Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Cahuilla

Family: Uto-Aztecan
Region: North America
ISO 639-3: chl
Location: 33.53°, -116.69°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

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Basic Vocabulary (185)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Etymology Code	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	chem	inheritance	S 1977
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	chem	inheritance	S 1977
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	ne'	inheritance	S 1977
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	et	inheritance	S&H 1979
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	7e (final 7 too but ods doesn't like)	inheritance	S 1977
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	pemem	inheritance	S 1977
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	pe'	inheritance	S&H 1979
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	7awsun	unknown	S&H 1979
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar		missing
all	todo	todos	other	umun	inheritance	S&H 1979
and	y	e	grammar	man	inheritance	S&H 1979
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	-'i kaw'a	loan direction unknown	S&H 1979
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	-kwal- (? from vb)	inheritance	S&H 1979
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	nisxish	inheritance	S&H 1979
at	en, a	em, a	location	-va-, -pa	inheritance
back	espalda	costas	body	hulul	inheritance	S&H 1979
bad	mal	mal	quality	ele/le-ma	loan direction unknown	S&H 1979
belly	barriga	barriga	body	te'i-ly	loan	S&H 1979
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	pe/-tuk (under)	inheritance	S&H 1979
big	grande	grande	quality	7amna-	inheritance	S&H 1979
bite	morder	morder	body	-ke'-	inheritance	S&H 1979
black	negro	preto	colour	tul-nek	inheritance	S&H 1979
blood	sangre	sangue	body	ew-ily	inheritance	S&H 1979
blow	soplar	soprar	body	pu'an-, -puwan-	inheritance	S&H 1979
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body		missing
bone	hueso	osso	body	te'i-ly (? = 'belly, stomach')	loan	S&H 1979
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	pi-ly	inheritance	S&H 1979
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	-hikus-	inheritance	S&H 1979
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	-chut- (tr.)	unknown	S&H 1979
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	-mish	inheritance	S&H 1979
child	niño, niña	criança	human	ki'at	loan direction unknown	S&H 1979
climb	subir	subir	motion	-chawa-	inheritance	S&H 1979
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	wewni-sh (clouds)	inheritance	S&H 1979
cold	frío	frio	quality	yuyma	inheritance	S&H 1979
come	venir	vir	motion	-nek-en-	inheritance	S&H 1979
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	-kul-	inheritance	S&H 1979
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	chepe/v	loan direction unknown	S&H 1979
count	contar	contar	mental	-tewan-	unknown	S&H 1979
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	-ngang-	inheritance	S&H 1979
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	-wek-	inheritance	S&H 1979
day	día	dia	time	tamit	inheritance	S&H 1979
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	-muk-	inheritance	S&H 1979
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	-walin-	inheritance	S&H 1979
dingo/wolf			fauna	isi-ly (coyote)	inheritance	S&H 1979
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	selya/xama	loan	S&H 1979
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	-tet'ayaw-	inheritance	S&H 1979
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	-pa-	inheritance	S&H 1979
dry	seco	seco	quality	-wax- (vb)	inheritance	S&H 1979
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality		missing
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	muli-sh	unknown	S&H 1979
ear	oreja	orelha	body	naq-al	inheritance	S&H 1979
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	tema-l	loan	S&H 1979
eat	comer	comer	body	-kwa'-	inheritance	S&H 1979
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	weevu'	loan	S&H 1979
eye	ojo	olho	body	puch-ily	inheritance	S&H 1979
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	-kwa'a	unique	S&H 1979
fall	caer	cair	motion	-chavi-	unknown	S&H 1979
far	lejos	longe	quality	pepiy	loan direction unknown	S&H 1979
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	wi-ly	inheritance	S&H 1979
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	-na	inheritance	S&H 1979
fear	miedo	medo	mental	-yuki-	inheritance	S&H 1979
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	wikily	inheritance	S&H 1979
