185)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Etymology Code	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	nymi	inheritance
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	tawa	inheritance
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	ny7y	inheritance
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	mumi	inheritance
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	7imi	inheritance
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	sa-ma-my	unknown
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	sa-ma- “neutral definite”	unknown
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	tugu-baaya-	inheritance	ZBM1991
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar		missing
all	todo	todos	other	mono-jo	unique
and	y	e	grammar	joo	unknown
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body		missing
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	soo-rokwa=	unknown
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	kuca-py	inheritance
at	en, a	em, a	location	pi, -vi "at, in"	inheritance
back	espalda	costas	body	howaa-vi	inheritance
bad	mal	mal	quality	7ataa-	loan direction unknown
belly	barriga	barriga	body	sapy-vy	inheritance
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	-dukwa, rukwa	inheritance
big	grande	grande	quality	7i-vojo	unknown
bite	morder	morder	body	ky-tymogi “to gnaw”	unknown
black	negro	preto	colour	tuhu-ki “to be black”	inheritance
blood	sangre	sangue	body	pyy-py	inheritance
blow	soplar	soprar	body		missing
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	ta7a-vi	unknown
bone	hueso	osso	body	7oho-vy	inheritance
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	pihi-vy	inheritance
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	soo-ki	inheritance
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	higwa-, hugwa-	unknown
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	kocogo7o-	inheritance
child	niño, niña	criança	human	pishy7oo-chi	inheritance
climb	subir	subir	motion	chipii-	inheritance
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	kyna-vi	inheritance
cold	frío	frio	quality	shitu7i-dy	inheritance
come	venir	vir	motion	wa-ki (SG)	inheritance
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	kosi, kwasi-	inheritance
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	tyvi-shyvi “it is true”	inheritance
count	contar	contar	mental	nijany-	inheritance
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	7arare-	unknown
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	ko7o- “as with knife”	inheritance
day	día	dia	time	ta-vi	inheritance
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	juwe7e-kwee- ju-(w)e7e “be-not”	unique
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	horo-	inheritance
dingo/wolf			fauna	tyvi-zhi	inheritance
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	tocaa-ga-dy “dirty person or thing”	inheritance
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	no-noshi-	inheritance
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	hivi-	inheritance
dry	seco	seco	quality	tavasy-kwee-py	inheritance
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	mogowa-a-ty	unknown
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	huku-by	inheritance
ear	oreja	orelha	body	naga-vi-vi	inheritance
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	ty-bi, tii-py	inheritance
eat	comer	comer	body	ka7a-	unique
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	nopa-vi	inheritance
eye	ojo	olho	body	pu7i-vi	inheritance
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	kwida-py	inheritance
fall	caer	cair	motion	wy7i-ku-	inheritance
far	lejos	longe	quality	miho	inheritance
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	jyhuu-vy	inheritance
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	muwa=	inheritance
fear	miedo	medo	mental	7ija-vaga-	inheritance
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	wishi7aa-vy	inheritance
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	kuna	inheritance
fish	xx	xx	fauna	pa-gyy-zi	inheritance
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	nukwi-	unknown
flower	flor	flor	environment	hyvi-vi	inheritance
fly	volar	voar	motion	jori- SG	inheritance
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	kyna-vi	inheritance
foot	pie	pé	body	nabi-vi	inheritance
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	tykypiya=	unknown
good	bueno	bom	quality	hy7y-	inheritance
grow	crecer	crescer	state	nahna-	inheritance
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	toci-va7aa-vy (head)	loan into protolanguage
hand	mano	mão	body	mo7o-vi	inheritance
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	toci-vy	inheritance?
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	naga-,	inheritance
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	pita7a-	inheritance
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	wazi7a “to peek” (from hiding?)	inheritance
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	taja-kwee-	unknown
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	jawi-	inheritance
how?	como	como	grammar	ha-ga-ni	inheritance
if	si	se	grammar		missing
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	-pi, -vi "at, in"	inheritance
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	hakwichi-vy	inheritance
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	pijagygy-	inheritance
kill	matar	matar	impact	paka- SG OB	inheritance
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	pucugu-	inheritance
lake	lago	lago	environment	pa-vynu-pi, po7o woko-dy	inheritance
laugh	reír	rir	mental	kija-	inheritance
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	naga-vy	inheritance
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	kwii=	inheritance
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	ju7u-vy	inheritance
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	havi- SG	inheritance
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	7aga-zin7o-ry “lightning flash”	inheritance
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	kary SG	inheritance
liver	hígado	figado	body	nywy-bi	inheritance
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	pa7a-togo-	inheritance
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	7aci-vi (head)	inheritance
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	soo-vy	inheritance
man/male	hombre	homem	human	ta7ni-pyzi	loan direction unknown
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	pa7a-vi	inheritance
moon	luna	lua	environment	mya-zi	inheritance
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	pija=	inheritance
mouth	boca	boca	body	tybi-vy	inheritance
name	nombre	nome	human	nijaa-vi	inheritance
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	ka-raka= “back of head”	inheritance
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	chagici “nearness”	inheritance
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	kura-vi	inheritance
new	nuevo	novo	quality	7yyvi-	loan direction unknown
night	noche	noite	time	tugwa-nu	inheritance
no/not	no	não	grammar	juw-aa-ty	unique
nose	nariz	nariz	body	mu-vi-to7o-by	inheritance
old	viejo	velho	quality	7ii-ty-	unknown
one	uno	um	number	suu-ju	inheritance
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	ta7avina-	unknown
other	otro	outro	grammar	kwii=	inheritance
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	je7e	loan
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	nywy	inheritance
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	coko-	inheritance
