Añun
- Family
- Arawakan
- Region
- South America
- ISO 639-3
- pbg
- Location
- 10.84°, -71.84°
- Notes
- Features
-
Grammatical Data
- Data Sources
- Patte, Marie-France. 1989. Estudio descriptivo de la lengua Añun (o "Paraujano"). San Cristóbal: Universidad Católica del Táchira.
Grammatical Data (226)
| Category | Grammatical Feature | Grammatical Feature: Notes | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phonology - Segmental | Oral-nasal contour segments | May be analyzed as oralized nasal consonants or as oral consonants with a nasal release. e.g. mb-, -bm | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Glottalized/ejective consonants | Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative] | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Palatalized stops | Phonemic contrast | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Phonemic vowel length | Does the language have long and short vowels? | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Complex onsets | Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme | no | Patte 1989:25 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | No codas | *(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained] | yes | Patte 1989:25 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Word-final coda required | Do all syllables end in a consonant? | no | Patte 1989:25 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Contrastive tones | Note how many contrastive tones | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Contrastive stress | Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference? | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable | In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries | Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to? | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Vowel harmony | yes | Patte 1989:41 | |||||
| Morphology - General | Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb) | Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number] | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes | Stem change, tone | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes) | Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word | yes | aspect, mode, number, gender are possible | Patte 1989:47-52 | |||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing | There are many more prefixes than suffixes | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing | There are many more suffixes than prefixes | yes | very few prefixes: person and atributive | Patte 1989 | |||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred | The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Reduplication: full | The full morpheme is reduplicated | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Reduplication: partial | Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive NN compounding | Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive VV serialization (without compounding) | Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive VV compounding | Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions | There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap' | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Auxiliary verb(s) | There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Morphology - Incorporation | Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process | Verb contains nominal segment | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Morphology - Incorporation | Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs | Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Noun classes/genders | Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP | yes | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Number of noun classes/genders | Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders | 2 | non-masculine, masculine | Patte 1989 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders) | Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain. | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates | Masculine, feminine, neuter | yes | non-masculine, masculine | Patte 1989:54 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system | Animate/inanimate, human/non-human | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns | add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | "Repeater" classifiers | Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot" | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals) | Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns | Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.' | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Singular number may be marked on the noun | Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups | no | Only plurality is marked on the noun. Reference to singular nouns is marked on the verb, otherwise. | Patte 1989 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural affix on noun | yes | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked by reduplication of noun | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural word/clitic | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked on human or animate nouns only | no info | author doesn't make any claims | Patte 1989:54 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix | Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns | no | different pronouns for plural | Patte 1989 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Unique associative plural marker | e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them' | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Definite or specific articles | Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives | Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Indefinite or non-specific article | or marker | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals | Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound) | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number) | Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system | 3 | proximate, far, farther for masc./non masc. | Patte 1989:56 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.) | no | Patte 1989:55 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 3sg pronouns | no | masc./non masc gender suffixes can be added to PN | Patte 1989:55 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 3pl pronouns | no | masc./non masc gender suffixes can be added to PN | Patte 1989:55 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns | no | masc./non masc gender suffixes can be added to PN | Patte 1989:55 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Formal/informal distinction in pronouns | Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns | no | Patte 1989:55 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Reflexive pronouns | e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Adpositions mark core NPs | Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients | no | core cases not marked | Patte 1989 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: number of cases | Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun | 0 | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked | Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are | no | non-core cases not morphological | Patte 1989 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: symmetrical | All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity) | yes | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: asymmetrical | Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: suffix or postpositional clitic | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: prefix or prepositional clitic | yes | prepositional obliques | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: infix or inpositional clitic | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: stem change | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: tone | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: comitative = instrumental | Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument' | no | instrument, sociative | Patte 1989 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-2 | At least some part of the system involves base-2 | yes | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-5 | At least some part of the system involves base-5 | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-10 | At least some part of the system involves base-10 | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Other base (specify) | 4, 20, etc. | no info | no info beyond 6 | Patte 1989 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5 | e.g. two = 'eye-quantity' | no | Patte 1989:57-58 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Numerals do not go above 5 | 'Many' or some other non-exact term used | no | Patte 1989:57-58 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Numerals do not go above 10 | 'Many' or some other non-exact term used | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Other nominal | Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates | i.e. nominal or adjectival | yes | not on nominals, but on adjectives and adverbials | Patte 1989 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Other nominal | Person inflection on non-verbal predicates | i.e. nominal or adjectival | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N | alienable/inalienable? | yes | e.g. ta-ein, 1sg-heart | Patte 1989:46 | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N | alienable/inalienable? | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent | e.g. 