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	ku-t	inheritance	S&H 1979
fish	xx	xx	fauna	kiyul	inheritance	S&H 1979
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	-wane-	inheritance	S&H 1979
flower	flor	flor	environment	se'-ish	inheritance	S&H 1979
fly	volar	voar	motion	-hing-	inheritance	S&H 1979
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	haway-sh	inheritance	S&H 1979
foot	pie	pé	body	-'i-	inheritance	S&H 1979
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	tu'-ish	inheritance	S&H 1979
good	bueno	bom	quality	acha-'e	inheritance	S&H 1979
grow	crecer	crescer	state	-wel-	inheritance	S&H 1979
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	yuluka-l (head)	inheritance	S&H 1979
hand	mano	mão	body	ma-l	inheritance	S&H 1979
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	yuluka-l	inheritance	S&H 1979
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	-naqma-	inheritance	S&H 1979
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	pele-ma	inheritance	S&H 1979
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	-neng-	inheritance	S&H 1979
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	-pux (see also -vuk-)	inheritance	S&H 1979
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	-yaw-	inheritance	S&H 1979
how?	como	como	grammar	mexanuk	inheritance	S&H 1979
if	si	se	grammar	hawa	unknown	S&H 1979
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	pe-tuk	inheritance	S&H 1979
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	sa'i-ly	inheritance	S&H 1979
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	-saqa-	loan direction unknown	S&H 1979
kill	matar	matar	impact	-mek-an-	inheritance	S&H 1979
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	-'e'nan-	inheritance	S&H 1979
lake	lago	lago	environment	pal muye-qal-et	unique	S&H 1979
laugh	reír	rir	mental	-sem-	inheritance	S&H 1979
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	pala-t	loan	S&H 1979
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	ishva	inheritance	S&H 1979
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	-'i	inheritance	S&H 1979
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	-max-	unknown	S&H 1979
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	tawva-l te7ayaw7a “thunder power”	unique	S&H 1979
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	kwapiqalet “living”	unknown	S&H 1979
liver	hígado	figado	body	-nem'a	inheritance	S&H 1979
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	wavu-ma	inheritance	S&H 1979
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	sa'wal (head)	inheritance	S&H 1979
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	yavayva	unique	S&H 1979
man/male	hombre	homem	human	naxanish	loan	S&H 1979
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	wa'ish	inheritance	S&H 1979
moon	luna	lua	environment	menily	inheritance	S&H 1979
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	-ye	inheritance	S&H 1979
mouth	boca	boca	body	tama-l	inheritance	S&H 1979
name	nombre	nome	human	tew-al	inheritance	S&H 1979
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body		missing
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	sunchi	unknown	S&H 1979
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	-qily7i	inheritance	S&H 1979
new	nuevo	novo	quality	pangish (in “new moon”	inheritance	S&H 1979
night	noche	noite	time	tukmiyat	inheritance	S&H 1979
no/not	no	não	grammar	ki'i (no), kilye (not)	unique	S&H 1979
nose	nariz	nariz	body	-mu-l	inheritance	S&H 1979
old	viejo	velho	quality		missing	S&H 1979
one	uno	um	number	suplye	inheritance	S&H 1979
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	-hakush	unknown	S&H 1979
other	otro	outro	grammar	supul	inheritance	S&H 1979
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	-qelya- (feel sore)	inheritance	S&H 1979
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	taxliswet	inheritance	S&H 1979
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	-tula-	inheritance	S&H 1979
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	wewni-sh (rain, clouds)	inheritance	S&H 1979
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	selnek-ish	inheritance	S&H 1979
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	acha-ma	inheritance	S&H 1979
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	pit	inheritance	S&H 1979
root	raíz	raiz	flora	-wala- (vb)	inheritance	S&H 1979
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	pis'ish (that which is rotten)	inheritance	S&H 1979
sand	arena	areia	environment	ngachi-sh	unique	S&H 1979
say	decir	dizer	mental	-yax- H150	inheritance	S&H 1979
