Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Alignment
- Notes
- yes, no, mixed, other
Language |
Feature Status |
Grammatical Notes |
Source |
Etymology Notes |
General Notes |
Phylogenetic Code |
Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 176-179 |
|
|
|
Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 |
|
|
|
Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 157-159 |
|
|
|
Yukuna |
n/a |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 37 |
|
|
|
Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36-49 |
|
|
|
Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006: 187 |
|
|
|
Wayuu |
n/a |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798, 800 |
|
|
|
Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 204 |
|
|
|
Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 346 |
|
|
|
Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
No apparent case markings on pronouns. Pronouns appear as verbal markings rather than free pronouns. |
Payne 1983:1619, 2325, 9096 |
|
|
|
Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-37 |
|
|
|
Yanesha' |
no |
subjects and objects do not get case |
Duff-Tripp 1997:67 |
|
|
|
Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007:100-1 |
|
|
|
Nanti |
n/a |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 340 |
|
|
|
Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
Palikur |
no |
|
Green and Green 1972:3-9 |
|
|
|
Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:65-68 |
|
|
|
Makiritare |
no |
|
Escoriaza 1959:14-15 |
|
Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive |
|
Makushi |
yes |
|
Abbott 1991: 83 |
|
|
|
Eñepa |
no |
|
Thomas Payne 1989 |
|
|
|
Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999:18- 22 |
|
|
|
Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
Ika |
no info |
More likely yes |
Frank 1985:39-59 |
|
|
|
Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:155-9 |
|
|
|
Damana |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
Sikuani |
no |
|
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:91-101 |
|
|
|
Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:215 |
|
|
|
Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:42-3 |
|
Catío |
|
Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:7, Levinson 1974:15-7 |
|
|
|
Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:854 |
|
|
|
Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87 |
|
|
|
Páez |
no |
|
Jung:136 |
|
|
|
Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Soto 1976:61-92 |
|
|
|
Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2005:133-141 |
|
|
|
Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:152-4, 298-354 |
|
|
|
Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 156 |
|
|
|
Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p356 |
|
|
|
Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 202 |
|
|
|
Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
Kaingang |
no |
|
Goncalves 2011:12 |
|
|
|
Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 |
|
|
|
Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 30 |
|
|
|
Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.110 |
|
|
|
Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 217 |
|
|
|
Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35-36 |
|
|
|
Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31 |
|
|
|
Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72 |
|
|
|
Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.114 |
|
|
|
Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:124-136 |
|
|
|
Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997 |
|
|
|
Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 209-213 |
|
|
|
Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez: 48 |
|
|
|
Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: 121 |
|
|
|
Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:304-5 |
|
|
|
Nheengatu |
no |
pronouns don't mark case |
Cruz 2011:141 |
|
|
|
Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:130-1 |
|
|
|
Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Worrorra |
no |
|
44, ms1.7 |
|
|
0 |
Garrwa |
no |
|
2, 6 |
|
|
0 |
Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
Warlpiri |
yes |
|
BS152 |
|
|
1 |
Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yorta Yorta |
maybe |
|
79 |
|
|
1 |
Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
73-75 |
|
|
0 |
Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
13 |
|
|
1 |
Yandruwandha |
no |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
16-17 |
|
|
1 |
Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Wirangu |
No |
|
71-3 |
|
|
0 |
Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 37 |
|
|
0 |
Warumungu |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
Wangkumara |
no? |
|
r4-6 |
|
|
0 |
Uradhi |
No |
|
352 |
|
|
0 |
Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
195 |
|
|
0 |
Pintupi |
yes |
|
103-107 |
|
|
1 |
Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Nhanta |
no |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
121 |
|
|
1 |
Ngayawang |
yes |
|
10 |
|
|
1 |
Muruwari |
no |
|
89-90 |
|
|
0 |
Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
53-54 |
|
|
0 |
Martuthunira |
no |
|
101 |
|
|
0 |
Marrgany |
No |
|
301 |
|
|
0 |
Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
148 |
|
|
0 |
Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
72 |
|
|
0 |
Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
397 |
|
|
0 |
Kaurna |
yes |
|
7-8 |
|
|
1 |
Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
31-2 |
|
|
1 |
Jaru |
yes |
|
64-5 |
|
|
1 |
Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
283 |
|
|
0 |
Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
126-7 |
|
|
0 |
Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
Dyirbal |
yes |
|
132-3 |
|
|
1 |
Duungidjawu |
no |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
Djinang |
No |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diyari |
yes |
|
59-61 |
|
|
1 |
Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dharawal |
yes |
|
49-50 |
|
|
1 |
Darkinyung |
no |
|
37 |
|
|
0 |
Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Biri |
no |
|
14; 23-4 |
|
|
0 |
Bidjara-Gungabula |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Batyala |
No |
|
4 |
|
|
0 |
Arabana |
no |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
Alyawarr |
other |
|
93 |
|
|
0 |
Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yulparija |
Yes |
|
29 |
|
|
1 |
Wathawurrung |
no |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
90 |
|
|
0 |
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
40 |
|
|
0 |
Thanggati |
no |
|
22-23 |
|
|
0 |
Katthang |
no |
|
64 |
|
|
0 |
Panyjima |
no |
|
157 |
|
|
0 |
Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
Kurrama |
no |
|
74-75 |
|
|
0 |
Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Githabul |
yes |
|
15 |
|
|
1 |
Gunya |
No |
|
304 |
|
|
0 |
Kunjen |
No |
|
87 |
|
|
0 |
WesternTorres |
no |
|
FO 121 |
|
|
0 |
Wakaya |
no |
|
150 |
|
|
0 |
Yindjilindji |
no |
|
515 |
|
|
0 |
Bandjalang |
No |
|
78 |
|
|
0 |
Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
Arrernte |
No |
|
101 |
|
|
0 |
Kokatha |
No |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
Karajarri |
Yes |
|
227 |
|
|
1 |
Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 20 |
|
|
0 |
Ritharrngu |
No |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
Warrgamay |
No |
|
40 |
|
|
0 |
Warluwarra |
no |
|
885 |
|
|
0 |
Warnman |
Yes |
|
13 |
|
|
1 |
Djapu |
no |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
Bilinarra |
no |
|
5.1.1 |
|
|
0 |
Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
62 |
|
|
0 |
Narungga |
Yes |
|
58 |
|
|
1 |
Tharrkari |
yes |
|
24-5 |
|
|
1 |
Wajarri |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
Warungu |
no |
|
157-8, 183 |
|
|
0 |
Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|