Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Barasano

Family: Tukanoan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: bsn
Location: -0.02°, -70.81°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Chacon, Thiago. 2014. A Revised Proposal of Proto-Tukanoan Consonants and Tukanoan Family Classification. International Journal of American Linguistics 80.3: 275-322. Gómez-Imbert, Elsa. 1997. Morphologie et phonologie barasana: approche non-linéaire. Saint-Denis: Université Paris VIII. (Doctoral disseration). Huber, R.; Reed, R. 1992. Comparative vocabulary: selected words in indigenous languages of Colombia. Instituto Linguistico de Verano. Jones, Paula & Wendell Jones. 1991. Barasano syntax: Studies in the languages of Colombia 2. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics 101. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	jɨa	jɨa		See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	~badi	~badi	no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	jʉ	jʉ	For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	~bɨa	~bɨa		See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	~bʉ	~bʉ		See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	~ida (mf); ti (n.)	~ida (mf); ti (n.)		See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	~i (m.); so, ~so (YM) (f).; ti (n.)	~i (m.); so, ~so (YM) (f).; ti (n.)		See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location				See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar				See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	jã-hedí-ro	jã-hedí-ro		See Language page
and	y	e	grammar				See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body				See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body				See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	õhã́	õhã́		See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location	-hɨ	-hɨ		See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	hɨdó-hɨ́á	hɨdó-hɨ́á		See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	baise, bɨose; roakɨo-se, roho-se	baise, bɨose; roakɨo-se, roho-se		See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	jukɨ-gase	jukɨ-gase		See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	gɨdá-hóá	gɨdá-hóá		See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location				See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	hai-rihaɨ (E), hai-rihɨ; hai-gɨ (H&R)	hai-rihaɨ (E), hai-rihɨ; hai-gɨ (H&R)		See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	kũdĩ́-	kũdĩ́-		See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	~ji-se	~ji-se		See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	ri	ri		See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	hutí-, wẽ́ã́-tu-	hutí-, wẽ́ã́-tu-		See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	jĩkɨ̃́	jĩkɨ̃́		See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	~goa-ro	~goa-ro		See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	~ohe-a	~ohe-a		See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body				See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	soe-, ɨ̃hɨ̃́-	soe-, ɨ̃hɨ̃́-		See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body				See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	dakegɨ (m); dakego (f.)	dakegɨ (m); dakego (f.)		See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion				See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	búé-rí, okó gaseri ('clouds, smoke')	búé-rí, okó gaseri ('clouds, smoke')		See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	ɨsa-	ɨsa-		See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	wadí-	wadí-		See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact				See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	ríóho	ríóho		See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental				See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental				See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	ta-	ta-		See Language page
day	día	dia	time	~ɨbɨa	~ɨbɨa		See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	riha-re	riha-re		See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	koa-	koa-		See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna				See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	ɨe-se, ɨe-ri hai-	ɨe-se, ɨe-ri hai-		See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental				See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	idi-re	idi-re		See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	kara-se	kara-se		See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	bɨhá-be-ti	bɨhá-be-ti		See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	bõdã, sitá, bue-ri	bõdã, sitá, bue-ri		See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	~gabo-ro	~gabo-ro		See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	sita	sita		See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	ba-re	ba-re		See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	ria	ria		See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	cahe-a	cahe-a		See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body				See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	kedí-	kedí-		See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	sṍ-hɨ̃́	sṍ-hɨ̃́		See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	ɨje	ɨje		See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	kakʉ; hak-ɨ, kak-ɨ	kakʉ; hak-ɨ, kak-ɨ		See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	gui-	gui-		See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	hoa-ró	hoa-ró		See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	~abo-gase-ro	~abo-gase-ro		See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	hea	hea		See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion				See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	goo-ro	goo-ro		See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	wɨ-re	wɨ-re		See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	bue-ri	bue-ri		See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	gɨbo	gɨbo		See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	riká	riká		See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	~keda-se	~keda-se		See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	~sɨbe-se	~sɨbe-se		See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state				See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	hoa-ra	hoa-ra		See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	~abo	~abo		See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	rihoa (J), rɨhoa (E)	rihoa (J), rɨhoa (E)		See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	ahi-re	ahi-re		See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	ɨsɨ-a	ɨsɨ-a		See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	rɨ̃kɨ̃́-sè	rɨ̃kɨ̃́-sè		See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion				See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	haa-	haa-		See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	kɨ́-o-, kɨ-tí	kɨ́-o-, kɨ-tí		See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	asi-se	asi-se		See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	dõ bahi-ro	dõ bahi-ro		See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	-habã, -hakẽdẽ	-habã, -hakẽdẽ		See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	hubé-a-hɨ	hubé-a-hɨ		