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	-saluk-H149	inheritance	S&H 1979
see	ver	ver	mental	-teew-	inheritance	S&H 1979
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	tama-wet (that which is sharp)	inheritance	S&H 1979
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	-mux-	inheritance	S&H 1979
short	corto	curto	quality	-tuqi-	unknown	S&H 1979
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	-sek'a	inheritance	S&H 1979
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	-sun-ha/man- (vb)	inheritance	S&H 1979
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	-chi'a-	unknown	S&H 1979
skin	piel	pele	body	sava-l	unique	S&H 1979
sky	cielo	céu	environment	tukvash	inheritance	S&H 1979
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	-kup-	inheritance	S&H 1979
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	inish-ily	inheritance	S&H 1979
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	mi'-at	inheritance	S&H 1979
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	-huvi-	inheritance	S&H 1979
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	-chu'an-	inheritance	S&H 1979
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	-chapi-	unknown	S&H 1979
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	kwiche7an- “to wring”	inheritance	S&H 1979
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	-qachin-	unique	S&H 1979
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	-wewen-	inheritance	S&H 1979
star	estrella	estrela	environment	su'we-t	inheritance	S&H 1979
steal	robar	roubar	other	-'eyetu-	inheritance	S&H 1979
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	kelaw-at	inheritance	S&H 1979
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	qawish	inheritance	S&H 1979
suck	chupar	chupar	body	-chung-	inheritance	S&H 1979
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	e'wa'al	inheritance	S&H 1979
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	-patish-L210I	inheritance	S&H 1979
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	panga waye-	inheritance	S&H 1979
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	-kwas	inheritance	S&H 1979
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	pe'	inheritance	S 1977
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	chiki-ma	unique	S&H 1979
thin	delgado	fino	quality	yawi-sh (skinny one)	inheritance	S&H 1979
think	pensar	pensar	mental	-sichu/min-	unknown	S&H 1979
this	este/esta	este	grammar	7i7	inheritance	S&H 1979
three	tres	tres	number	pah	inheritance	S&H 1979
throat	garganta	garganta	body	kuspi-ly (outside)	inheritance	S&H 1979
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	7am-in “throw away”	inheritance	S&H 1979
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	tawva-l	inheritance	S&H 1979
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	-kawi-n-	unknown	S&H 1979
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	-nang-ily	inheritance	S&H 1979
tooth	diente	dente	body	tama-l	inheritance	S&H 1979
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	-meye-	inheritance	S&H 1979
two	dos	dois	number	wih	inheritance	S&H 1979
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	-pipivis-	inheritance	S&H 1979
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	-nem-	inheritance	S&H 1979
water	agua	agua	environment	pa-l	inheritance	S&H 1979
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	pal-(n)ek	unique	S&H 1979
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	hiche'a	inheritance	S&H 1979
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	mipa	unknown	S&H 1979
where?	donde	onde	grammar	miva'	inheritance	S&H 1979
white	blanco	branco	colour	tevish-nek	inheritance	S&H 1979
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	hax'i	inheritance	S&H 1979
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	kinang-ily	unique	S&H 1979
wind	viento	vento	environment	ya'i	unique	S&H 1979
wing	ala	asa	body	waka-t	unique	S&H 1979
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	nyichily	inheritance	S&H 1979
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	-tuvxa/- (Sp.)	loan	S&H 1979
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	-kakape-	inheritance	S&H 1979
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	tesnek-ish	unknown	S&H 1979


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heavy
hide
hit
hold
