| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 140 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
No indication that there is a separate strategy for negating an NP. |
Allin, 1976: 109, 150, 223 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 44 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 241 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 523, Shauer 1978: 39 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
The regular negative verb can have the meaning 'no haber,' as well as 'no ser' or 'no estar.' |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 804 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
The prefix ma- (see predicate negation marker ma-…-kade) can be used to express lack of body part/kinship relation (seemingly only with inalienable nouns). |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 400, 410 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 530-533 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no info |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no info |
|
Zamponi 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:179-81 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no info |
|
Danielsen 2007 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
Negative existential, can also be used with a clausal complement to indicate negation of the complement in a specific location. |
Michael, 2008. p. 382-383 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:54 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
no discussion on negation |
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no info |
|
Seifart - 2005 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
*Word for zero is a sentence level negation marker |
Hall 1988: 303 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no info |
|
Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Thomas Payne 1989:36 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 237 to 240 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
It seems that the same negative suffix may negate a NP |
Williams 1993:90-93 |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no info |
|
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
|
|
There is a verb which means "it does not exist" |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
There is a change in the order of the negator to negate an NP. Not sure if this different semantics counts as "distintict negative form" |
Mortensen 1999:98-102 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
There is a negative particle for "there is not" {dae} |
Peeke 1991:19, 38 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
|
Zúñiga 2006, 87-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
There is a distinct negative marker for NPs |
Giron 2008: p293 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.16, 72-75 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
use of the verb form ba-doh 'be.inexistent' |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 7 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 90-96 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 265 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.60 |
|
scarce info. |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.61-62 |
|
Koreguaje has some verbs that are inherently negative. |
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.127 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.145 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no info |
|
Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
West and Welch 2004: 14 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
evidenced by examples |
|
| Ninam |
no |
uses same form |
Goodwin-Gomez, p.102 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 81-82 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no info |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
tɨma emete 'NEG exist' |
Vallejos 2010:446 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Jingulu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
168 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
135 |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H Dictionary 61 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
381 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
222 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Martuthunira |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
343 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
124 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
419 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
151 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
334-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
92 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
93 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
146 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
45-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
81 |
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
103 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
175 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
287 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Githabul |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
343 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
Maybe |
|
70 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
84 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
348 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 242 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
102 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No info |
|
83 |
|
|
x |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
57 |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No info |
|
132 |
|
|
x |
| Warungu |
no |
|
324 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
ɲáme néenika |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