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	7uwa-ry	inheritance
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	7aga-ki-	inheritance
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body		missing
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	too-vy, tovo-vy	inheritance
root	raíz	raiz	flora	tyna=	inheritance
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	7ataa-kwee-py	loan direction unknown
sand	arena	areia	environment	sihwa-by	inheritance
say	decir	dizer	mental	mee-	inheritance
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	ca-we7e “scratch an itch”	unknown
see	ver	ver	mental	py-kee-	unknown
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	mogowa-ga-dy (of edge)	unknown
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	kukwi-	inheritance
short	corto	curto	quality	tove7e-pii-chi	inheritance
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	coo-vy=	inheritance
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	tukwi-je7e-	inheritance
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	kary- SG	inheritance
skin	piel	pele	body	7asi7a=	inheritance
sky	cielo	céu	environment	tugu-bajaa-vi-dy	inheritance
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	7ypii- SG	inheritance
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	7yyve7e-pii-chi	unknown
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	kwihi- “to be smokey”	inheritance
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	7ugwi-	loan into protolanguage, direction unknown
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	chichii7i-	inheritance
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	topogoi- “split wood”	unknown
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	mogoho- “wring out”	inheritance
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	tono-	inheritance
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	wyny- SG	inheritance
star	estrella	estrela	environment	puucii-vy	inheritance
steal	robar	roubar	other	7yija-ni-	inheritance
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	kuko-pi	inheritance
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	ty-bi, tii-py	inheritance
suck	chupar	chupar	body	chohmi-	inheritance
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	huva-kaa=	inheritance
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	poho-	inheritance
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	paa-ge-nukwi-	unique
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	kwasi-vi	inheritance
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	sa-a-na	unknown
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	mucu-gwi-	unknown
thin	delgado	fino	quality	7oho-je7e- “bone-suffer”	unique
think	pensar	pensar	mental	muguwa-ry	inheritance
this	este/esta	este	grammar	7i-dy,	inheritance
three	tres	tres	number	pehe-yu	inheritance
throat	garganta	garganta	body	pakwii= (inside??? outside???)	loan direction unknown
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	tavi-	inheritance
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	taza-no7o-ry	unique
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	tapichi-	inheritance
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	7egu-by	inheritance
tooth	diente	dente	body	tawa-bi	inheritance
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	mynishi- “turn around”	inheritance
two	dos	dois	number	waha-ju	inheritance
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	pitahni-	inheritance
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	pagi-	inheritance
water	agua	agua	environment	po7o	inheritance
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	pa-soozi “to be wet”	unknown
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	ha-ga	inheritance
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	ha-na-7oko	inheritance
where?	donde	onde	grammar	ha-ga-nu	inheritance
white	blanco	branco	colour	see-gi- “to be white”	loan
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	ha-na, hi-ni	inheritance
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	pihwa=	inheritance
wind	viento	vento	environment	nee-dy	inheritance
wing	ala	asa	body	kaso7o-pi	inheritance
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	momo7o	inheritance
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	wi7johwe-dy-	unknown
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	7atawa-	inheritance
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	7amariju7u	loan


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heavy
hide
hit
hold
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 185 of 185 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Traded	Dangerous
abalone			flora-fauna	Haliotis spp.	missing			missing								missing					2	1		0			0	1	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	tus-soo'-ve	taasu'u-vi (see below)	ant (Merriam)	inheritance	*tasi'a	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 49 (2008;45) Central and Southern Numic only			same	other complex	taasu'u-vi ant-ABS			Merriam 59:377	0	0		2			0	0	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna		no generic
antelope			flora-fauna	Antilocapra americana	wazi		antelope	inheritance		Proto-Numic		Note T. Shoshone wanzi			same	other complex	might be wan-zi antelope-ABS???			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
badger			flora-fauna	Taxidea taxus	huna-ci		badger	inheritance	*huLa	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 132 (2008:59)			same	other complex	huna-ci badger-ABS			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	yes
bald eagle			flora-fauna	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	pa-wiku		bald eagle	unique				water-buzzard (neologism?)			same	phrase	pa-wiku water-buzzard (probably “water”, not “big” as bald eagle is a fishing bird			Zigmond et al.	1	2		0			0	1	no
band-tail pigeon			flora-fauna	Patagioenas fasciata	maka-hoyo-vi		pigeon	inheritance	ma'kawV-hayɨwi	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		combines the 2 “dove” words, Stubbs 676 and Stubbs 675 (2008:126)			same	other complex	maka-hoyo-vi dove-dove-ABS			Zigmond et al.	0	1		0			0	0	no
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp	paacaɁaa-zi		bat	inheritance	*pati'a/paCti'a	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 124 (2008):56			same	other complex	paacaɁaa-zi bat-ABSolutive (non-possessed noun)			Zigmond et al.	0	1		0			0	0	no
beaver			flora-fauna	Castor	kah'-ze		beaver	semantic shift	*kawa	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1423 (2008:242)			broader (also woodrat)	other complex	kawa-zi rat-ABS			Merriam 59:363	2	1		0			0	0	no
beetle			flora-fauna	Coleoptera spp	huku-vi-dɨ-zi		black stink bug	inheritance	*hukuC-pɨ-	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 315 (2008:83; why does he have just SN??) probably from “fart” (or maybe “smell JHH)			same	other complex	huku-vi-dɨ-zi smell-?-Nominalizer-ABS			Zigmond et al.	2	0		0			0	0	no
big round tule			flora-fauna	Schoenoplectus acutus	seevibɨ		Scirpus validus, tule, great bulrush	inheritance	*sɨyi	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		I think this goes with Takic Stubbs 1735 (shown in reconstruction) which needs to be fixed since Numic is clearly sayi, see T. Shoshone saippüh			same	other complex	see-vi-bɨ	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	1		2			0	0	no
big skunk			flora-fauna	Mephitis mephitis	pohniya		skunk	inheritance	*po(C)ni	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1983 (2008:275; problematic, may be from “stink” verb)			same	underived	ultimately derived from “smell” -- synchronically???			Zigmond et al.	2	2		0			0	0	no