See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	gɨdá-bĩ́sĩ́	gɨdá-bĩ́sĩ́		See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body				See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	~sia-re	~sia-re		See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	~basi-re	~basi-re		See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	ɨtá-bɨkɨ-ra	ɨtá-bɨkɨ-ra		See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental				See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	~hu-ro	~hu-ro		See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	gãkṍ-katɨa	gãkṍ-katɨa		See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	jĩkɨ̃́	jĩkɨ̃́		See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	hesá-, kãhĩ́-	hesá-, kãhĩ́-		See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	bɨhó jabe-se	bɨhó jabe-se		See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body				See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	~jebe-reti-ro	~jebe-reti-ro		See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	joa-, joe-	joa-, joe-		See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	gia-bɨ̃	gia-bɨ̃	order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	ɨsɨ́ kõã-rĩ-hoa	ɨsɨ́ kõã-rĩ-hoa		See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	~ɨbɨ	~ɨbɨ		See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	ri-ro	ri-ro		See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	~buihu, ~buhihu (YM)	~buihu, ~buhihu (YM)		See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	hak-o, kak-o	hak-o, kak-o		See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	~gɨtaɨ	~gɨtaɨ		See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	rise	rise		See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	~wabe	~wabe		See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body				See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	tɨ́-aka	tɨ́-aka		See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	ãbɨ̃ã	ãbɨ̃ã		See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	~baba-se	~baba-se		See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	~jabi	~jabi		See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	bãdĩ-	bãdĩ-		See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	~iguea	~iguea		See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	bɨkɨ (m.); bɨkɨo (f.); bɨkɨa-se (n.)	bɨkɨ (m.); bɨkɨo (f.); bɨkɨa-se (n.)		See Language page
one	uno	um	number	koho-	koho-		See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other				See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	gãhĩ́, gahe-	gãhĩ́, gahe-		See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body				See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	~basɨ (m.); ~baso (f.)	~basɨ (m.); ~baso (f.)		See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact				See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	okó kedí-se	okó kedí-se		See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	~sua-se	~sua-se		See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	ɾíóho-katɨa	ɾíóho-katɨa		See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	~ba	~ba		See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	~je-ba	~je-ba		See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	hogá-se	hogá-se		See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	haa	haa		See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	ji-	ji-		See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact				See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	~ia-re	~ia-re		See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	bɨha-se	bɨha-se		See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact				See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	jee-joa-beti-	jee-joa-beti-		See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	riká hɨdó	riká hɨdó		See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental				See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	hujá-	hujá-		See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	gase-ro	gase-ro		See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	ɨ́bɨ̃-gase-ro	ɨ́bɨ̃-gase-ro		See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	~kadi-re	~kadi-re		See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	~boho-rihɨ; bõhṍ-gɨ̃(-ãkã) (H&R)	~boho-rihɨ; bõhṍ-gɨ̃(-ãkã) (H&R)		See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	bueri	bueri		See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	wĩdĩ́-	wĩdĩ́-	primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body				See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	háábat-ó-, bohé-	háábat-ó-, bohé-		See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	bihé-	bihé-		See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	hu-, sare-	hu-, sare-		See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	rɨ̃gṍ-	rɨ̃gṍ-		See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	~joko	~joko		See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other				See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	jukɨ́	jukɨ́		See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	~gɨta	~gɨta		See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	ũ'hṹ-, udí-	ũ'hṹ-, udí-		See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	~buihu, ~buhihu (YM)	~buihu, ~buhihu (YM)		See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body				See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	bĩhĩ́-	bĩhĩ́-		See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	baahe-re	baahe-re		See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	~hiko-ro	~hiko-ro		See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	~i (m.); iso (f.)	~i (m.); iso (f.)		See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	tɨ́bi-	tɨ́bi-		See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	hṍrẽ-sẽ́-ãkã	hṍrẽ-sẽ́-ãkã		See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	tɨ́-o-ɨ̃́ã́-, ji-	tɨ́-o-ɨ̃́ã́-, ji-		See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	~adi (m.); adio (f.)	~adi (m.); adio (f.)		See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	idía-	idía-		See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body				See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	roká-, reá-, kõã-	roká-, reá-, kõã-		See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	bɨ'hó há-se	bɨ'hó há-se		See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	sia-	sia-		See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	~jebe-ro	~jebe-ro		See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	guhi-a	guhi-a		See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other			may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	hɨa-	hɨa-		See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	bɨ̃́jõ-	bɨ̃́jõ-		See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	wa-re	wa-re		See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	oko	oko		See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	wea-	wea-		See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	~je	~je		See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	dṍ kṍ-rõ, di-ka	dṍ kṍ-rõ, di-ka		See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	dõ, di-hɨ, di-ku	dõ, di-hɨ, di-ku		See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	boti-se	boti-se		See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	~jibɨ/~di (m.); ~jibo/diso (f.)	~jibɨ/~di (m.); ~jibo/diso (f.)		See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	bãdãh-o	bãdãh-o		See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	bĩdṍ	bĩdṍ		See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	ké-rɨhɨ	ké-rɨhɨ		See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	~robi-o	~robi-o		See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other				See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body				See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	sɨri-se	sɨri-se		See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 191 of 191 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Source	Distribution	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	bũsã́	bũsã́		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	buu	buu		See Language page