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 185 of 185 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (127)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	ʔánet	ˈʔanet	ant, big ant	inheritance	*ʔalɨn-	Uto-Aztecan		S44 (Stubbs 2009:44)			narrower (Seiler and Hioki 1979:16 say is “big ant”, while kuvishnily, the black ant, is generic for “small ant”. This word also means “red ant”.	other complex	7ane-t	-7aʃ "pet"	probably possessive classifier -7ash		Seiler&Hioki 1979:16	no info	0	Ant ceremony, in Cupeno and Luiseno, is not recorded even for Mountain Cahuilla	0	ants and larvae eaten	no info		gathered (wild)	All	anthill swarms with larvae pushed into pits with hot rocks and roasted, also boiled	0		0		All Americas	Diverse habitats	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna		anet			inheritance													S&H 1979
antelope			flora-fauna	Antilocapra americana	ténilʸ	ˈteniʎ	antelope	inheritance	*tɨn(nV)-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S52 (Stubbs 2009:45), the *tɨm(V)nV- possibility is worth considering. May be a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan.			same	other complex	teni-ly	-7aʃ "pet"	animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5)	suqtam “game” (literally, deer-plural)	Seiler & Hioki 1979:2009	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	Men	boiled, roasted	0		0		Western North America	open areas	no
badger			flora-fauna	Taxidea taxus	húnal	ˈhunal	badger	inheritance	*hula-	Uto-Aztecan		S105 (Stubbs 2009:53)			same	other complex	huna-l	-7aʃ "pet"	animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5)		Seiler & Hioki 1979:60	Badger is a Wildcat Moiety Animal (Strong 1929:109)	2		1	considered especially palatable, but dangerous to hunt (Bean 1972:63)	no info		hunted	Men	boiled, roasted	0		0		North America	chaparral, woodlands	yes
bald eagle			flora-fauna	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	pah-moos	ˈpamuɁiʃ	Bald eagle	inheritance	*pamu7-	Cupan		Luiseño pam7ush “bald eagle”, Cupeño pa7mush “bird sp., a water bird”; not in Stubbs			same	derived	May have the pa- prefix. Merriam gives pahmoos for Palm Springs dialect, but pah'-mo-is for all others (Cahuilla does not have /o/)	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal (?)	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up, p. 163	Bald Eagle is a Wildcat Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109)	1	Eagles ceremonially raised and killed at Eagle Dance (see Strong 1929:83-4); feathers used in dance skirts, headdressed	2	Bean 1972:60 says eagles not eaten. Killed eagles were buried ceremonially after feathers were collected.	1	feathers used for shaman's wands, fans	hunted	Men	eaglets captured and kept alive, raised to maturity for the dance. Feathers used for eagle-feather ceremonial skirts.	0		1	feathered skirts were traded	North America	Prefers habitat with large areas of water; this is a fishing bird	no
band-tail pigeon			flora-fauna	Patagioenas fasciata	máxiwet	ˈmaxiwet	Band-tail pigeon, Patagioenas fasciata	inheritance	*makahVwi	Uto-Aztecan		S676 (Stubbs 2009:126). The augmentative -wɨ suffix is not part of the protoform.			same	derived	Probably ˈmaxi-wet “dove-augmentative” (although S&H give a word tax-max-i-wet “one who gives things away”)	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up p. 165	no info	0		1		no info		hunted	All	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0		All Americas	Oak and pine forests, feeds on acorns	no
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp	pálil	ˈpalil	bat (the animal)	inheritance	pati7a/paCti7a “bat”; *pata “fly”	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2009:56-57 derives from pati7a/paCti7a “bat” (S124). But Numic and Cora all have pa[c/ch]a, which should reflect paCtsV. -Cts- regularly yields Cahuilla /s/, not /l/. A problematic set. Note pata “fly” S902, p. 153.			same	other complex	pali (simplex root)-l (non-possessed noun suffix)	-7aʃ “pet”	takes possessive classifier -7aʃ (Seiler 1977:305		Seiler&Hioki 1979:140	no info	0	Bats are often associated with mediation with underworld, but I find no information for Cahuilla. Bat was defeated by Coyote in a gambling game (Seiler 1970:58)	1		no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Ubiquitous, since species is not known	all habitats	no
beaver			flora-fauna	Castor	missing			missing								missing							2		1		0					0		0				no
beetle			flora-fauna	Coleoptera spp	sískiŋilʸ	ˈsiskiŋiʎ	stinkbug	inheritance	*sisiko(ŋi)	Californian		S312 (Stubbs 2009:83); surely Tubatulabal shikkol “lizard sp.” is also in this set			same (for “stinkbug”); Luiseño cognate /sisqila/ is generic for “beetle” (Elliott 1999:1225)	other complex	ˈsiskiŋi-ʎ; long root may be derived; I've always wondered about si-si “repeatedly urinate” (this beetle sprays from tail); Luiseño is /sisqila/	-7aʃ "pet"	possibly possessive classifier -7ash		Seiler&Hioki 1979:186	no info	2		0		no info		no info	no info	no info	0		0		Global	Diverse habitats	no