big wolf (gray wolf)			flora-fauna	Canis lupus	tɨvi-ži		wolf	inheritance	*tu'apa	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 2503 (2008:335)			same	other complex	tɨvi-ži wolf-ABS			Zigmond et al.	1	2		0			0	0	yes
bighorn sheep			flora-fauna	Ovis canadensis	nagi		bighorn sheep	semantic shift	*nakV “meat”	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1392 (2008:209); “sheep” throughout S. Numic			same	underived				Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		wižiki-ži		bird	inheritance	*wi(t)tiki	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 205 (2008:67)			narrower (does not include larger songbirds (toko) or large raptors (kwaana))	other complex	wižiki-ži bird-ABS			Zigmond et al.	0	0		0			0	0	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		wizhiki-zhi			loan direction unknown
black ant			flora-fauna	Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger	Ɂoodɨ-ci		Black ant	inheritance		Southern Numic		Note Chemehuevi on-tat (Merriam); Press has onto-ka “brown”			same	other complex	Ɂoodɨ-ci ant-DIM			Zigmond et al.	2	0		0			0	0	no
black bear			flora-fauna	Ursus americanus	moɁorii-ži		black bear	loan			Yokutian, perhaps by way of Tumpisa Shoshone	Note T. Shoshone mor-itch (Merriam) “black bear”; loan from Utian words for “black, dark” (Callaghan 2001:327); cf. Palewyami Yokuts molaj' “bear” Callaghan 2001:333 (and see Stubbs 134 (2008:59)	WW	%mol	same	other complex	moɁorii-ži black.bear-ABS			Zigmond et al.	1	2		0			0	0	yes
black-tail Jackrabbit			flora-fauna	Lepus californicus	kamɨ		jackrabbit	inheritance	*kaNmu	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 1710 (2008:243)			same	underived				Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
blackberry			flora-fauna	Rubus ursinus	pah-hō'-pe		Blackberry	inheritance	hup/hu'up	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 186 (for diverse red berries) (2008:65)			same	phrase	pah-hō'-pe pa-huu-pi big-berry-ABS			Merriam 59:381	2	1		2			0	0	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	muu-pi-ži		fly	inheritance	muwi-/muCpi	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 887 (2008:151)			same	other complex	muu-pi-ži fly-ABS-ABS			Zigmond et al.	0	0		0			0	0	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna		muu-pi-zhi			loan into protolanguage, direction unknown
blue grouse			flora-fauna	Dendrogapus?	yɨhniɁ-bi		grouse	unique							same	other complex	yɨhniɁ-bi grouse-ABS			Zigmond et al.	0	1		0			0	0	no
bobcat, lynx			flora-fauna	Lynx rufus	tuku-ci		Bobcat	inheritance	*tukkuC	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:200); this is an ancient loan	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	tuku-ci wildcat-ABS			Zigmond et al. 287	1	2		0			0	0	no
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	Lepidoptera	Ɂaasibɨ-zi		butterfly	inheritance		Proto-Numic		Note T.Shoshone aasiputungkwi			same	other complex	Ɂaasibɨ-zi butterfly-ABS			Zigmond et al.	2	0		0			0	0	no
California condor			flora-fauna	Gymnogyps californianus	boi-e'-ko; poi'-e-ko (K)	pa-wiku	condor	inheritance		Southern Numic		see Chemehuevi pawikU “big vulture”			same	underived				Merriam 59:367	1	2		0			0	1	no
California jay			flora-fauna	Aphelocoma californica?	soi'-e-kiz-ză (K); soi-e-jij-jah (P)		California jay	unique							same	other complex	soyiki-zi jay-ABS			Merriam 59:367	2	1		0			0	0	no
California woodpecker			flora-fauna	Melanerpes formicivorus?	taataraage'e-bɨ		woodpecker	loan			Takic	see Cupeno toRɛkikim probably from Gabrielino word for 'to break'			same	other complex	taataraa-ge'e-bɨ onomatopoeia-?-ABS			Zigmond et al.:274	2	1		0			0	1	no
chia			flora-fauna	Salvia columbariae	pasidabɨ		Salvia columbariae	inheritance	*pasa/i	Californian		Stubbs 1599 (2008:2333), Cupan, Gab, Sr, Tb; TS probably a loan; this may be cognate, so TS good??)	WW	%pasv	same	other complex	pasida-bɨ Chia-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	1	1		1			0	0	no
chipmunk			flora-fauna	Tamias spp.	tavaɁa-zi		chipmunk	inheritance	*tapa ...	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2095 (2008:288)			same	other complex	tavaɁa-zi chipmunk-ABS			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
cliff swallow			flora-fauna	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	pah-too-kŭ az'-ze		Cliff swallow	unique				May include Stubbs 124 *pati'a, the “bat” word???			same	other complex	pah-too-ku-az-ze patukuwa-zi??? X-ABS			Merriam 59:369	2	1		0			0	0	no
coot			flora-fauna	Fulica americana	saapɨzi		mudhen	inheritance	*saya	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 217 (2008:69)			same	other complex	saa-pɨ-zi coot-ABS-ABS			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
cottontail rabbit			flora-fauna	Sylvilagus audobonii	tavu-ci		cottontail	inheritance	tapuC/taput	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1707 (2008:242)			same	other complex	tavu-ci cottontail-ABS			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
cottonwood			flora-fauna	Populus spp.	soovipɨ		Populus fremonti	inheritance	*sohopin	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 542a (2008:111), only Numic & Hopi			same	other complex	soovi-pɨ cottonwood (-vi?)-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	0		2			0	0	no
coyote			flora-fauna	Canis latrans	sɨnaɁa-vi		coyote	inheritance	*sɨnaɁa	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 554 (2008:113); I think Comanche might be a Ute loan so may just be southern Numic			same	other complex	sɨnaɁa-vi coyote-ABS	-vi	classifies for humans	Zigmond et al.	1	2		0			0	0	no
crow			flora-fauna	Corvus brachyrhynchos	Ɂataka-zi		crow	inheritance	*ʔata-wɨ-ta	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 582 (2009:116), this version with -ka in Southern Numic only: Southern Ute taq'o-ci (Givon); Southern Paiute 'ata-G, 'ataqwotsi “crow”; note Mojave 'atqaaq “type of crow”			same	other complex	Ɂataka-zi			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
datura			flora-fauna	Datura wrightii	moopɨ		Datura wrightii	loan			Takic	Not cognate with Numic words with mui “drunk”; presumably from Luiseno or Gabrielino *moya “moon”	WW	%moji ~ %moni	same	other complex	moo-pɨ datura-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	1	1		1			1	0	yes
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		tyhyja			inheritance
deer, mule			flora-fauna	Odocoileus hemionus	tɨhɨya		deer	inheritance	*tɨkɨya	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 625a (2008:121)			same	underived				Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
digger pine			flora-fauna	Pinus sabiniana	wohodɨbɨ		Pinus sabiniana	inheritance	*wokoN	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1579 (2008:231)			same	other complex	wohodɨ-bɨ pine-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	1		2			0	0	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis familiaris	pugu-zi		dog	inheritance	*puNku	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 38 (2008:43)			broader (means “domestic animal”)	other complex	pugu-zi pet-ABS			Zigmond et al.	0	0		0			0	0	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		pugu-zi			inheritance
dogbane			flora-fauna	Apocynum cannabinum	missing			missing								missing					2	1		2			0	0	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	Zenaida macrocoura	hoyo-vi		dove	inheritance	*hayɨwi	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 675 (2008:126) with problems; take out the /o/ forms and assume the occasional /o/ is by assimilation? The -wi may be from the animal classifier			same	other complex	hoyo-vi dove-ABS			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae	čiga-zi		duck	inheritance	*cika	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 705 (2008:130)			same	other complex	čiga-zi duck-ABS			Zigmond et al.	0	1		0			0	0	no