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	hea gɨsó	hea gɨsó		See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis				See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia				See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	hĩdõ	hĩdõ		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora				See Language page
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	bẽkã́híá-bɨ̃́	bẽkã́híá-bɨ̃́		See Language page
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	bẽkã́ bɨkó	bẽkã́ bɨkó		See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	hãbõ, bujó (R95)	hãbõ		See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	jũ'kã́-bĩ́bĩ́	jũ'kã́-bĩ́bĩ́		See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.				See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	ohó	ohó		See Language page		Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	osó	osó		See Language page
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.				See Language page		plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		bɨ̃́di	bĩ́dĩ		See Language page
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala				See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba				See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	bekó	bekó		See Language page
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	hĩdõ	hĩdõ		See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	koa-ro ('gourd', H&R)	koa-ro ('gourd', H&R)		See Language page	indigenous gardens	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']				See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha				See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata				See Language page
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				See Language page
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	'ria wekɨ́; riayesé (R95)	ria wekɨ́		See Language page
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda				See Language page
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea				See Language page
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.				See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca	kahí	kahí		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria				See Language page
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	'kĩ jesé	kĩ jesé		See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	mijísudiro (R95)	mihísudiro (R95)		See Language page
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	jɨtá	jɨtá		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura				See Language page
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae				See Language page
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	rõhĩ́	rõhĩ́		See Language page	Amazonia
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	jãbã; namá (R95)	jãbã		See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	yai; eká-ri jáí (H&R)	eká-ri jáí		See Language page	Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae				See Language page
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family				See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.				See Language page
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus				See Language page
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae				See Language page
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		wai	wai		See Language page
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.				See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	rɨ̃gṍbẽ́	rɨ̃gṍbẽ́		See Language page
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana				See Language page	widespread lowland SA	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	tĩbĩ; majájesaʉ (R95)	tĩbĩ		See Language page
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	taa	taa		See Language page
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans				See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba				See Language page	Widespread South America
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti	caim	kaim		See Language page
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	katá	katá		See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola				See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	kahí idí-re	kahí idí-re		See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae				See Language page
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	beroa-bɨ̃	beroa-bɨ̃		See Language page
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus				See Language page
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	bia	bia		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	ugɨ́	ugɨ́		See Language page
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	bĩbĩ	bĩbĩ		See Language page	Widespread
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	jua	jua		See Language page		iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.				See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				See Language page
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	bãkãroka jai; macarocayaí (R95)	bãkãroka jai		See Language page
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				See Language page		large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra				See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	bẽka; bẽkã́híá-bɨ̃́	bẽka; bẽkã́híá-bɨ̃́		See Language page
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	bãhã́	bãhã́		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	oh'ó-riká	oh'ó-riká		See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.	ocójututiro (R95)	okóhututiro (R95)		See Language page
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	kĩ	kĩ		See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta				See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa				See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	bɨ̃tẽ́	bɨ̃tẽ́		See Language page
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				See Language page
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	bii	bii		See Language page
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)				See Language page		prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	timí (R95)			See Language page
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	oa (R95)	oa (R95)		See Language page
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	bɨhɨ́hogo	bɨhɨ́hogo		See Language page	Widespread
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	sẽbẽ; sémé (R95)	sẽbẽ		See Language page