big round tule			flora-fauna	Schoenoplectus acutus	páʔul	ˈpaʔul	tule	unique							same	other complex	pa7u-l	-m-exan-7a "inanimate"	-m-exan-7a		Seiler&Hioki 1979:146	no info	2	images at Burning, sacred bundle made of tule	1	“people used to eat the root, tasted like celery”, seeds, pollen also eaten	0		gathered (wild)	women	roots ground into a sweet flour, seeds eaten raw or cooked in mush, pollen used for cakes	0		0		California and southern US into Mexico	wet areas throughout territory	no
big skunk			flora-fauna	Mephitis mephitis	tékʷel	ˈtekʷel	skunk	inheritance	* -tɨkʷɨ	Cupan		S1984 (Stubbs 2009:275); Luiseño paalukut “big skunk” and tukyaspal “spotted skunk” should be included here. This may be a Yuman loan: Proto-Yuman xwiw (kłʸikʷ) “skunk” with te- “earth”			unclear	other complex	tekwe-l	-7aʃ "pet"	animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5)		Seiler & Hioki 1979:207	no info	2		2	not a preferred game animal	no info		hunted	Men	boiled, roasted (cleaned VERY carefully, I imagine)	0		0		North America	Diverse habitats	no
big wolf (gray wolf)			flora-fauna	Canis lupus	ʔíswet	ˈʔiswet	wolf	inheritance	*ʔisa-wɨ-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S552 (Stubbs 2009:112); this particular derivation for “Wolf” restricted to Takic			same	derived	7is-wet coyote-augmentative	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ		Seiler&Hioki 1979:66	Wolf is a Coyote Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109)	1	shamanic animal	2	meat restricted to very old people, powerful shamans (Bean 1972:63)	no info		hunted	Men	for skin, but very rarely hunted	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	yes
bighorn sheep			flora-fauna	Ovis canadensis	páʔat	ˈpaʔat	mountain sheep	inheritance	*paʔaC-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S204 (Stubbs 2009:67); may be a Proto-Kiowa-tanoan loan into Proto NUA			same	other complex	pa7a-t	-7aʃ "pet"	animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5)	suqtam “game” (literally, deer-plural)	Seiler & Hioki 1979:145	no info	2		1	hunting rules uncertain, but these are very hard to hunt	no info		hunted	Men	boiled, roasted	0		0	I'll bet horn sets were traded	Western North America	Steep slopes	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		wíkikmal	ˈwikikmal	bird	inheritance	*wiCtiki	Uto-Aztecan		S205, with consonant assimilation *tVk > kVk. (Stubbs 2009:67)			same	derived	wikik (root) -mal (diminutive; always shows non-possessed -l)	-7aʃ “pet”	takes possessive classifier -7aʃ (Seiler 1977:305		Seiler&Hioki 1979:241	no info	0	see individual birds	0		no info		hunted	All	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0	feathers and featherwork were trade items	Ubiquitous, since species is not known	all habitats	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		wikikmal			inheritance													S&H 1979
black ant			flora-fauna	Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger	kúvišnilʸ	ˈkuviʃniʎ	small ant	inheritance	*kusin(pa)	Cupan		Also in Cupeño. S48 (Stubbs 2009:44) suggests O'odham 7uhimal “large velvet-covered ant”, which seems unlikely. Cahuilla has a metathesis			broader (while this is the word for a small black ant, it is also the generic for “small ant”	derived	In Cupeño, word is ku$ín-ve-l “take.away-er”; Cahuilla ˈkuviʃni-ʎ must have similar derivation in the long root. Has there been metathesis? Which way?	-7aʃ "pet"	possibly possessive classifier -7ash		Seiler&Hioki 1979:87	no info	2		0	ants and larvae eaten	no info		gathered (wild)	All	anthill swarms with larvae pushed into pits with hot rocks and roasted, also boiled	0		0		All Americas	Diverse habitats	no
black bear			flora-fauna	Ursus americanus	húnwet	ˈhunwet	bear	inheritance	*huna-wɨ-ta	Californian		S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California.			broader (includes any bear)	derived	hun-wet “badger-augmentative” (presumably a euphemism)	-7aʃ "pet"	possesive classifier -7aʃ "pet"		Seiler & Hioki 1979:60	no info	1	shamanism	2	only old people, shamans could eat (Bean 1972:63)	no info		hunted	Men	for skins,teeth, claws, for shamanic use, but very rarely hunted	0		0		Cahuillas consistently report that black bears didn't occur in their area	chaparral, woodlands	yes
black-tail Jackrabbit			flora-fauna	Lepus californicus	súʔiš	ˈsuʔiʃ	jack rabbit, rabbit (gener.)	inheritance	*suuʔit	Uto-Aztecan		S1713 (Stubbs 2009:243); I give Manaster-Ramer's reconstruction			broader (generic for “rabbit” according to Seiler & Hioki)	other complex	súʔi-š	-7aʃ "pet"	animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5)		Seiler & Hioki 1979:195	no info	2		1	unmarried boys could not eat their own small game; they gave it to another family (often the mother's family) (Strong 1929:78)	no info		hunted	Men	boiled, roasted	0		0		North America	Flat open areas	no