elder			flora-fauna	Sambucus	kunuguvɨ		Sambucus caerulea	inheritance	*kunuki	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 180 (2008:64)			same	other complex	kunugu-vɨ elderberry-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	1		1			0	0	no
elk			flora-fauna	Cervas elaphus	pa-rɨhɨya		elk	inheritance	pa- tɨkɨya “big-deer”	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 625a (2008:121 (W, S Numic form)			same	phrase	pa-rɨhɨya big-deer			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		pa-gɨɨ-zi		fish	inheritance	*paNkwi/pakkwi < pa:-kVyu	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 865 (2008:148)			same	other complex	pa-gɨɨ-zi water-fish-ABS (really root is not synchronically complex in Kawaiisu, that's an etymology)			Zigmond et al.	0	1		0			0	0	no
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	Siphonaptera	at-too'-ă tse'-tah		flea	unique				a unique formation --maybe louse its-???			same	underived				Merriam 59:377	2	0		0			0	0	no
flicker			flora-fauna	Colaptes sp.	ko-tse'-ah kuz-ze		Flicker	unique							same	other complex	ko-tse'-ah kuz-ze kotsiakɨ-zi flicker-ABS			Merriam 59:367	2	1		0			0	1	no
foothills yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca whipplei	kwinuurɨbɨ		Yucca whipplei	unique							same	other complex	kwinuurɨ-bɨ X-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	0	1		0			0	0	no
fox			flora-fauna	Vulpes, Urocyon	woziya		fox (not kit fox)	inheritance	*woci'a	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 557a			same	underived				Zigmond et al.	2	2		0			0	0	no
frog (generic)			flora-fauna		wogata		frog	inheritance	wakatta/wakaN-ta	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 940 (2008:157)	WW	%wakat	same	underived				Zigmond et al.	2	2		0			0	0	no
golden eagle			flora-fauna	Aquila chrysaetos	muhni		eagle	inheritance		Southern Numic		Chemehuevi ˈməŋI			same	underived				Zigmond et al.	1	2		0			0	1	no
gooseberry			flora-fauna	Ribes spp.	kɨzarabɨ		Ribes californicum, roezlii	unique							same	other complex	kɨzara-bɨ gooseberry-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	1		1			0	0	no
gopher snake, bull snake			flora-fauna	Pituophis catenifer	kogo		gopher snake	inheritance	*koNwa	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2009 (this development is Numic)			same	underived				Zigmond et al.	2	2		0			0	0	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(NA)	mă-hah'-bah	mahabɨ	grass	inheritance	*maha “brush”	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1614 needs to be corrected (2008:234)			broader (includes brush)	other complex	maha-bɨ grass/brush-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	Merriam 59:387	0	0		0			0	0	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna					missing
grasshopper			flora-fauna	Caelifera	Ɂaataka-piži		grasshopper	inheritance	*attaNkaC	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 1036 (2008:167)			same	other complex	Ɂaataka-piži grasshopper-ABS			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
gray ground squirrel			flora-fauna	Sphermophilus sp.	Ɂewu-ci		ground squirrel	inheritance	iCkwa/iNkwa	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 2099 (2008:289)			same	other complex	Ɂewu-ci ground. squirrel-ABS			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
gray tree squirrel			flora-fauna	Sciurus spp.	wogo-davaɁa-zi		gray squirrel, tree squirrel	inheritance	wokoN-tapa pine-squirrel	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2095 (2008:288) plus the “pine” PUA word			same	phrase	wogo-tavaɁa-zi “pine-chipmunk-ABS”			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
great horned owl			flora-fauna	Bubo virginianus	muhu-ci		owl (different from “barn owl”)	inheritance	*muhuN	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1542 (2008:227), seems unproblematic although sound imitative			same	other complex	muhu-ci owl-ABS			Zigmond et al.	1	2		2			0	1	no
grizzly bear			flora-fauna	Ursus arctos horribilis	pogwitɨ		grizzly bear	unique							same	underived				Zigmond et al.	1	2		0			0	0	yes
horned toad			flora-fauna	Phrynosomatidae	makaca-zi		horned toad	inheritance	*makaCta	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1333 (2008:202)			same	other complex	makaca-zi horned.toad-ABS (ma- may be “hand” IP)			Zigmond et al.	2	2		2			0	0	no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	woɁora-vi		horse	loan			Mojave	Zigmond et al. p. 293 says is from Mojave 'ahat va'oolve (the latter element from Spanish el burro)			same	other complex	wo'ora-vi horse-ABS			Zigmond et al.	0	0		0			0	0	no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	Trochilidae	muutana-pi-zi		hummingbird	inheritance	*muttanaC	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 1181 (2008:185)			same	other complex	muutana-pi-zi hummingbird-ABS-DIM				0	0		0			0	0	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic	missing			missing								missing					0	0		2			0	0	variable
junco			flora-fauna	Junco sppp	no-var'-ro ko'-chă; nō-vro-ko'-chă		Junco	unique				snow *nɨpa plus toko-tsi “large bird like mockingbird”			same	phrase	nɨva toko-tsi “snow bird-DIM”			Merriam 59:371	0	1		0			0	0	no
juniper			flora-fauna	Juniperus californica	waɁadabɨ		Juniperus californica	inheritance	*wa'aC	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 415 (2008:94)			same	other complex	waɁada-bɨ juniper-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	1		1			0	0	no
louse			flora-fauna	order Phtiraptera	Ɂaci-vi		head louse	inheritance	*aCtɨ “louse”	Proto-Language		Stubbs 1357 (2008:205) usually head louse)			narrower (head louse only)	other complex	Ɂaci-vi head.louse-ABS			Zigmond et al.	2	0		0			0	0	no
mallard			flora-fauna	Anas platyrhynchos	kura-sɨni		mallard	inheritance	*kutV-	Proto-Numic		Note T.Shoshone kutopia, Chemehuevi koora'-sing (Merriam)			same	other complex	kura-sɨni (hyphen is Zigmond et al's -- neck - ?			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
manzanita			flora-fauna	Arctostaphylos spp.	kɨɨnarabɨ		Arctostaphylos glauca, pringlei	inheritance				See Cupan *kɨlɨl “manzanita”			same	other complex	kɨɨnara-bɨ manzanita-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	1		1			0	0	no
milkweed, broad leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias eriocarpa	aviboɁogadɨbɨ		Aesclepias erosa	unique							same	derived	avi-boɁo-gadɨ-bɨ white.rock-water-having-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	1	chewing gum	1			0	0	no
milkweed, narrow leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias fascicularis	wɨɁivɨbɨ		Aesclepias fascicularis	inheritance	wiki or wisi “string”	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1796 (2008:254), or Stubbs 1475			same	other complex	wɨɁivɨ-bɨ string-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	0	1		1		fiber	0	0	no
mission tule			flora-fauna	Juncus	parasiivɨ		Juncus balticus	unique				looks like “willow” with pa-ta- ???			same	other complex	parasii-vɨ juncus-ABS (pa-ta-sii???)	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	1		2			0	0	no
mockingbird			flora-fauna	Mimus polyglottos	yah'-bah		Mockingbird	inheritance	*yampa	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 216 (2008:68) Numic and Hopi			same	underived				Merriam 59:371	2	1		0			0	0	no
