WesternTorres

Family
Unknown Australia
Region
Australia
ISO 639-3
Location
0.00°, 0.00°
Notes
Features
Grammatical Data
Data Sources
none


Grammatical Data (295)
Category Grammatical Feature Grammatical Feature: Notes Feature Status Grammatical Notes Source Etymology Notes General Notes Phylogenetic Code
Phonology - Segmental Pre-/post-nasalized stops Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive. no K81 104-5 0
Phonology - Segmental Glottalized/ejective consonants Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative] no K81 104-5 0
Phonology - Segmental Palatalized stops Phonemic contrast yes K81 104-5 1
Phonology - Segmental Phonemic vowel length Does the language have long and short vowels? no K81 105, 109 0
Phonology - Segmental Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels no K81 104 0
Phonology - Segmental Complex onsets Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme no K81 123, 125 0
Phonology - Segmental No codas *(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained] no K81 125 0
Phonology - Segmental Word-final coda required Do all syllables end in a consonant? no K81 125-7 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Contrastive tones Note how many contrastive tones no K81 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Contrastive stress Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference? no K81 127-8 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments no K81 120 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to? yes K81 120 1
Phonology - Suprasegmental Vowel harmony yes K81 1
Morphology - General Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb) Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number] no 0
Morphology - General Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes Stem change, tone no 0
Morphology - General Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes) Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word no 0
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing There are many more prefixes than suffixes no FO 121-3 0
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing There are many more suffixes than prefixes yes FO 121-3 1
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different no FO 121-3 0
Morphology - General Reduplication: full The full morpheme is reduplicated no info x
Morphology - General Reduplication: partial Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated no info x
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive NN compounding Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced no info x
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive VV serialization (without compounding) Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection yes? K85c 89-90 1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive VV compounding Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word no 0
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap' yes? K85c 89-90 1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Auxiliary verb(s) There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs yes? K85c 89-90 1
Morphology - Incorporation Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process Verb contains nominal segment no info x
Morphology - Incorporation Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns no info x
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Noun classes/genders Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP yes FO 122 1
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Number of noun classes/genders Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders yes FO 122 1
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders) Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain. no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates Masculine, feminine, neuter yes FO 122 1
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates no FO 122 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system Animate/inanimate, human/non-human yes K85b 63 1
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only yes FO 121-2 1
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification "Repeater" classifiers Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot" no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals) Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.' no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Singular number may be marked on the noun Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups no info FO 136 x
Nominal Categories - Number Plural affix on noun yes FO 136 1
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun no FO 136 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked by reduplication of noun no info x
Nominal Categories - Number Plural word/clitic no info x
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked on human or animate nouns only no FO 136 0
Nominal Categories - Number Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns no FO 136, 138 0
Nominal Categories - Number Unique associative plural marker e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them' no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Definite or specific articles Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only no info x
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Indefinite or non-specific article or marker no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you yes FO 138 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound) no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number) Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system yes FO 124 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.) yes FO 137 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 3sg pronouns yes FO 121 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 3pl pronouns yes FO 121 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns yes FO 122 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Formal/informal distinction in pronouns Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns no FO 136 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Reflexive pronouns e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix no? K85b 63 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Adpositions mark core NPs Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: number of cases Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun yes FO 136 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are no FO 122 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: symmetrical All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity) no K85b 63 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: asymmetrical Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates yes K85b 63 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: suffix or postpositional clitic yes examples throughout 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: prefix or prepositional clitic no examples throughout 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: infix or inpositional clitic no examples throughout 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: stem change no examples throughout 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: tone no examples throughout; no contrastive tone 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: comitative = instrumental Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument' no FO 136 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-2 At least some part of the system involves base-2 no info x
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-5 At least some part of the system involves base-5 no info x
