| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no info |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
The formulations of verb stems and verb words do not include this type of morphology. |
Allin, 1976: 105, 124 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
Dubitative -ɵi is used to express the speaker's doubt that the speaker has about the existence/reality of the event, the realis -ka is used to signal the reality or existence of the event. "Virtual" -ha is used when the speaker is not sure the event is go |
Galindo, 2002: 173-174, 176-177 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
Shauer identifies a "subjunctive" category used to express desire, intention, or possibility, but each of these subtypes have distinct morphological expression. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
There are morphemes indicating "conditional," "desiderative," etc., but no realis/irrealis distinction. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 66-69 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006: 166 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
No discussion of realis/irrealis distinction in chapter on mood/modality morphology. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 371-399 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Not listed among verbal morphology or "bound formatives" (clitics). |
Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Mihas 2010:146 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
Affix for irrealis. |
Zamponi 2003:40 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
Irrealis meaning is marked by an auxiliary verb |
Duff-Tripp 1997:121 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
The subjunctive suffix indicates irrealis |
Souza 2008:92-3 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no info |
|
Danielsen 2007 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 249 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
There is a irrealis particle marker but not for realis |
Brandão 2007:50-1 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965:70-81 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
no discussion of mood |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
only an irrealis marker |
Hall 1988: 204, 341, 358, 382 |
|
No realis marker, only irrealis |
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 117-122 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
de Armellada 1999: 121 to 136 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
There is a realis/irrealis distinction in which both terms receive a particular morpheme |
Quesada 2008:100-8 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
author calls them factual/virtual |
Queixalós 2000:575-576 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
There is no irrealis marker |
Mortensen 1999:85 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
|
Orr et all. 1991:41 |
|
There is only overt marking for irrealis aspect |
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:11-23 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
most likely not |
|
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:482 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
realis: unmarked, irrealis (virtuel) verbal prefixes fused with directionals: ná- (no directionality), ĩna- centripetal, ní, centrifugal |
Landaburu 1979: 194-195 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p270-275 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 135 to 140 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
not sure yet |
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
/ra/ seems to have several functions, which may include realis/irrealis |
Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no info |
not indicated/expected |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.101-102 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
cf. 'indicative' vs. 'non-indicative' mood marking - looks like non-ind functions like irrealis (polar questions, some sub clauses, negatives) |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
all future tense is in irrealis |
Miller 1999, p. 71 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
only irrealis mood |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 26 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 377 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.47 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.53- |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.83,88 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.80 |
|
There are four modal suffixes which indicate non-actual (irrealis) events. |
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler - 1987:170 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997 |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 318 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
more likely not |
|
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
64 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
103-104 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
4 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
44 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
121-125 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 45 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
34 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
34, 35 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
363 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
225 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
160-161 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
yes |
|
15 |
|
|
1 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
138 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
59 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
179-181 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
317 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
392 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
95 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
406 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
18 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
93 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
303 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No info |
|
59 |
|
|
x |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
246-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
104-105 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
167 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
78 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
187 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
37 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
98 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
77 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
42-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
170, 175 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
42 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
24 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
327 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
108 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
FO 134-5 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
212 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
94 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
120 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
220 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
215 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 174 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
912 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
129 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
6.1.2.6 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
72 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
74 |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
31 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
irrealis |
Payne and Payne 1990:403 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