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles spp, Isoptera	muhuvaa-vi		mosquito	inheritance	*mu-pa	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 889 (2008:151)			same	other complex	muhuvaa-vi mosquito-ABS			Zigmond et al.	0	0		0			0	0	no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	Heterocera	Ɂɨnɨpi-či		moth	inheritance	*ɨnɨC-pi	Southern Numic only, means “spirit, ghost”		Stubbs 328 (2008:85), gives as “Numic”, but it isn't.			broader (means “ghost” as well as “moth”)	other complex	Ɂɨnɨpi-či ghost-ABS			Zigmond et al.	2	0		0			0	0	no
mountain lion			flora-fauna	Puma concolor	tukuu-mɨɨ-ci		cougar	inheritance	*tukkuC	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:200; Tumpisa Shosne has same compound ( tukkummüüntsi)	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	tukuu-mɨɨ-ci wild.cat-?-ABS			Zigmond et al. 287	1	2		0			0	0	yes
mountain quail			flora-fauna	Oreortyx pictus	tɨvi-ži-daara		mountain quail	inheritance							same	phrase	tɨvi-ži- “wolf-ABS taara “(valley) quail”			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
mussel			flora-fauna	Mytilus spp.	sɨɁnoho		mussel	unique				-noho is "egg" from Stubbs 779 (2008:138)			same	phrase	sɨɁ-noho flower?pink?-egg			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	1	no
olivella (olive snail)			flora-fauna	Callianax biplicata	hii-bɨ		money	unique				note Mojave avii “money”			same	other complex	hii-bɨ shell-ABS			Zigmond et al.	2	2		0			0	1	no
pinyon jay			flora-fauna	Cyanocitta stelleri?	čoɁiki-ži		pinyon jay	inheritance		Southern Numic		co'ingki “bluejay, Arizona jay (longtailed and uncrested) Southern Paiute (from the ca'i word??)			same	other complex	Ɂɨɨnɨ-zi pinyon.jay-ABS			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
pinyon pine			flora-fauna	Pinus monophylla	tɨvapɨ		P. monophylla	inheritance	*tɨpat	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1583 (2008:231); Kiowa-Tanoan loan into PNUA			same	other complex	tɨva-pɨ pine.nut-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	1		2			0	1	no
pismo clam			flora-fauna	Tivella stultorum	ɁaniɁa		shell	unique				note Mojave hanye “type of small shell”			same	underived				Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	1	no
pocket gopher			flora-fauna	Thomomys	mɨyɨ-ci		gopher	inheritance	*mɨyɨN	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1009 (2008:164)			same	other complex	mɨyɨ-ci gopher-ABS			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
poison oak			flora-fauna	Toxicodendron diversilobum	yuwaatɨbɨ		Toxicodendron diversilobum	unique							same	other complex	yuwaatɨ “nothing, no”-bɨ ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	2		2			0	0	yes
rattlesnake			flora-fauna	Crotalus spp.	togowa		rattlesnake	inheritance	tɨ-koNwa	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 2009 but with this prefix only Numic			same	phrase	to-gowa rock-snake (synchronically???)			Zigmond et al.	1	2		0			0	0	yes
red ant			flora-fauna	Solenopsis spp	taasuɁu-vi		Red ant	inheritance	*tasi'a	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 49 (2008;45) Central and Southern Numic only			same	other complex	taasuɁu-vi ant-ABS			Zigmond et al.	1	0		1			0	0	no
red-shouldered blackbird			flora-fauna	Agelaius phoeniceus	wokoliiɁi-bɨ		redwing blackbird	unique							same	other complex	wokoliiɁi-bɨ blackbird-ABS			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
red-tailed hawk			flora-fauna	Buteo jamaicensis	kwah-nuz'-ze (K)	kwanazi	Red-tailed hawk	inheritance	*kwana	Southern Numic		Stubbs 717a (2008:131), really looks like kwi'na, and like other UA kwa words, but problems			same	other complex	kwana-zi large.bird-ABS			Merriam 59:367	2	2		0			0	0	no
roadrunner			flora-fauna	Geococcyx californianus	oi-yu-pe'-te; oo-e-yū'-pe		roadrunner	loan			Yokutsan by way of?		WW	%uji	same	underived	onomatopoeic in original, I assume			Merriam 59:367	2	1		0			0	0	no
ruddy duck			flora-fauna	Oxyura jamaicensis	chă-guj-je (all ducks)	čiga-zi	duck	inheritance	*cika	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 705 (2008:130)			broader (all ducks)	other complex	čiga-zi duck-Abs			Merriam 59:373	2	1		0			0	0	no
sage herb			flora-fauna	Artemisia californica	pɨɨsivɨ		Artemisia dracunculus	unique							same	other complex	pɨɨsi-vɨ sage.herb-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	2		1	rheumatism cure; I think this is the functional equiv. to californica, ludoviciana; douglasiana, tugusoovɨ, also medicinal		0	0	no
salmon/steelhead			flora-fauna	Oncorhynchus mykiss	missing			missing								missing					2	1		0			0	0	no
scaly lizard			flora-fauna	Pygopus lepidopodus?	wō-wus'-san-nā'-te/ze		Sceloporus	unique							same	other complex	wō-wus'-san-nā'-te/ze; last element is -zi ABS			Merriam 59:375	2	2		0			0	0	no
small bird			flora-fauna		missing			missing								missing					2	1		0			0	0	no
small brown lizard			flora-fauna		missing			missing								missing					2	2		0			0	0	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		to-go'-wah			inheritance	tɨ-koNwa	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 2009 but with this prefix only Numic				unknown				Merriam 59:375	0	1		0			0	0	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		togowa “rattlesnake”			inheritance
soaproot			flora-fauna	Chlorogalum	wɨnižibɨ		Chlorogalum pomeridianum	inheritance	*wɨnVzV	Proto-Numic		Western Mono word for Soaproot brush is wɨnazU;			same	other complex	wɨniži-bɨ brush-ABS (brush plant)	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	1		1			0	0	no
sour berry			flora-fauna	Rhus trilobata	Ɂiičivɨ		Rhus trilobata	inheritance		Numic		Kitanemuk hɨč “Rhus trilobata), from forms with *s-; but see BSVS ŭ'-chip, suggesting this is Numic			same	other complex	Ɂiiči-vɨ rhus.trilobata-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	1		1			0	0	no
sparrow hawk			flora-fauna	Falco	wižiki-ži hunarɨ		sparrow hawk	inheritance	*wi(t)tiki “bird”	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 205a (2008:67); what is hunarɨ ? Southern Paiute is witsɨ-ungwarats anga “bird-catcher”			same	phrase	wižiki-ži huna-rɨ bird-ABS X-NOMINALIZER (not an adj, which would precede “bird”)			Zigmond et al.	2	2		0			0	0	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnida, Araneae	hukwa-bi		spider	inheritance	*hukwaN	Southern Numic		Stubbs 2059 (2008:285)			same	other complex	hukwa-bi spider-ABS			Zigmond et al.	0	0		2			0	0	variable
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna		hukwa-bi			inheritance
spotted skunk			flora-fauna	Spilogale gracilis	missing			missing								missing					2	2		0			0	0	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	Bufonidae	chuk'-ko-po'-ish-she		toad	inheritance	*sikwo “tadpole”	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 942 (2008:156)			same	other complex	chuk'-ko-po'-ish-she segmentation? Last element is -zi ABS -- maybe cɨga-poyo-zi “rough-ish”???			Merriam 59:377	2	2		0			0	0	no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana spp.	soɁo(n)dɨ		Nicotiana bigelovii	loan			Yokutsan by way of?				broader (includes plant, tobacco)	underived				1981 Zigmond	1	1		1			1	0	yes
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna	(NA)	missing			missing								missing					0	0		2			0	0	no
tree yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca schidegera	cawarabɨ		Yucca brevifolia	inheritance		Southern Numic		Chemehuevi tsogwarA “Hersperioyucca arborescens” (Merriam)			same	other complex	cawara-bɨ yucca-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	1		0			0	0	no