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-10 At least some part of the system involves base-10 no info x
Nominal Categories - Numerals Other base (specify) 4, 20, etc. no info x
Nominal Categories - Numerals Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5 e.g. two = 'eye-quantity' no info x
Nominal Categories - Numerals Numerals do not go above 5 'Many' or some other non-exact term used no info x
Nominal Categories - Numerals Numerals do not go above 10 'Many' or some other non-exact term used no info x
Nominal Categories - Other nominal Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates i.e. nominal or adjectival no info x
Nominal Categories - Other nominal Person inflection on non-verbal predicates i.e. nominal or adjectival no cf K85b 66 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N alienable/inalienable? no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N alienable/inalienable? no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent e.g. 'the boy-'s dog' yes FO 122 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head e.g. 'the boy his-dog' no FO 122 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Possessive classifiers There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Morphological marking of inalienable possession Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) yes? FO 127 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Morphological marking of alienable possession Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) yes? FO 127 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form no info x
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Inalienable possession of kin terms 'my-father' but *father no info x
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal) 'my-leg' but *leg no info FO 127 x
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man) no info x
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives Underived adjectives There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes yes FO 123-4 1
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco no FO 123-4, 138 0
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival) There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb no info FO 121 x
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer) There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb no info FO 121 x
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song) There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb no info FO 121 x
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive verbalizing morphology There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective no info FO 121 x
Nominal Syntax - Other NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently 'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary' yes FO 122, 132 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Dedicated past marker(s) Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere yes FO 136-7 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference e.g. distant vs. recent past yes K85c 83, 87-8 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference e.g. imminent vs. distant future no K85c 93 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Dedicated future or non-past marker(s) yes K85c 93 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: prefix no K85c 93 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: suffix yes K85c 93 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut no K85c 93 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect suppletion no K85c 93 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood yes K85c 88 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Polite imperative morpheme There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language) no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses yes? K85c 89, FO 127-8 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative) as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing' no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: affix on verb Inflectional marking of capacity to do something no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: verbal construction no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: other marking no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: affix on verb Modal expressing hypothesis no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: verbal construction no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: other marking no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Marking of expected/unexpected action or result There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected yes? K85a 108 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Verbal frustrative Modal expressing frustration ("in vain") no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Verbal habitual Modal expressing habituality yes K85c 93 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Apprehensive construction There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens' yes FO 128 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Reality status marking on verbs There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events' yes FO 134-5 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Affect markers (positive/negative) Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative no 0
Verbal Categories - Directionals Directional elements affixed to the verb There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc. no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized visual Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized nonvisual Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt) no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized inferential Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker. no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized reportive Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly' no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized quotative Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Other evidential Any other evidential values not represented above no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic n/a 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: part of tense system Includes portmanteau morphs n/a 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: separate particle n/a 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: modal morpheme n/a 0
Verbal Categories - Verbal number Verbal number suppletion no FO 136 0
Verbal Categories - Other Social interaction markers Note the type of interaction no info x
Word Order No fixed basic constituent order yes? FO 129; K85c 81 1
Word Order VS in intransitive clauses Verb precedes subject no info x
Word Order VS in transitive clauses no info x
Word Order VO in transitive clauses Verb precedes object no info x
Word Order OS in transitive clauses Object precedes subject yes? cf K85b 63 ex11 1
Word Order Preposition-Noun n/a 0
Word Order Noun-Postposition or case suffix yes FO 121-2 1
Word Order Gen-Noun Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book) yes FO 125, 129 1
Word Order Noun-Gen Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John') no FO 125, 129 0
Word Order Adj-Noun Adjective precedes the noun yes FO 125 1
Word Order Noun-Adj Adjective follows the noun yes FO 130 1
Word Order Dem-Noun yes FO 130 1
Word Order Noun-Dem yes FO 130 1
Word Order Num-Noun yes FO 130 1
Word Order Noun-Num yes FO 130 1
Word Order Noun-Rel Relative clause follows noun that it modifies yes? FO 134 1