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.				See Language page
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana				See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	wekó	wekó		See Language page	Widespread
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	~ɨde	~ɨde	pupunha palm	Chacon 2014: Appendix A
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				See Language page		plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus				See Language page		plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	bũjṹ	bũjṹ		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae				See Language page
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	jãhĩ́	jãhĩ́		See Language page		plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae				See Language page
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	kotibaha	kotibaha		See Language page
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua				See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata				See Language page
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	sʉ̃hʉ			See Language page
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		ãjã	ãjã		See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	eri (rattlesnake)	eri (rattlesnake)		See Language page	Widespread South America
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	bʉhʉ	bɨhɨ́		See Language page
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.				See Language page		plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae				See Language page
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.				See Language page
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	jãbṍ	jãbṍ		See Language page
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	wekɨ́	wekɨ́		See Language page
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	butúá-bɨ̃́	butúá-bɨ̃́		See Language page
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea				See Language page
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	taro	taro		See Language page
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	bɨ̃dṍ	bɨ̃dṍ		See Language page		plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	guu	guu		See Language page	Widespread
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	rasé	rasé		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		jukɨ	jukɨ		See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	gaké	gaké		See Language page
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui				See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	juká	juká		See Language page	Widespread South America
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita				See Language page
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons				See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	wau (spider monkey)	wau (spider monkey)		See Language page
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	'hãrã jesé; ciyesé (R95)	hãrã jesé		See Language page
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia

Showing 1 to 133 of 133 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	jéruɨ, jíruɨ	jéruɨ, jíruɨ	hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	kõbẽ-ã́	kõbẽ-ã́	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool			can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material				See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material				See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material				See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material				See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	kã́dɨ̃́-hesá-ri-a-ro	kã́dɨ̃́-hesá-ri-a-ro		See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	hujá-ri-a-ro	hujá-ri-a-ro		See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	buhú-a	buhú-a	currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation				See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture			if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	tẽbṹ-bedo	tẽbṹ-bedo	arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material				See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	kūbu; kũbũ-ã (H&R)	kūbu; kũbũ-ã (H&R)		See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation				See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation				See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	ɨh-ɨ́	ɨh-ɨ́		See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	sudi	sudi		See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool				See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology			malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool			hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology			In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology				See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	generic: 'ha-bɨsi-o-ri-a-huria	generic: 'ha-bɨsi-o-ri-a-huria		See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture			Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool			esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology				See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other			may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	idí-re	idí-re	prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology				See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	hea	hea		See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food				See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food				See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool				See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool				See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food			usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food			agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	tõro	tõro	multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food			Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology				See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	koa-ro ('gourd', H&R)	koa-ro ('gourd', H&R)		See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool			esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology				See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	kaca (Chacon14)	kaca (Chacon14)		See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool			agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation				See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	hũʉgʉ, hũɨ̃	hũʉgʉ, hũɨ̃		See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress				See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology			Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics				See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food			only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	wi	wi		See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food				See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	kṍbẽ́-hãĩ-ãkã	kṍbẽ́-hãĩ-ãkã		See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress				See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material				See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool				See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	weá-ri-to	weá-ri-to		See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology				See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology	wewo	wewo		