Grammatical Features 304 features in 38 categories
- Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)
- Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes
- Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)
- Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing
- Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing
- Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred
- Reduplication: full
- Reduplication: partial
- Does verb root reduplication have an iterative function?
- Does noun root reduplication have a plural/pluractional function?
- Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘real’ X?
- Does verb root reduplication have a distributive function?
- Does verb root reduplication have a pluractional function?
- Does noun root reduplication have an iterative function?
- Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘fake’ X?
- Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘very’ X?
- Adpositions mark core NPs
- Case: number of cases
- Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked
- Case: symmetrical
- Case: asymmetrical
- Case: suffix or postpositional clitic
- Case: prefix or prepositional clitic
- Case: infix or inpositional clitic
- Case: stem change
- Case: tone
- Case: comitative = instrumental
- Does the language have ergative and instrumental syncretism?
- Does the language have a distinct genitive case?
- Is the locative related to the ergative with vowel change?
- Is case marked on just one word in an NP?
- Is case marked on all (non-pronominal) words in an NP?
- Are any subordinate verbs (or whole clauses) marked with case to indicate their function?
- Does ergative mark discourse functions of focus/unexpectedness?
- Definite or specific articles
- Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives
- Indefinite or non-specific article
- Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals
- Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)
- Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)
- Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)
- Noun classes/genders
- Number of noun classes/genders
- Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)
- Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates
- Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates
- Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system
- Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns
- Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates
- Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates
- "Repeater" classifiers
- Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)
- Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns
- Does the language have group/collective nominal suffixes?
- Does the language have suppletive plural verbs?
- Does the language have suppletive plural adjectives?
- Singular number may be marked on the noun
- Plural affix on noun
- Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun
- Plural marked by reduplication of noun
- Plural word/clitic
- Plural marked on human or animate nouns only
- Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix
- Unique associative plural marker
- Does the language have a minimal/augment system?
- Does the language have a unit augment system?
- Does the language mark dual on nouns?
- Does the language mark plural on nouns?
- Does the language have bound pronouns?
- Are the bound pronouns distinct from the free pronouns?
- Does the language mark moiety distinctions in pronouns?
- Does the language mark generational distinctions in pronouns?
- Are 'who' and 'what' distinct words?
- Is there an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the dual?
- Is there an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the plural?
- Is there a gender distinction in third person dual pronouns?
- Are there clitic pronouns?
- Are there object clitic pronouns?
- Are there distinct possessive and IO pronouns?
- When there are both object and subject clitic pronouns, does the object pronoun follow the subject one?
- Gender in 3sg pronouns
- Gender in 3pl pronouns
- Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns
- Formal/informal distinction in pronouns
- Reflexive pronouns
- Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative
- Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative
- Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive
- Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite
- Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive
- Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative
- Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative
- Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive
- Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite
- Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive
- Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative
- Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive
- Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive
- Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical
- Alignment of verbal person-marking: split
- Is verbal negation a separate word?
- Does the negative marker precede the verb?
- Clausal negator is a preposed element
- Clausal negator is a postposed element
- Negatives: affix
- Negatives: particle
- Negatives: auxiliary verb
- Negatives: double
- Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'
- Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'
- Predicate adjectives: verbal
- Predicate adjectives: nominal
- Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible
- Headless relative clauses
- Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause
- Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker
- Relativizer is a verbal affix
- Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer
- Are there second position clausal clitics?
- Is tense marked on pronouns?
- Are there predicative clitics (e.g. Darkinyung grammar p35)
- Pronominal subjects: second position clitics
- Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position
- Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb
- Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb
- Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host
- Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position
- Person marking on intransitive verbs
- Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs
- Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs
- 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects
- 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects
- Number can be marked separately from person on the verb
- Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers
- Gender distinguished in verbal person markers
- 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: A (subject of a trans clause) or for nom-acc S (subject of intrans)
- 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: O (object of trans) or for erg-abs S (subj of intrans)
- Is reflexive/reciprocal marked on the verb?
- Does reflexive/reciprocal change the conjugation class?
- Is there a reflexive/reciprocal particle?
- Is the passive typically used only with adversative semantics?
- Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme
- Reflexive: dedicated morpheme
- Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme
- Passive
- Antipassive
- Other intransitivizing morphology
- Is there an inchoative suffix?
- Is there a distinct present tense verbal suffix?
- Is there a continuous aspect suffix?
- Is there a punctual aspect suffix?
- Can tense and aspect cooccur?
- Is tense marked on nouns?
- Dedicated past marker(s)
- Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference
- Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference
- Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)
- Tense-aspect affixes: prefix
- Tense-aspect affixes: suffix
- Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut
- Tense-aspect suppletion
- Do positive commands take the same morphology as negative commands?
- Is a negative command formed from a nominalised verb (eg. "no talking!")?
- Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form
- Polite imperative morpheme
- Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses
- Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)
- Situational possibility: affix on verb
- Situational possibility: verbal construction
- Situational possibility: other marking
- Epistemic possibility: affix on verb
- Epistemic possibility: verbal construction
- Epistemic possibility: other marking
- Marking of expected/unexpected action or result
- Verbal frustrative
- Verbal habitual
- Apprehensive construction
- Reality status marking on verbs
- Affect markers (positive/negative)
- Verbal habitual [this is better classified as aspect than mood]
- Is the verb ‘say’ the same as the verb ‘do’?
- Does the language have body part compound verbs?
- Are there verbal agreement clitics?
- Is there a verb 'be'?
- Are there verb conjugation classes?
- Is there a conjugation for uninflecting verbs?
- Is there a grammatical category of associated motion?
- Does the language have kinship verbs?
- Social interaction markers
- Is word order fixed in noun phrases?
- Is word order fixed in verb phrases?
- Are there discontinuous NP constituents?
- No fixed basic constituent order
- VS in intransitive clauses
- VS in transitive clauses
- VO in transitive clauses
- OS in transitive clauses
- Preposition-Noun
- Noun-Postposition or case suffix
- Gen-Noun
- Noun-Gen
- Adj-Noun
- Noun-Adj
- Dem-Noun
- Noun-Dem
- Num-Noun
- Noun-Num
- Noun-Rel
- Rel-Noun
- Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)
- Relative clause is correlative or adjoined
- Question word is clause initial
- Demonstrative-Noun
- Noun-Demonstrative