Word Order Rel-Noun Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies yes? FO 134 1
Word Order Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative) e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away') yes? FO 133 1
Word Order Relative clause is correlative or adjoined e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat' yes? FO 133 1
Word Order Question word is clause initial 'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause no info x
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects no FO 122 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked no FO 122 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker no FO 122 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers yes FO 122 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep) no FO 122 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative no FO 121 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative no FO 121 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive yes, no, mixed, other no FO 121 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite yes FO 121 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive no FO 121 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs n/a K85c 82-3 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive yes, no, mixed, other n/a K85c 82-3 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive n/a K85c 82-3 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3) n/a K85c 82-3 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: split More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc. n/a K85c 82-3 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects yes examples throughout 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option) no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option) no K85c 82 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. no examples throughout 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person marking on intransitive verbs Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes yes K85c 82 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers no K85c 82 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs Transitive verbs take object (P) markers yes K85c 82 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects 3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system yes K85c 82 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects 3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system yes K85a 110 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Number can be marked separately from person on the verb Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Gender distinguished in verbal person markers For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: indirect object In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently yes? FO 133 7.5.3.3, second example (also cf 134 7.5.3.3, last example and 7.5.1?) 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: double object In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives no? FO 133 7.5.3.3, second example (also cf 134 7.5.3.3, last example and 7.5.1?) 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: secondary object In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently no? FO 133 7.5.3.3, second example (also cf 134 7.5.3.3, last example and 7.5.1?) 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal. no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reflexive: dedicated morpheme Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive. no K85b 68 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Passive Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted no K85c 92-3 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Antipassive Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages yes FO 125 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Other intransitivizing morphology There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Applicative: benefactive Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Applicative: other Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: prefix Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: suffix Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: serial verb or analytical construction Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization yes FO 130-1 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy' Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.' no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: dedicated sociative Indicates that causer participates in event no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence) There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency yes K85a 105-9 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Clausal negator is a preposed element Clausal negator is a preposed element no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Clausal negator is a postposed element Clausal negator is a postposed element no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: affix Negatives: affix yes FO 127, K85c 91 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: particle Negatives: particle yes FO 127 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: auxiliary verb Negatives: auxiliary verb no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: double Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas' no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist' no info x
Simple Clauses - Negation Distinct negative expression 'I don't know' Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase no info x
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: interrogative particle Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle yes FO 128 1
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: verb morphology Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology no FO 128 0
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: word order Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) no FO 128 0
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: intonation only Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only no FO 128 0
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Content questions: word order differs from declaratives Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.) no? FO 128-9 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Predicate adjectives: verbal Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position no info x
Simple Clauses - Predication Predicate adjectives: nominal Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position no info x
Simple Clauses - Predication Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all) yes K85b 66 1
Simple Clauses - Predication Headless relative clauses Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head) no info x
Simple Clauses - Predication Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses. no FO 133 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Relativizer is a verbal affix no FO 133 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes) no info x
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions Grammaticalized verbal desiderative Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it) no info x
Simple Clauses - Other Clause chaining Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause. no info x
Simple Clauses - Other Morphologically marked switch-reference system There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined no FO 133 0
Simple Clauses - Other Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence no info FO 133 x
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have an iterative function? no info x