See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation				See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool				See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material				See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	sotɨ́	sotɨ́		See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	jãsã́	jãsã́		See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool				See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology				See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	bĩsĩ-bã́, hũ gɨbo	bĩsĩ-bã́, hũ gɨbo		See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	bõã	bõã		See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation				See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	kũbũ	kũbũ	In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress				See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material				See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation				See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology				See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	gãhṍã́ besu-ro	gãhṍã́ besu-ro		See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food				See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material				See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation				See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food			agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material				See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food			word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture			use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool			agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool			hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other				See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool			agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology			a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

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Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source	General Notes
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	yes	Compound nouns are rare. In the few that occur, the first noun attributes characteristics or properties and the second provides the reference.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.61
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.45
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	yes	Compound verbs are formed by a combination of two roots with the second one being inflected.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.45
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.37
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	yes	Barsano has 3 auxiliaries: ya, yi, yã	Jones & Jones 1991, p.37-38	ya 'to do, say, think' is used for Progressive aspect, yi 'to do, say, think' is used with any distance in space/time, yã 'to be' is Durative.
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	yes	Verbal suffixes express emphasis, direction of movement, causation, benefaction, negation, contraexpection, aspect, tense-mood, and person-number.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.5
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.45,101
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.5,45	The verb morphology is quite extensive.
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.5
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes	Affixation in Barasano consists of suffixes only.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.5
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.5
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.41-47
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.41-47
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.25	Barasano has only one verb with an incorporated object that does not occur with marked objects and is considered to be instransitive.
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	yes	Barasano is a verb-adjective language	Jones & Jones 1991, p.63
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	yes	Barasano uses only postpositions in adpositional phrases.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.3
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	6	4 morphemes which mark case: -re occurs on NP in the roles of object, experiencer, benefactee, and manner; rãka occurs on noun phrases of accompaniment and instrument; -hu marks locations or times; and ya marks the genitive.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	yes	The postposition rãka 'with' indicates coparticipation and instrument.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.68-69
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.4
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.32
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	yes	There are three general classifiers frequently used to form new expressions for foreign objects. i.e. 'thing'	Jones & Jones 1991, p.56
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	yes	Barasano has personal pronouns that distinuish between first person plural inclusive and exclusive.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.31
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.37
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	3	The pronouns for animate referents distinguish two degrees of distance- proximate and distal; those for inanimate have an additional medial degree of distance.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.32
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.32-33
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	yes	Nouns in Barasano fill the roles of subject, object, benefactive, location, time, manner, and instrument.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.19
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	8	They are divided into eight classes with the most basic division being animate vs. inanimate.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.19
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	yes	Barasano has an extensive system of noun classifiers, which provide concordance within the noun phrase, and are used to form referring expressions that head noun phrases.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.49	11 Major categories of Barasano classifiers; Shape, masses, designs, botanical, disassociated parts, geographical, manner-formed, abstract, associative, general, residue. Shape is the major feature and comprises the largest category.
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.20
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.19-21
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.19
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	yes	In the third person singular there is an animate/inanimate distinction as well as separate forms for masculine and feminine.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.31
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.50-51
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		yes	Shape is the major feature and comprises the largest category.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.50
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.49-58
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.59	Numerals occur with suffixes which generally refer to an implicit head.
