| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
postposition between possessor and possessed noun (alienable) |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 65 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
See discussion of "limiter" tagmeme under Noun Phrase. |
Allin, 1976: 225-227 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 95-96, 343 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
This marker occurs on the possesser of alienably possessed nouns, in which case the possessive classifier (?) doesn't appear on the possessed noun. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 520 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 38 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006: 131 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 122-123 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Possessive constructions are formed by juxtaposing two noun phrases, the second of which is the possessed noun, although the possessed noun phrase sometimes receives a possessed marker. |
Facundes, 2000: 449 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1983:49 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:24 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:29 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
Based on examples |
Souza 2008:72 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007:125-27 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 297-299 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003:70 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:37,46,52-57 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 361-371 |
|
Examples from texts |
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982:104-112 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:81 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 13 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
The possessive marker is the postposition /zei/ |
Frank 1985:55 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
yes |
|
Ortiz 1994:384 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
yes |
|
Bourland 1976:57 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Alphonse 1956:50 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
possesive marking on VPs or stands alone |
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000: 294-298 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:261 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
ILV 1976:35-6 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:760-1 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
There is no info on possession where both NPs are nouns. |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-102 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:121-2 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
However, the head noun also takes a person pronoun as a possesive suffix. Thus, it would be a case of doble possessive marking where the dependent get the genitive suffix. |
Parker 1965:40 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2004b:88-89 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:331-41 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 132-133 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p236 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 250 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
the boy's his dog' |
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.90 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
possessive classifier associated with dependent |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
the possive marker and possive pronoun can be contracted |
Miller 1999, p. 49 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 91 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 198 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.36-40 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.45 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.61 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.66 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler - 1970:78 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997: 324 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
you can also get Pr=POSS=Pd, but all strategies must have POSS in some way bound to the Pd, and never to the Pr alone |
Ramirez 1994: 184-189 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
clitic =e usually follows head, but can sometimes precede it, coming inbetween dependent and head, but it is always bound to the head, even when it is also bound to the dependent |
Goodwin-Gomez, p. 52 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
Borgman 1990: p.126-128 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
Based on the examples, when there are two full NPs juxtaposition occurs; in other examples with only one full NP the genitive prefix occurs. Thus, this may be evidence for arguing that there is head-marking. |
Everett 2006:303-4 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:156 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
It is hard to say if there is head or dependent marking since the possesor-possesum construction consists of only one word |
Ayala 1996:85-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no |
|
Susnik 1974:101 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:274-276 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
ms13.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes? |
|
fpro13 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
L50 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
cf texts |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
79-80 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
23, 31 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
68 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 33 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
349 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
75 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
200 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
129 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
230 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
yes |
|
12 |
|
|
1 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
67 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
45, 48 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
91 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
309 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
173 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
52 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
428 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
5 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
cf 50, (3.78), e.g. |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
194-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
260 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
105 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
36 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
80, 84 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
62; 137 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
48; 52-53; 63 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
21, 23 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
30 |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
Yes |
|
5 |
|
|
1 |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
72-4 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
75 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
28 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
89 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
33 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
20-21 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
39 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
195 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
11 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
38 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
11 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
309 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
38 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
FO 122 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
506 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
70 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
40 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
148 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
142 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 14 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
35 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
31 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
898 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
23 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
123 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
4.7.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
59 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
65 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
26 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
636-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