'the boy-'s dog' | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head | e.g. 'the boy his-dog' | yes | person prefix marked on head, example on text | Patte 1989:46, 117 | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Possessive classifiers | There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Morphological marking of inalienable possession | Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) | no | no difference, alianable may or may not be marked with same person prefixes | Patte 1989:53 | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Morphological marking of alienable possession | Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed | An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Inalienable possession of kin terms | 'my-father' but *father | yes | Patte 1989:53 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal) | 'my-leg' but *leg | yes | Patte 1989:53 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed | Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man) | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Adjectives | Underived adjectives | There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes | yes | small class of adjectives | Patte 1989:59-61 | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Adjectives | Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP | There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco | yes | Patte 1989:60 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival) | There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb | no info | author does not discuss derivation | Patte 1989 | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer) | There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song) | There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive verbalizing morphology | There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Other | NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently | 'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary' | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Dedicated past marker(s) | Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere | no | only aspect verb markers | Patte 1989 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference | e.g. distant vs. recent past | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference | e.g. imminent vs. distant future | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Dedicated future or non-past marker(s) | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: prefix | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: suffix | yes | Patte 1989:51-52, 127 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut | no | Patte 1989:51-52, 127 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect suppletion | no | Patte 1989:51-52, 127 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form | There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood | no | Patte 1989:109 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Polite imperative morpheme | There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language) | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses | There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses | yes | suffix -ata added to verb | Patte 1989:109 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative) | as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing' | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: affix on verb | Inflectional marking of capacity to do something | no info | no discussion of mood | Patte 1989 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: verbal construction | no info | no discussion of mood | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: other marking | no info | no discussion of mood | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: affix on verb | Modal expressing hypothesis | no info | no discussion of mood | Patte 1989 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: verbal construction | no info | no discussion of mood | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: other marking | no info | no discussion of mood | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Marking of expected/unexpected action or result | There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected | no info | no discussion of mood | Patte 1989 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Verbal frustrative | Modal expressing frustration ("in vain") | no info | no discussion of mood | Patte 1989 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Verbal habitual | Modal expressing habituality | no info | no discussion of mood | Patte 1989 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Apprehensive construction | There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens' | no info | no discussion of mood | Patte 1989 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Reality status marking on verbs | There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events' | no info | no discussion of mood | Patte 1989 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Affect markers (positive/negative) | Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative | no info | no discussion of mood | Patte 1989 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Directionals | Directional elements affixed to the verb | There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc. | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized visual | Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized nonvisual | Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt) | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized inferential | Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker. | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized reportive | Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly' | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized quotative | Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Other evidential | Any other evidential values not represented above | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: part of tense system | Includes portmanteau morphs | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: separate particle | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: modal morpheme | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Verbal number | Verbal number suppletion | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Other | Social interaction markers | Note the type of interaction | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Word Order | No fixed basic constituent order | no info | Patte 1989:75, 113-119 | |||||
| Word Order | VS in intransitive clauses | Verb precedes subject | yes | author does not discuss word order, but verb seems to be S initial | Patte 1989:75, 113-119 | |||
| Word Order | VS in transitive clauses | yes | author does not discuss word order, but verb seems to be S initial | Patte 1989:75, 113-119 | ||||
| Word Order | VO in transitive clauses | Verb precedes object | yes | Patte 1989:75, 113-119 | ||||
| Word Order | OS in transitive clauses | Object precedes subject | no info | Patte 1989:75, 113-119 | ||||
| Word Order | Preposition-Noun | yes | called 'relatores', also carry person | Patte 1989:75, 113-119 | ||||
| Word Order | Noun-Postposition or case suffix | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Word Order | Gen-Noun | Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book) | no info | author doesn't discuss possession with a nominal | Patte 1989 | |||
| Word Order | Noun-Gen | Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John') | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Word Order | Adj-Noun | Adjective precedes the noun | yes | Patte 1989:60 | ||||
| Word Order | Noun-Adj | Adjective follows the noun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Word Order | Dem-Noun | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Word Order | Noun-Dem | yes | Patte 1989:56 | |||||
| Word Order | Num-Noun | no info | Patte 1989:56 | |||||
| Word Order | Noun-Num | no info | Patte 1989:56 | |||||
| Word Order | Noun-Rel | Relative clause follows noun that it modifies | no info | author does not discuss complex structures | Patte 1989 | |||
| Word Order | Rel-Noun | Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies | no info | author does not discuss complex structures | Patte 1989 | |||