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	yes	Verbs may also have derivational suffixes which form nouns or adverbs.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.5
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	yes	Nouns which refer to collections are inherently plural and require a singularizing suffix to refer to a single member.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.20
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		yes	Nouns may be pluralized in various ways: the prototypical marker for animate nouns is -a (plural, animate) and the pluralizer for nearly all inanimate nouns is -ri (plural, inan.)	Jones & Jones 1991, p.20
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.20-21
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.19-21
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		yes	In cases where quantifiers modify nouns; hãrã 'many' precedes animates and hairo 'many' precedes inanimates.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.58-59
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.20-21
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.31
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.20	Barasano uses the noun bẽsa (animate group) to refer to 'and those with him'.
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.60	hua 'two' is rarely marked as plural
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	yes	The Barasana count by fingers and toes, and eventually by people.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.36	koho-bõ-kõ-ro(one-hand-count-NOM)
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.59-60
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	yes	The word for twenty is 'one human count'.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.36
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	no	The word for 'five' is koho-bõ-kõ-rõ (one-hand-count-NOM)	Jones & Jones 1991, p.36
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	yes	They normally count up to five and beyond that would use 'many'.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.36
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	yes	Deverbal nouns are generally formed by a verb root plus tense marker plus a nominalizer suffix.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.42
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	yes	The nominalizer suffix may simply be the regular gender-number suffix for nouns or a combined form of gender, number, animacy, and time and space.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.42
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		yes	In the third person singular there is an animate/inanimate distinction as well as separate forms for masculine and feminine.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.31
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.31
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.31
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.31
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	yes	Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding bãsu 'self' to the personal pronouns	Jones & Jones 1991, p.31
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	no	Barasano is a verb-adjective language, which is to say that there is a single set of roots which may take either regular verbal inflection and serve as predicates or may take nom, part., and classifiers and serve as modifiers in NP.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.63
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	yes	A descriptive noun phrase is formed by a stative verb followed by a gender-number marker or nominalizer.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.63	or a participle and a classifier or, for humans, the word bãs- 'human' plus gender-number marker.
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.45
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.42-43
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.21
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.63
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.68
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no	Barasano uses the case marker ya (genitive) to express ownership.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.61	The genitive ya occurs with a suffix to indicate the possessed.
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.61
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.61
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.61-62
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.62	For inanimate possessed elements, a classifier suffix is used. The possessor is generally a personal pronoun. The phrases so formed refer back to some previously-mentioned animate, possessed beings
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.61
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.61
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.61
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	yes	Kinship terms are obligatorily preceded by a noun or pronoun which refers to the person so related and which directly precedes the kinship term.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.61	Kinship terms are obligatorily preceded by a noun or pronoun which regers to the person so related and which directly precedes the kinship term.
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	no	To indicate the possession of body parts, a noun or pronoun is directly followed by the term for the body part.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.61
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.5	In referring to animates, ya (genitive) is followed by gender-number markers.
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.14
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.16	Some sentences may optionally occur with a final glottal stop but this phenomenon is regarded as outside of segmental phonology.
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.8-17
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.8-17
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.8-17
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	no	The phonological word may consist of from one to nine syllables.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.10
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	yes	V and CV are the possible syllable patterns	Jones & Jones 1991 p.10
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no	(c)v	Jones & Jones 1991, p.10
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	yes	2 contrastive tones; High and High-Low.	Gomez-Imbert, p.1
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	yes	Stress is phonemic on the word level, with one primary stress per word.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.10
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	yes	Each morpheme is analyzed as either being all nasal or all oral	Jones & Jones 1991, p.13
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	yes	Nasalization may spread throughout a word, on a morphological basis, generally spreading to the right.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.13
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.8-9
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	yes	The subject in Barasano bears no case marking whereas the object is generally marked when it is definite.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.65	Barasano is a nominative-accusative language.