turkey buzzard			flora-fauna	Cathartes aura	wiku-mahaa-zi		buzzard	inheritance	*wiLhukuN	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 335 is really problematic, but clearly something -- this has mahaa “brush”???			same	other complex	wiku-mahaa-zi buzzard-?-ABSɨ			Zigmond et al.	2	2		0			0	0	no
turtle (generic)			flora-fauna	Testudines	Ɂaya		turtle (not water turtle)	inheritance	*ayaC	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2359 (2008:316)			broader (includes tortoises)	underived				Zigmond et al.	2	2		0			0	1	no
valley live oak			flora-fauna	Quercus agrifolia	kwiiyavɨ		Quercus kelloggii	inheritance	*kwiya	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1507a (2008:224); a Kiowa-Tanoan loan into PNUA			same	other complex	kwiiya-vɨ oak-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	1		2			0	1	no
valley oak			flora-fauna	Quercus lobata	šiviidɨbɨ		Quercus lobata	inheritance	*sip	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1511; a possible Cora cognate, but look for Yokutsan origin?			same	other complex	šiviidɨ-bɨ oak-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	1		2			0	1	no
valley quail			flora-fauna	Callipepla californica	taara		quail	inheritance		Southern Numic only		means “Mountain Quail” in Chemehuevi, may be a loan from tata(ka) out of California			same	underived				Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
Washington clam			flora-fauna	Saxidomus nuttalli	missing			missing								missing					2	1		0			0	1	no
Western Canada goose			flora-fauna	Branta canadensis	Ɂoroko-pi		Canada goose	unique				Metathesis of koto/koLo “crane”??? Stubbs 566a (2008:114)			same	other complex	Ɂoroko-pi goose-ABS			Zigmond et al.	0	1		0			0	0	no
whale			flora-fauna	Eschrichtius robustus	missing			missing								missing					2	1		2			0	1	no
white pelican			flora-fauna	Pelicanus erythrorhynchos	ee'ara		Large bird, perhaps a crane, that comes from the ocean	unique							no info	underived				Zigmond et al. 188	0	2		0			0	0	no
wild grapevine			flora-fauna	Vitis californica	wo'ora-višti-bɨ		large wild grape sp.	unique							narrower (large wild grape sp.)	phrase	wo'ora-višti-bɨ horse-big-plant ???	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	Zigmond et al.:293	2	1		2			0	0	no
wild oats			flora-fauna	Avena (introduction)	sikweɁevɨ		Avena fatua	unique							same	other complex	sikweɁe-vɨ wild.oats-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	1		2			0	0	no
wild rose			flora-fauna	Rosa californica	čiyavipɨ		Rosa californica, Rosa woodsii	inheritance	*ci'aN	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 190 (2008:65)			same	other complex	čiyavi-pɨ rose.fruit-ABS (plant)	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	0	1		2			0	0	no
wild sunflower			flora-fauna	Helianthus (and other genera)	paɁakatabɨ		Helianthus annuus	inheritance	*(pa)-'akka(C)	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2191 (2008:299)			same	other complex	paɁakata-bɨ sunflower-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	0	1		0			0	0	no
willow			flora-fauna	Salix spp.	puhisɨɨvibɨ		Salix lasiolepis	inheritance	puhi-sɨhɨ green-willow	Proto-Numic		S2486 (2008:332); the compound unique in Kawaiisu, I think			same	phrase	puhi-sɨɨvi-bɨ green-willow-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	2		1			0	0	no
wood rat, round-tail			flora-fauna	Neotoma spp.	kaa-zi		woodrat	inheritance	*kawa	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1423 (2008:242)			broader (also beavers)	other complex	kawa-zi rat-ABS			Zigmond et al.	2	1		0			0	0	no
worm, hairy caterpillar			flora-fauna	Arctiidae (many species)	to-hŭ-je; poo-hoo'-je; pŭ-hoo'-je		hairy caterpillar	unique							no info	other complex	all have final -zi ABS			Merriam 59:377	2	2		0			0	0	no
worm, smooth caterpillar			flora-fauna	Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper	piɁaga		caterpillar of Pandora moth	inheritance	*pi'akɨC	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2527 (2008:338)			narrower (a specific variety, Pandora Moth caterpillar)	underived				Zigmond et al.	2	2		0			0	0	no
yellow jacket			flora-fauna	Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp.	waca-vɨ		yellowjacket	inheritance	*wa'wa, etc.	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 162 (2008:62) and see also stubbs 894 (2008:152)			same	other complex	waca-vɨ yellow.jacket-ABS			Zigmond et al.	2	0		0			0	0	no
yellowbird			flora-fauna	Dendroica petechia	sumayamɨ-zi		Canary	unique							broader (probably any bright yellow bird?)	other complex	sumayamɨ-zi canary-ABS (stem probably complex, no clues)			Zigmond et al. 271	0	1		0			0	0	no
yerba santa			flora-fauna	Eriodictyon californicum	wupɨgidɨbɨ		Eriodictyon californicum	unique							same	other complex	wupɨgidɨ-bɨ yerba.santa-ABS (root probably complex)	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond	2	1		1			0	0	no

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Cultural Vocabulary (115)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source
acorn bread			food	missing		missing
acorn mush			food	missing		missing						closest is pui-sa7a-pi 'seed-boiled-ABS' 'pinyon mush'			Zigmond et al.1990
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology	missing		missing
alcohol			food	moo-py=roo-ry	whiskey, any alcoholic beverage	unique			Takic	WW	%moji ~ %moni	has the moo- 'crazy' word like Datura but head-word /too/??	derived, other complex	jimsonweed=DUB-ABS	Zigmond et al. 1990
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	huwa-zi	arrow, bullet	inheritance	*huca	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 63 what is /w/ doing here?	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
arrow straightener			other	tyvary-ny(m)by	arrow straightener, hill where stones for X are found	inheritance	*pata	Uto-Aztecan				Hill/Miller pa-32 'to make straight or flat'	derived		Zigmond et al. 1990
bag, sack			culture-material	kuna-byzi	sack, bag	inheritance	*kuna	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 114a	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	missing		missing
ball game			food	tawuupa	to play shinny	unique							simplex	root, probably complex but can't retrieve structure	Zigmond et al.1990
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	sogoci	basket	inheritance	*soko	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1708	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	nehe-ka-pi	small round basket	inheritance	*nyhaC	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 120 has only as Takic but see T. Shoshone form	derived, other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
basketry hat			culture-material	7yky-ci	basketry hat, little hat	unique						might have something to do with *yk 'to lie'? (Numic)	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	tugu-bi	beads, iron	inheritance	*tukuC-pa	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2032b, related to (a) "sky"	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
beans			food	jyhyry	pinto bean	loan			Kitanemuk < Spanish	WW	%frijol		simplex		Zigmond et al. 1990
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool			missing
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	7ooco-zi	bottle	inheritance	*hoCca	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 118	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	mara-ci		inheritance
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	7edy-(ci)	bow, rifle	inheritance	*aCta	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 275	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	missing		missing
