Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking
- Notes
- Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 23 | ||||
| Aché | no | Rossler 2008:73-74 | ||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 67 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | yes | Landaburu 1979; p.62; 212-215 | ||||
| Apurinã | yes | Facundes, 2000: 464 | ||||
| Arabana | no | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 101 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Prefix vs. suffix placement depends on transitivity status of the verb. | Payne 1982:2324, 9096; Payne 1981:34 | |||
| Añun | yes | Patte 1989:46 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 106 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | A=Sa | Ramirez 2001 | |||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.108 | ||||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | yes | Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 | ||||
| Batyala | No | 3 | 0 | |||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007:174 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Biri | no | 23-7 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:52-54 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no info | |||||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | no | |||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 142 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 32 | 0 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 123 | ||||
| Dharawal | no | 50-51 | 0 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | No | 136 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 52 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | in past perfective, A and O are both prefixed to V | Payne 2012:153 | |||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Githabul | No | 42 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:99 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 342 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 324 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 65 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 45 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | yes | Frank 1990:7-8 | ||||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1974:9 | ||||
| Jaru | no | 0 | ||||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | no person inflection | Goncalves 2011 | |||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 227 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | Only for intransitive subjects | Everett 2006:343-57 | |||
| Katthang | no | 63-65 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | however, a pronoun may be optionally cliticized to the verb phonologically | Vallejos 2010:210 | |||
| Kokatha | No | 65 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31-32 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 217 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 399 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 92 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 73 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 216 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | no | Before consonants: ta- (1st), ne- (2nd), pe- (3rd). Before vowel "a": t- (1st), ni- (2nd), pi- (3rd). | Buenaventura - 1993:49 | |||
| Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:37 | ||||
| Makiritare | yes | Hall 1988: 281 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35-36 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 99 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Salas 1992, p.116 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 335 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 100-109 and 136-164 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 0 | ||||
| Matses | no | Fleck:341-4 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 53-54 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 106 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | yes | Proclitic, in complementary distribution with non-focused referential NPs. | Michael, 2008. p. 345 | |||
| Narungga | No | 74 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 43 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 10 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 123, 126 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nheengatu | yes | Cruz 2011:133-134 | ||||
| Ninam | yes | Goodwin-Gomez analyzes these as separate words, but they always precede the verb | Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51 | |||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:16, 59 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | no | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | no | free pronouns | Launey 2003:65 | |||
| Panyjima | no | 0 | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | Ayala 1996:28-9, 46-7 | ||||
| Paresi | yes | Based on the examples | Rowan and Burgues 1979:32 | |||
| Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999:16-7 | ||||
| Piapoco | yes | Galindo, 2002: 157-159 | ||||
| Pintupi | no | 0 | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 22 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 214 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p206 | ||||
| Páez | no | Jung:136-8 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:23 | ||||
| Resígaro | yes | Allin, 1976: 318 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 43 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | as clitics not prefixes, but Borgman analyzes these as separate words | Borgman 1990: 149 | |||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | no | Queixalós 2000 | ||||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1987:170 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | no | |||||
| Southern Ute | no | |||||
| Surui | yes | Van der Meer (?):9 | ||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Subject pronouns are usually cliticized and prefixed to the verb (and thus are not case-marked.) | Strom 1992, p.114 | |||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 203 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 42-3 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | Montes 2005:133-135 | ||||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | no | West and Welch 2004: 10; Ramirez 1997 | ||||
| Uradhi | No | 352 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:487 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 77 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | yes | In addition to free pronouns. Do not usually co-occur; prefixes typically occur when there are multiple arguments, rather than just a subject/object. | Santos 2006 | |||
| Warlpiri | no | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | No | 13 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 27 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no | 77 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no | Mejía 2000:90 | ||||
| Wayuu | yes | Pronominal subjects can be indicated with either prefixes or suffixes on the verb (for both transitives and intransitives). Suffixes only distinguish gender, not person, but there is no other indication that these are adjectives (not verbs). | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 802 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 41 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | no | |||||
| WesternTorres | no | 0 | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 73-74 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | yes | 31, 84 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990:361 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 1 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 0 | ||||
| Yanesha' | yes | Duff-Tripp 1997:72 | ||||
| Yanomami | yes | clitics, not prefixes; obligatory (person marking takes special forms relating the relative roles of two different arguments) | Ramirez 1994 | evidenced by examples throughout | ||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 91 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | yes | Yavitero verbs always carry cross-referencing prefixes, so this may be better described as "pro-drop." | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 60-61 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no | 0 | ||||
| Yine | yes | Matteson 1965:72, | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 83 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 41-42 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 51 | 0 |
| Language |
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