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	yes	Adverbial clauses of intention are marked with -rʉa (desiderative) plus nominalizers for gender and number which agree with the subject of the main clause.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.156
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	yes	The question markers are -ri, -hari, -di, -ti, one of which occurs on the main verb in both yes-no questions and question-word questions.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.115
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.115
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.115
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.124	The first person imperatives may function as questions when they occur with rising intonation.
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.120
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.125
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	yes	The suffix -beti is used to express standard negation.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.125	A shortened form, -be, occurs also.
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.125
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	yes	Negative particles bẽhe (J) / bẽ (E) follows nouns, pronouns, postpositional phrases, adjectives, and adverbs.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.128	It always occurs somewhere before the verb. The scope of negation is limited to the item which it follows.
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	yes	The negative verb bã is also used to negate nominalizations, as well as sentences, in which there is no explicit subject.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.127	The negative verb bã is also used to negate nominalizations, as well as sentences, in which there is no explicit subject.
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.125
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.127
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.125-132
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.149-160	epps - check for same subject vs diff subj
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	yes	The same-subject switch reference morphemes are the animate nominalizers, which show agreement in gender and number with the subject of the main clause.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.138	Switch reference of the subject is expressed either by overt markers or by no markers. In the second case, the construction is pragmatically interpreted by the hearer based on the lexical content of the verbs and the general context.
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.141-154
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	yes	There is a single set of roots which may take either regular verbal inflection and serve as predicates,	Jones & Jones 1991, p.63	Barasano is a verb-adjective language.
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	yes	or may take nominalizers, participials, and classifiers, and serve as modifiers in a noun phrase.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.63
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	no	A descriptive noun phrase is formed by a stative verb.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.63
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	no	There seem to be no relative clauses in Barasano just as there are no relative pronouns.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.149
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.149
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.149
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.149
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.149	What might normally appear to be a relative clause is analyzed as a nominalized cluase in apposition to a noun, pronoun, proper name, or noun phrase in a subject position.
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	yes	A personal pronoun is very often a noun phrase in the subject position and is used in the noun phrase to enhance definiteness.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.31
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.108
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.108
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.108
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.108	The subject occurs before the verb when it is in special focus.
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.108
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	yes	The subject need not be explicit other than to be indicated by the person and number marking on the verb.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.108	Transitive clauses consist of an obligatory transitive verb but do not necessarily require an explicit direct object or subject.
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.108
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.108
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.108
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	no		Jones & Jones 1991,p.107-111
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.111	Numerous possessive markings.
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	yes		Jones & Jones 1991,p.108-109
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	yes	Either the recipient or the patient object may occur depending on which is more in focus.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.109
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.67	Causative forms of transitive verbs have two objects, both marked with -re
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.109
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	no		Jones & Jones 1991,p.107-111
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	no	The second syllable may indicate whether or not a transitive verb is directed toward the agent (reflexive) or elsewhere.	Jones & Jones 1991,p.46
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	no		Jones & Jones 1991,p.107-111
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.94
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	yes	The suffix -ya/-sa 'stative', may also indicate intransitivity.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.45
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	yes	-re marks the benefactee/malfactee of a verb to which -bosa (benefactive) has been suffixed.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.68
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.68
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.101
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	yes	Barasano forms morphological causatives by affixing -o to the verb root.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.101
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.101	Barasano also has lexical causative verbs derived historically from morphological causatives.
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	yes		Jones & Jones 1991,p.102	The verb eka, with a causative suffix, may be preceded by various other verb roots to signify 'to cause to receive'.
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	no		Jones & Jones 1991,p.101-103
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	no		Jones & Jones 1991,p.101-103
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	no
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.85
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	yes	There are three basic past tenses for realis events: immediate & far past, and inferred.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.85
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	yes	Third person imperatives are divided into near-future and distant-future tenses.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.78-82	Proximate and nonproximate markers are only found in first- and third-person imperatives.
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.73-92
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.82,92
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.82-92	Affixation in Barasano consists of suffixes only.