carrying net			subsistence tool	wana-vy	web, net	inheritance	*wa7na	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1521; looks like "rabbit net" word	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	naaty7y	cat	loan			Kitanemuk < Spanish	WW	%gato		simplex		Zigmond et al. 1990
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	kakawuty	chicken	semantic shift							other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	niyaa-ga-dy	chief, braggart	inheritance	*nija	Numic				Stubbs 2011 1490	derived, other complex	niyaa-'name'	Zigmond et al. 1990
clapper			acculturation	missing		missing
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	hii-(m)by-zi	beads; clothes	inheritance	*hini	Numic				Stubbs 2011 2283; see Chemehuevi "bead"; probably a "belongings" word	other complex	hii-(m)by 'money'	Zigmond et al. 1990
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	missing		missing
cook food			food	kosi, kwasi	to cook, roast over coals	inheritance	*kwasi/aC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 421	simplex	root	Zigmond et al. 1990
corn			food	missing		missing
corpse			food	juwe7e-kwee-py	dead (to be not)	unique							derived, other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
cradleboard			culture-material	kohno-ci	cradle, cradleboard	inheritance	*kono	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 142	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
cremate			culture-mythology	missing		missing
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	nyka-	to dance	inheritance	*nykkaC	Numic				Stubbs 633	simplex	root	Zigmond et al. 1990
Datura wrightii			narcotics	moo-py	jimsonweed, Datura wrightii	loan			Chumash	WW	%moji ~ %moni	Ultimately Takic "moon" Hill 2011	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	tugu-bajaa-va7a-dy	God	unique						probably neologism on Christian concept	derived, other complex	sky-in-?-ABS	Zigmond et al. 1990
digging stick			subsistence tool	missing		missing
digging stick			subsistence tool	poro-ci (? cane?)		inheritance
dipper			subsistence tool	wopogojy-zi	ladle, dipper	unique						aoso -ny(m)by	derived, other complex	dip-ABS (with p instead of v from redup???)	Zigmond et al. 1990
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	nonoši-dy	dream	inheritance	*nosi	Numic				Stubbs 2011 717	derived, other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
drone pipe			culture-mythology	missing		missing
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	missing		missing
earring			other	naga-sa7a-py	ear ornament	unique							derived, other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
feather headband			dress	mu-taka-vi-by	headdress of eagle-down	unknown	*taka					Southern Numic only,, taka 'flat area' as back of head -- what is mu? also toci-ne7e-pii-vi, and ha7makwijy-vy 'large bird, and headdress made of feathers'	derived, other complex	nose-flat (forehead)-ABS-ABS	Zigmond et al. 1990
fire drill			subsistence tool	kutunuhi-	to make fire with drill	inheritance	*tunuhi	Numic				See Mono	derived	has ku- IP	Zigmond et al. 1990
fire-tender			culture-mythology	missing		missing
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other	missing		missing
firewood	leña	lenha	other	missing		missing
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	missing		missing
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	missing		missing
fish hook			subsistence tool	wiidy-ny(m)by	fishhook	unique						related to knife???	derived		Zigmond et al. 1990
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	missing		missing
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	missing		missing
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	woyo	flute (arch)	inheritance	*wiLu	PNUA				Stubbs 912 probably not, not a good correspondence, need to look at Dakin on reflexes of *L	simplex		Zigmond et al. 1990
gambling sticks			other	no7iši-ny(M)by	dice	unique						the 'dream' word nominalized? Cute	derived		Zigmond et al. 1990
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	missing		missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	7yny-pi	spirit, ghost	inheritance	*yny-	Numic				Stubbs 2011 2116	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	7yny-pi	spirit, ghost	inheritance	*yny-	Numic				Stubbs 2011 2116	other complex
glue			subsistence tool	caagu-by	glue	unique						from *tsaka 'to catch, hold (tsa- do with hand)??	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	nywy-no7o-vy	graveyard	unique							compound, other complex	person-pregnant???-ABS	Zigmond et al. 1990
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	7edy-(ci)	bow, rifle	semantic shift	*aCta	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 275	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	7yky	hat	unique						could be from yk 'to lie'???	simplex		Zigmond et al. 1990
honey	miel	mel	food	haani-ži-piha=ina	honey	unique						I think other Numic may have same compound w/ diff elements	compound	bee-sugar=?	Zigmond et al. 1990
house			other	kahni	house	inheritance	*kaNLi	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1213	simplex		Zigmond et al. 1990
house			other	kahni		inheritance
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	hookwi (sg), tynaha (pl)	to hunt	inheritance	*tynna	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1014	simplex	tyna 'pursue'	Zigmond et al. 1990
initiate boy			culture-mythology	missing		missing
initiate girl			culture-mythology	missing		missing
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	wihi-či	knife	inheritance	*wikiC	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1267	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	tapi-nawi-vy	breechclout	inheritance	*nawi	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 385; Merriam gives as "breechclout" 48:495; I suspect this is woman's apron	derived, other complex	tie(?)-apron-abs	Zigmond et al. 1990
mat			culture-material	sypysa7a	mat, mattress	unknown						has the sy- 'willow' word, what is pysa7a? Is this from yppy 'sleep'? Hill/Miller py-06	derived	sy 'willow'??	Zigmond et al. 1990
medicine			narcotics	matasukwi	medicine	inheritance	*sakwa/i	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1162 (maybe)	compound		Zigmond et al. 1990
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	paha	mortar	inheritance	*paha	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1085	simplex		Zigmond et al. 1990
necklace			other	kagi	necklace, collar	inheritance	*kak(k)i	Numic				Stubbs 2011 1506	simplex		Zigmond et al. 1990
needle/awl			subsistence tool	wija-ci	awl	inheritance	*wicaC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2296	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
ochre			culture-mythology	7o(m)-by	red ochre; paint or makeup made from powdered red ochre	unknown						Southern Numic only; is this same as Gab. 7oyi?	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	missing		missing
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	papel	paper, letter	loan			Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex		Zigmond et al. 1990
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	paha-ko7o	pestle	inheritance	*paha	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1085	compound	mortar-cut	Zigmond et al. 1990
pinole			food	missing		missing
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	missing		missing
pitch			food	sana-py	pitch, gum	inheritance	*salaC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1634	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation	poro-ga-dy	policeman	unique						poro 'club, nightstick'	derived, other complex	poro 'to walk with a stick'	Zigmond et al. 1990