Morphology - General Does noun root reduplication have a plural/pluractional function? no info x
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘real’ X? no info x
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have a distributive function? no info x
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have a pluractional function? no info x
Morphology - General Does noun root reduplication have an iterative function? no info x
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘fake’ X? no info x
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘very’ X? no info x
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does the language have ergative and instrumental syncretism? yes FO 136 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does the language have a distinct genitive case? no FO 136-8 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is the locative related to the ergative with vowel change? no FO 136-8 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is case marked on just one word in an NP? no? cf FO 142, line 3 ("big snake") 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is case marked on all (non-pronominal) words in an NP? yes? cf FO 142, line 3 ("big snake") 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Are any subordinate verbs (or whole clauses) marked with case to indicate their function? yes FO 130-1 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does ergative mark discourse functions of focus/unexpectedness? yes? K85a 108 1
Nominal Categories - Derivation Is there a evidence for derivational morphology being distinct from inflectional on nouns? yes to any of HG 95-97 entails yes to this; yep; this is more general but not just about derivation (would also include proprietive, for example, not necessarily derivation that changes word class) yes FO 121 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have a minimal/augment system? no info x
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have a unit augment system? no info x
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language mark dual on nouns? no FO 121 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language mark plural on nouns? yes FO 121 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have group/collective nominal suffixes? yes? K85a 109 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have suppletive plural verbs? no FO 136 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have suppletive plural adjectives? no FO 123 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language have bound pronouns? yes to any of HG 173-175 entails yes to this; not necessarily? - CB no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are the bound pronouns distinct from the free pronouns? n/a 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language mark moiety distinctions in pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language mark generational distinctions in pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are 'who' and 'what' distinct words? no info x
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the dual? yes FO 138 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the plural? yes FO 138 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there a gender distinction in third person dual pronouns? no FO 121-2, 138 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there clitic pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there object clitic pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there distinct possessive and IO pronouns? yes FO 138 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories When there are both object and subject clitic pronouns, does the object pronoun follow the subject one? n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Discourse Is there a focus position? include the position in the ‘form’ notes yes FO 129 1
Simple Clauses - Discourse Is there a topic position? include the position in the ‘form’ notes yes? K85b 66 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Is verbal negation a separate word? related to, and maybe equivalent to, HG 206-207 (not equivalent if verbal negation is being treated separately from clausal negation) no FO 128 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Does the negative marker precede the verb? related to, and maybe equivalent to, HG 203 (not equivalent if verbal negation is being treated separately from clausal negation) no FO 128 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Are there second position clausal clitics? no info x
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Is tense marked on pronouns? no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Are there predicative clitics (e.g. Darkinyung grammar p35) yes? FO 130-1 1
Simple Clauses - Tense Does the language have tense/mood/etc particles (free words)? no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is reflexive/reciprocal marked on the verb? =yes to any of HG 188-190; not necessarily; e.g. YN has a reflexive marker but it doesn’t go on the verb. no K85b 68 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Does reflexive/reciprocal change the conjugation class? n/a K85b 68 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is there a reflexive/reciprocal particle? no K85b 68 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is the passive typically used only with adversative semantics? n/a 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there an inchoative suffix? yes? FO 141, sample text, line 9 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a distinct present tense verbal suffix? no K85c 93 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a continuous aspect suffix? yes K85c 93 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a punctual aspect suffix? no 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Can tense and aspect cooccur? yes? cf FO 141, sample text 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is tense marked on nouns? yes? cf FO 133, 7.5.3.1 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Do positive commands take the same morphology as negative commands? no K85c 98 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Is a negative command formed from a nominalised verb (eg. "no talking!")? no K85c 98 0
Verbal Categories - Other Is the verb ‘say’ the same as the verb ‘do’? no info x
Verbal Categories - Other Does the language have body part compound verbs? no info x
Verbal Categories - Other Are there verbal agreement clitics? no K85c 82 0
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a verb 'be'? no FO 126, K85b 66 0
Verbal Categories - Other Are there verb conjugation classes? yes FO 123, 136 1
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a conjugation for uninflecting verbs? no 0
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a grammatical category of associated motion? no 0
Verbal Categories - Other Does the language have kinship verbs? That is, are the words which designate kinship relations such as ‘mother’ and ‘father’ verbs in the language? no info x
Verbal Categories - VerbalNumber Does the language have suppletive plural nouns? no info x
Word Order Are there discontinuous NP constituents? yes FO 133-4 1
Word Order Is word order fixed in noun phrases? no FO 130 0
Word Order Is word order fixed in verb phrases? n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: second position clitics Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. no 0
Phonology - Segmental Prestopped segments list which segments in the ‘form’ column no K81 104-5 0