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.82-92
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.82-92
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	yes	The second nominalizer used in anticipatory aspect indicates direction of the motion.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.97-98
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	yes	The present nonproximate indicates that the speaker views participant(s) of the event to which he is referring as visible yet removed from himself.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.83-84	The suffix -ha is also a present nonproximate.
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	yes	when the speaker hears what he is referring to, but does not see it, -ro 'heard' is used in place of any other present indicator.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.85	To indicate that the information given was heard in tenses other than present, the verb root ruyu 'to be manifested' is used.
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	yes	The inferred past tense is used to mark a past event which the speaker infers on the basis of current evidence. Direct evidence	Jones & Jones 1991, p.87
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	yes	This tense is indicated by -yu 'inferred' preceding the gender-number markers. Evidence based on what another has told them, indirect/reportative.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.87
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.28	Direct quotes are the complements of ya/yi 'to do, say think'
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.83-88
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		yes	The simplest form of the realis tenses is a verb stem with a tense-evidential marker followed by a suffix for gender and number.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.83
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.83
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.83
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.83
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	no	There are first-, second-, and third-person imperatives in which various features of distance in time and space are distinguished.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.75
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.75-82	epps - an event that has beginning and end point. Not ongoing so "go get water" is not as a command but something that already is completed
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	no	Negation of imperatives is for the most part regular.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.126
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	yes	The present plural imperative construction may employ verbs of boh motion and nonmotion to express hortatory commands by the use of -to (second person imperative.)	Jones & Jones 1991, p.79-80
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.92-100
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.92-100
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.92-100
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	yes	Anticipatory aspect is used to explain an event by means of the action or state anticipated as the resultant event.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.97-98
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.97-98
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.97-98
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	yes	The aspect of fulfillment expressed by -koã includes both completive aspect as well as the idea of fulfillment of an expectation. Contraexpectation is expressed by -boa.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.92-94,104	The fulfillment may be the expectation or the opposite of the expectation, depending on the context. The opposite is determined pragmatically and not marked. (or by contraexp.)
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.91	The tenses of conjecture with -boo (subjunctive) to express the subj. mood, i.e., that which would have occurred but did not for some reason.
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	yes	Habitual aspect is indicated by -rũgu (habitual) before the tense-evidential and subject-agreement inflection markers.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.98
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	yes	The tense evidentials of avoidance is marked by -ro.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.88
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.83,88
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.92-105
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.83-88
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.83
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no	Regarding word order, the subject is sentence initial when first introduced or in special focus and is sentence final elsewhere.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.65
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.108	The subject occurs before the verb only when it is in special focus or in a fozen constuction.
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		yes	The subject need not be explicit other than to be indicated by the person and number marking on the main verb.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.108
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	no	Trans. Clauses do not necessarily require an explicit direct object or subject.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.108	when the direct object is explicit, it precedes the verb.
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.108
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.63
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes	Postpositions occur following noun phrases. They head the noun phrase and bear the phrase's case markers.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.63
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.61
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.61
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	yes	The descriptive modifier generally precedes the head noun in the noun phrase.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.4
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.63	Barasano is a verb-adjective language, which is to say that there is a single set of roots which may take either regular verbal inflection and serve as predicates, or may take nominalizers/participials/classifiers and serve as modifiers in noun phrases.
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.32
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.32
Word Order	Num-Noun		yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.59	When they occur with the head noun, they may precede or follow it. (Numerals normally occur with suffixes which generally refer to an implicit head.)
Word Order	Noun-Num		yes		Jones & Jones 1991, p.59	When they follow it, we contend that the head noun is topicalized or in some type of special focus.
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.149	There seem to be no relative clauses in Barasano just as there are no relative pronouns.
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	no	There seem to be no relative clauses in Barasano just as there are no relative pronouns.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.149
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.149
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no		Jones & Jones 1991, p.149
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes	Question-word questions begin with an interrogative pronoun.	Jones & Jones 1991, p.120

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						Linguistic exogamy

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