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	pabyhny	pot made of pottery	inheritance	*paM-pi	Numic				Stubbs 2011 1156	derived	paM-pyni	Zigmond et al. 1990
quiver			subsistence tool	hugwa7na	quiver	inheritance	*hu-kuna	Numic				arrow-sack'; see Cupan huki-la forms	compound	arrow-sack	Zigmond et al. 1990
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	caruu-vi	rattle	unique						caruu-ny(m)by	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
red paint			culture-mythology	7o(m)-by	red ochre; paint or makeup made from powdered red ochre	unknown						Southern Numic only; is this same as Gab. 7oyi?	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	wy7ivy	string, cord	inheritance	*wika	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1843	other complex	with -by "Ascleipias fascicularis"	Zigmond et al. 1990
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	tu7uru		unknown
salt	sal	sal	food	7owa-vi	salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	missing		missing
seed beater			subsistence tool	taniku	seedbeater made of twined basketry	inheritance	*taniku	Numic				see Tumpisa Shoshone	simplex		Zigmond et al. 1990
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	huvija-ga-dy	curing shaman, musician	unique						from *huvi 'sing'; also poha-ga-dy 'evil shaman', 7uu-poha-ga-dy 'rain shaman'	derived, other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	paca(-vi/-vyzi)	shoe	inheritance	*paNcaN	Numic				Stubbs 2011 1957	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
sinew-backed bow			subsistence tool	hu(n)du-naky	to be sinew-backed (e.g. of a bow)	unique							derived	hu(n)du-vy muscle along both sides of backbone, meat on the upper back	Zigmond et al. 1990
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	kwasu(-byzi)	skirt, dress	inheritance	*kwasu	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 483	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
snare			subsistence tool	hya-py	trap	inheritance	*hy7aC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2406	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	syna7asi	soldier	loan			Spanish	WW	%soldado	uncertain	other complex	but note syna7a-vi 'coyote', and syna- MyB	Zigmond et al. 1990
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	huvija-vi	song	inheritance	*hupiya	Numic				Stubbs 2011 1985	other complex		Zigmund et al. 1990
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	missing		missing								with.instrument-move.in.circle-ABS
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	huwa-zi “arrow”		inheritance
spearthrower			subsistence tool	7edy “bow”		inheritance
stirring stick			food	či-kuri-ny(m)by	stirrer	inheritance	*ci-koLi	Uto-Aztecan				this is the 'chocolate' word -- cf. Dakin	derived		Zigmond et al. 1990
stone bowl			culture-material	missing		missing
string of shell money			other	hii-by	money	inheritance	*hini	Numic				Stubbs 2011 2283; see Chemehuevi "bead"; probably a "belongings" word	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	piha-vi	sugar	semantic shift	*pisa(L)	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2259	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
sweathouse			other	ty-vi-kahni	sweathouse	unique						all Numic seems to have X-house	derived, other complex	earth--house (rock is ty-bi)	Zigmond et al. 1990
tell history			culture-mythology	tugwija-	to tell a story	inheritance	*tykwi	Numic				Stubbs 2011 1876a	simplex		Zigmond et al. 1990
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	chikupu-wa=aka kahni-ja		unknown
tobacco (native)			narcotics	so7o(n)-dy	tobacco, Nicotiana bigelovii	loan			Yokuts	WW	%sokon	ko7o-pi N. attenuata	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture	mo7o-ci		inheritance
tule boat			transport	missing		missing
wheat			food	missing		missing
white paint			culture-mythology	missing		missing
winnow	aventar, tirar (sementes)	joeirar	manufacture	ty7ni, wy-ty7ni		unknown
winnowing basket			culture-material	jadu-ci	winnowing basket	inheritance	*jata	Numic				can't find in Stubbs	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
wood tray			subsistence tool	missing		missing

Showing 1 to 115 of 115 entries

Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	yes
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	yes
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	6-7
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	no
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	yes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	no
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	yes
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	yes
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		yes
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	2
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	yes
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	2
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		yes
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		no
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		yes
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	yes
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	no
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	yes
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		yes
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		yes
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	no
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	no
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	yes
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	no
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	yes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		yes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	yes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	no
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	no
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	yes
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	yes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	yes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	yes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	yes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	yes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	yes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	yes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	no
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	no
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	no
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		yes
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		no
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	no
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		no
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		yes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	yes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	yes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	yes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	yes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		yes
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun
Word Order	Dem-Noun
Word Order	Noun-Dem
Word Order	Num-Noun		yes
Word Order	Noun-Num		no
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	yes
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	no
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes

Showing 1 to 226 of 226 entries

Ethnographic Information

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
	small	HG	low	mobile		no

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