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Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
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Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achagua | no info | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
Aché | no info | |||||
Adnyamathanha | ||||||
Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 72 | 1 | |||
Aguaruna | no info | |||||
Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
Andoke | yes | realis: unmarked, irrealis (virtuel) verbal prefixes fused with directionals: ná- (no directionality), ĩna- centripetal, ní, centrifugal | Landaburu 1979: 194-195 | |||
Apurinã | no | Not listed among verbal morphology or "bound formatives" (clitics). | Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410 | |||
Arabana | yes | 187 | 1 | |||
Arrernte | No | 220 | 0 | |||
Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Mihas 2010:146 | ||||
Añun | no info | no discussion of mood | Patte 1989 | |||
Bandjalang | No | 94 | 0 | |||
Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
Barasano | yes | Jones & Jones 1991, p.83,88 | ||||
Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 | ||||
Batyala | no info | x | ||||
Baure | no info | Danielsen 2007 | ||||
Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
Bilinarra | yes | 6.1.2.6 | 1 | |||
Biri | no info | x | ||||
Bora | no | Seifart - 2005 | ||||
Bularnu | yes | 78 | 1 | |||
Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
Cabecar | no info | |||||
Cahuilla | ||||||
Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 135 to 140 | ||||
Chemehuevi | ||||||
Comanche | ||||||
Cubeo | yes | only irrealis mood | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 26 | |||
Cupeño | ||||||
Damana | no | |||||
Darkinyung | yes | 45 | 1 | |||
Desano | no | all future tense is in irrealis | Miller 1999, p. 71 | |||
Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
Dharuk | ||||||
Diyari | no info | x | ||||
Djabugay | ||||||
Djapu | yes | 129 | 1 | |||
Djinang | Yes | 167 | 1 | |||
Duungidjawu | no | 104-105 | 0 | |||
Dyirbal | No | 246-9 | 0 | |||
Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
Eñepa | no | Payne 2012 | ||||
Gabrielino | ||||||
Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
Githabul | yes | 24 | 1 | |||
Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
Guaymí | yes | There is a realis/irrealis distinction in which both terms receive a particular morpheme | Quesada 2008:100-8 | |||
Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
Gumbaynggirr | no | 303 | 0 | |||
Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
Gunya | No | 327 | 0 | |||
Gupapuyngu | ||||||
Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 93 | 1 | |||
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 77 | 1 | |||
Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
Ika | no | |||||
Ingá | no | Levinson 1978:11-23 | ||||
Jaru | no info | x | ||||
Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
Kaingang | no | /ra/ seems to have several functions, which may include realis/irrealis | Goncalves 2011 | |||
Kakua | no | not sure yet | Bolaños fieldnotes | |||
Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
Karajarri | Yes | 215 | 1 | |||
Karitiana | no info | more likely not | ||||
Katthang | no | 77 | 0 | |||
Kaurna | yes | 18 | 1 | |||
Kawaiisu | ||||||
Kinikinau | yes | The subjunctive suffix indicates irrealis | Souza 2008:92-3 | |||
Kitanemuk | ||||||
Kogi | no info | |||||
Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
Kokatha | No | 28 | 0 | |||
Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.53- | ||||
Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 377 | ||||
Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 406 | 1 | |||
Kuku Yalanji | yes | 95 | 1 | |||
Kunjen | yes | 108 | 1 | |||
Kurrama | no info | x | ||||
Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 392 | 1 | |||
Luiseño | ||||||
Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura 1993 | ||||
Maipure | yes | Affix for irrealis. | Zamponi 2003:40 | |||
Makiritare | yes | only an irrealis marker | Hall 1988: 204, 341, 358, 382 | No realis marker, only irrealis | ||
Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.47 | ||||
Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 117-122 | ||||
Mapudungun | no info | most likely not | ||||
Marrgany | No | 317 | 0 | |||
Martuthunira | yes | 179-181 | 1 | |||
Mathi-Mathi | yes | 98 | 1 | |||
Matses | no info | |||||
Mayi-Yapi | yes | 59 | 1 | |||
Minica Witoto | no info | not indicated/expected | Minor and Minor 1982. p.101-102 | |||
Mpakwithi | ||||||
Muruwari | yes | 138 | 1 | |||
Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | cf. 'indicative' vs. 'non-indicative' mood marking - looks like non-ind functions like irrealis (polar questions, some sub clauses, negatives) | Weir 1984 | |||
Nanti | yes | Michael, 2008. p. 249 | ||||
Narungga | No info | 74 | x | |||
Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
Ngaatjatjara | yes | 120 | 1 | |||
Ngarinyeri | yes | 42 | 1 | |||
Ngarinyin | ||||||
Ngayawang | yes | 15 | 1 | |||
Ngiyambaa | yes | 160-161 | 1 | |||
Nhanta | yes | 1 | ||||
Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
Ninam | no info | Goodwin-Gomez | ||||
Northern Emberá | no | There is no irrealis marker | Mortensen 1999:85 | Catío | ||
Northern Paiute | ||||||
Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
Panyjima | yes | 170, 175 | 1 | |||
Paraguayan Guaraní | no info | |||||
Paresi | yes | There is a irrealis particle marker but not for realis | Brandão 2007:50-1 | |||
Pemon | no info | de Armellada 1999: 121 to 136 | ||||
Piapoco | yes | Dubitative -ɵi is used to express the speaker's doubt that the speaker has about the existence/reality of the event, the realis -ka is used to signal the reality or existence of the event. "Virtual" -ha is used when the speaker is not sure the event is go | Galindo, 2002: 173-174, 176-177 | |||
Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
Pitjantjatjara | Yes | G 174 | 1 | |||
Pitta-Pitta | No | 225 | 0 | |||
Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p270-275 | ||||
Páez | no info | |||||
Quechua Ayacuchano | no info | |||||
Resígaro | no | The formulations of verb stems and verb words do not include this type of morphology. | Allin, 1976: 105, 124 | |||
Ritharrngu | Yes | 74 | 1 | |||
Sanumá | no info | |||||
Serrano | ||||||
Shoshone | ||||||
Sikuani | yes | author calls them factual/virtual | Queixalós 2000:575-576 | |||
Siona | yes | Wheeler - 1987:170 | ||||
Southern Paiute | ||||||
Southern Ute | ||||||
Surui | no info | |||||
Tanimuca | yes | Strom 1992, p.80 | There are four modal suffixes which indicate non-actual (irrealis) events. | |||
Tariana | no | No discussion of realis/irrealis distinction in chapter on mood/modality morphology. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 371-399 | |||
Thanggati | no | 42-3 | 0 | |||
Tharrkari | No | 31 | 0 | |||
Tikuna | no info | |||||
Timbisha | ||||||
Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997 | no evidence for this | |||
Uradhi | No | 363 | 0 | |||
Urarina | yes | Olawsky:482 | ||||
Wajarri | No | 96 | 0 | |||
Wakaya | yes | 212 | 1 | |||
Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
Wangkumara | yes | 34, 35 | 1 | |||
Waorani | yes | Orr et all. 1991:41 | There is only overt marking for irrealis aspect | |||
Wapishana | no | Santos 2006: 166 | ||||
Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
Warluwarra | yes | 912 | 1 | |||
Warnman | No | 45 | 0 | |||
Warrgamay | Yes | 55 | 1 | |||
Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
Warumungu | yes | 34 | 1 | |||
Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
Waunana | no info | |||||
Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 | ||||
Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 45 | 1 | |||
Western Mono | ||||||
WesternTorres | yes | FO 134-5 | 1 | |||
Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
Wirangu | yes | 121-125 | 1 | |||
Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
Worrorra | yes | 64 | 1 | |||
Yagua | yes | irrealis | Payne and Payne 1990:403 | |||
Yalarnnga | yes | 44 | 1 | |||
Yan-nhangu | ||||||
Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
Yanesha' | no | Irrealis meaning is marked by an auxiliary verb | Duff-Tripp 1997:121 | |||
Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: 318 | ||||
Yanyuwa | yes | 4 | 1 | |||
Yavitero | no | There are morphemes indicating "conditional," "desiderative," etc., but no realis/irrealis distinction. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 66-69 | |||
Yawuru | ||||||
Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
Yindjibarndi | yes | 103-104 | 1 | |||
Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
Yine | no | Matteson 1965:70-81 | ||||
Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
Yir Yoront | ||||||
Yorta Yorta | no | 83 | 0 | |||
Yugambeh | ||||||
Yukuna | no | Shauer identifies a "subjunctive" category used to express desire, intention, or possibility, but each of these subtypes have distinct morphological expression. | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523 | |||
Yulparija | Yes | 37 | 1 | |||
Yuwaalaraay | No info | 59 | x |
Language |
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