| Word Order | Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative) | e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away') | no info | author does not discuss complex structures | Patte 1989 | |||
| Word Order | Relative clause is correlative or adjoined | e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat' | no info | author does not discuss complex structures | Patte 1989 | |||
| Word Order | Question word is clause initial | 'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause | yes | Patte 1989:104 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative | Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative | Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive | Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite | Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive | Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep) | no | no case marking on full NPs | Patte 1989 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive | yes, no, mixed, other | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive | no | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative | Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive | yes, no, mixed, other | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive | yes | person prefix on active verbs, a- on inactive | Patte 1989:46 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical | Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3) | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: split | More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc. | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position | Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects | no | normally, subject is marked as prefix on verb | Patte 1989 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb | Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option) | yes | Patte 1989:46 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb | Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option) | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host | Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position | Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person marking on intransitive verbs | Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes | yes | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs | Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers | yes | Patte 1989:46 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs | Transitive verbs take object (P) markers | no | author does not discuss explicitly. Object seems to be free nominal | Patte 1989:79 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects | 3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system | no | 3rd person subject sg. Masc., sg. Non-masc, pl. respectively | Patte 1989:46 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects | 3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system | yes | object is not marked on verb | Patte 1989 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Number can be marked separately from person on the verb | Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately | yes | Patte 1989:52 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers | Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes | yes | Patte 1989:46 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Gender distinguished in verbal person markers | For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent | yes | Patte 1989:52 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: indirect object | In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: double object | In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: secondary object | In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme | Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal. | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reflexive: dedicated morpheme | Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive. | yes | Patte 1989:48 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme | Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb | no info | no info on reciprocal | Patte 1989 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Passive | Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted | no info | no info on valence | Patte 1989 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Antipassive | Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages | no info | no info on valence | Patte 1989 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Other intransitivizing morphology | There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency | no info | no info on valence | Patte 1989 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Applicative: benefactive | Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb | no info | no info on valence | Patte 1989 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Applicative: other | Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb | no info | no info on valence | Patte 1989 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: prefix | Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb | no info | no info on valence | Patte 1989 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: suffix | Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb | no info | no info on valence | Patte 1989 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone | Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix | no info | no info on valence | Patte 1989 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: serial verb or analytical construction | Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization | no info | no info on valence | Patte 1989 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy' | Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.' | no info | no info on valence | Patte 1989 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: dedicated sociative | Indicates that causer participates in event | no info | no info on valence | Patte 1989 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence) | There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency | no info | no info on valence | Patte 1989 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Clausal negator is a preposed element | Clausal negator is a preposed element | no | Patte 1989:100 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Clausal negator is a postposed element | Clausal negator is a postposed element | yes | Patte 1989:100 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: affix | Negatives: affix | yes | Patte 1989:100 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: particle | Negatives: particle | no | Patte 1989:100 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: auxiliary verb | Negatives: auxiliary verb | no | Patte 1989:100 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: double | Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas' | no | Patte 1989:100 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist' | no info | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Distinct negative expression 'I don't know' | Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: interrogative particle | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: verb morphology | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: word order | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: intonation only | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only | yes | Patte 1989:103 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Content questions: word order differs from declaratives | Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.) | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Predicate adjectives: verbal | Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position | yes | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Predicate adjectives: nominal | Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible | Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all) | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Headless relative clauses | Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head) | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause | Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses. | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker | It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Relativizer is a verbal affix | no info | Patte 1989 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer | The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes) | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions | Grammaticalized verbal desiderative | Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it) | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Clause chaining | Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause. | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Morphologically marked switch-reference system | There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses | Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence | no info | Patte 1989 |