Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent
- Category
- Nominal Syntax - Possession
- Notes
- e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | postposition between possessor and possessed noun (alienable) | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 65 | |||
| Aché | no | Susnik 1974:101 | ||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 59 | 1 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:261 | ||||
| Alyawarr | yes | 75 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | no | Landaburu 1979: 132-133 | ||||
| Apurinã | no | Possessive constructions are formed by juxtaposing two noun phrases, the second of which is the possessed noun, although the possessed noun phrase sometimes receives a possessed marker. | Facundes, 2000: 449 | |||
| Arabana | yes | 72-4 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 148 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1983:49 | ||||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | yes | 70 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.61 | ||||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 | ||||
| Batyala | Yes | 5 | 1 | |||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007:125-27 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | yes | 30 | 1 | |||
| Bilinarra | yes | 4.7.1 | 1 | |||
| Biri | yes | 55 | 1 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:37,46,52-57 | ||||
| Bularnu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
| Cabecar | yes | Bourland 1976:57 | ||||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 250 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 91 | ||||
| Cupeño | no | |||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | yes | 21, 23 | 1 | |||
| Desano | yes | the possive marker and possive pronoun can be contracted | Miller 1999, p. 49 | |||
| Dharawal | yes | 48; 52-53; 63 | 1 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 62; 137 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 123 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | No | 80, 84 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | yes | 36 | 1 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 105 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | yes | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Payne 2012:81 | ||||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | yes? | fpro13 | 1 | |||
| Githabul | yes | 11 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Alphonse 1956:50 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | yes | 1 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 260 | 1 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | yes | 309 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 56 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 33 | 1 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Ika | yes | The possessive marker is the postposition /zei/ | Frank 1985:55 | |||
| Ingá | yes | ILV 1976:35-6 | ||||
| Jaru | yes | 194-6 | 1 | |||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | the boy's his dog' | Bolaños fieldnotes | |||
| Kalkatungu | yes | cf 50, (3.78), e.g. | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 142 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | no info | Based on the examples, when there are two full NPs juxtaposition occurs; in other examples with only one full NP the genitive prefix occurs. Thus, this may be evidence for arguing that there is head-marking. | Everett 2006:303-4 | |||
| Katthang | yes | 39 | 1 | |||
| Kaurna | yes | 5 | 1 | |||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | yes | Based on examples | Souza 2008:72 | |||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | yes | Ortiz 1994:384 | ||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:274-276 | ||||
| Kokatha | Yes | 55 | 1 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.45 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 198 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 428 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 52 | 1 | |||
| Kunjen | yes | 38 | 1 | |||
| Kurrama | yes | 38 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 173 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:24 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 361-371 | Examples from texts | |||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.36-40 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Carson 1982:104-112 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no info | There is no info on possession where both NPs are nouns. | Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-102 | |||
| Marrgany | yes | 309 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | yes | 91 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | yes | 89 | 1 | |||
| Matses | yes | Fleck:760-1 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | yes | 45, 48 | 1 | |||
| Minica Witoto | yes | Minor and Minor 1982. p.90 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 67 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | possessive classifier associated with dependent | Weir 1984 | |||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 297-299 | ||||
| Narungga | Yes | 65 | 1 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 40 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 11 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | yes | 12 | 1 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 230 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 129 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011:156 | ||||
| Ninam | no | clitic =e usually follows head, but can sometimes precede it, coming inbetween dependent and head, but it is always bound to the head, even when it is also bound to the dependent | Goodwin-Gomez, p. 52 | |||
| Northern Emberá | no info | |||||
| Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | yes | 75 | 1 | |||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003:70 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 195 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | It is hard to say if there is head or dependent marking since the possesor-possesum construction consists of only one word | Ayala 1996:85-7 | |||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 95-96, 343 | ||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | Y 14 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | yes | 200 | 1 | |||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p236 | ||||
| Páez | yes | Jung:121-2 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | However, the head noun also takes a person pronoun as a possesive suffix. Thus, it would be a case of doble possessive marking where the dependent get the genitive suffix. | Parker 1965:40 | |||
| Resígaro | no | See discussion of "limiter" tagmeme under Noun Phrase. | Allin, 1976: 225-227 | |||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 35 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | Borgman 1990: p.126-128 | ||||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Sikuani | no | possesive marking on VPs or stands alone | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000: 294-298 | |||
| Siona | yes | Wheeler - 1970:78 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | no | |||||
| Surui | no | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Strom 1992, p.66 | ||||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 122-123 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 20-21 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | Yes | 26 | 1 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | Montes 2004b:88-89 | ||||
| Timbisha | yes | |||||
| Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997: 324 | ||||
| Uradhi | Yes | 349 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | yes | Olawsky:331-41 | ||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 47 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006: 131 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | L50 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | yes | 898 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | Yes | 23 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | Yes | 31 | 1 | |||
| Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 55 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 636-7 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | yes | 74 | 1 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 33 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | yes | FO 122 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | yes | 51 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | yes | 68 | 1 | |||
| Worrorra | yes | ms13.1 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 23, 31 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 79-80 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:29 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | you can also get Pr=POSS=Pd, but all strategies must have POSS in some way bound to the Pd, and never to the Pr alone | Ramirez 1994: 184-189 | |||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 38 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | cf texts | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | yes | 506 | 1 | |||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | yes | 57 | 1 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | This marker occurs on the possesser of alienably possessed nouns, in which case the possessive classifier (?) doesn't appear on the possessed noun. | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 520 | |||
| Yulparija | Yes | 28 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 49 | 1 |
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