blackberry			flora-fauna	Rubus ursinus	píklʸam	ˈpikʎam	strawberry, any kind of berries	inheritance	*pikwa-	Takic		S182 (Stubbs 2009:64); I don't like Stubbs' Chemehuevi form pipikura, probably a loan			broader (this is a generic for “berry”)	other complex	Bean & Saubel 1972:134 give pikw-lya-m, which I heard Saubel say too. -m is plural suffix.	-7ay-'a "picking-possessed.noun"	-7ay-'a "picking-possessed.noun" (probably; this is classifier for fresh fruits plucked from plant)		Seiler&Hioki 1979:152	no info	2		1	usually eaten fresh, but dried berries also used	1	roots boiled into tea for mild diarrhea	gathered (wild)	women	dried berries boiled in a small quantity of water (to rehydrate?) Occasionally half-ripe berries soaked in water to make beverage	0		0		Western North America	Upper Sonoran and transitional life-zones	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	ʔáʔawet	ˈʔaʔawet	fly	unique							narrower (does not include “horsefly”, pi7pish)	derived	ˈʔaʔa-wet root - augmentative	no info			Seiler & Hioki 1979:21	no info	0	one of Temayewet's creatures (Seiler 1970:44)	0		no info		no info	no info	no info	0		0		All Americas	All habitats	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna		a'awet			unique													S&H 1979
blue grouse			flora-fauna	Dendrogapus?	missing in all sources			missing								missing							0		1		0					0		0		Map at http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Sooty_Grouse/id suggests this species does not come as far south as Cahuilla. I don't know why it's in Merriam's list for California, mainly a Rocky Mountain bird	scrublands, woodlands (Habitats from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted)	no
bobcat, lynx			flora-fauna	Lynx rufus	túkut	ˈtukut	wild cat	inheritance	*tuCkuC-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1306 (Stubbs 2009:200). This is a California Wanderwort; Great Basin forms giving NUA are surely loans. But loan may be early because Hopi has regular vocalism.	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	tuku-t	-'kiʎiw “partner”	Possessive classifier -'kiʎiw “partner” (because is moiety animal) (Seiler 1977:306)		Seiler & Hioki 1979:219	totem of Wildcat Moiety	1	lineage-associated ritual, enemy songs	2	Only very old people would eat this animal (Strong 1929:77)	no info		hunted	Men	skins	0		0		North America	Diverse habitats	no
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	Lepidoptera	málmal	ˈmalmal	butterfly	inheritance	*mal-	Cupan		Note Cupeño malval “butterfly”			unclear; Merriam has several words for butterfly, does not get this one for Desert Cahuilla, does not list as generic	other complex	malma-l (may have reduplication but this is not clear)	-7aʃ "pet"	possibly possessive classifier -7ash		Seiler&Hioki 1979:100	no info	2		0	caterpillars of many species eaten	no info		no info	no info	no info	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
California condor			flora-fauna	Gymnogyps californianus	yúŋaviwet	ˈjuŋaviwet	eagle with white circular stripes on the wings	inheritance	*juŋa:pi-	Takic		S336 (Stubbs 2009:87). This is probably juŋ -a-pi where a is the ablaut vowel induced by -pi. But I don't know what juŋ- means! Elliott 1999 has junga “archaic word for “to dance”)			same	derived	ˈjuŋavi-wet “vulture-augmentative”	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal (?)	Seiler&Hioki 1979:256	Condor is a Coyote Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109)	1	Merriam says “this and eagle buried with people” at 60-163	2	If they were buried, seems unlikely they were eaten. Bean 1972:60 says ceremonially important birds were not eaten.	no info		hunted	Men	no info	0		1		U. S. Southwest	Rocky scrubland, woodland (they like cliffs)	no
California jay			flora-fauna	Aphelocoma californica?	čáʔiš	ˈʧaʔiʃ	bluejay without a crest	loan into protolanguage	*cha7i-	Northern Uto-Aztecan	unknown	S209, Central Numic, Chemehuevi, Tubatulabal, Takic, always “blue jay” (Stubbs 2009:68). Note similar words in Yokutsan, Chumash ch'ay'	WW	%chaj	same	other complex	ʹʧaɂi (simplex root)-ʃ (non-possessed noun)	-7aʃ “pet”	takes possessive classifier -7aʃ (Seiler 1977:305	wikikmal	Seiler&Hioki 1979:75	no info	2		1	Jays cache food; owners of trees collected tree caches for human use	no info		hunted	All	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0	I have not seen jay feathers mentioned as trade items	throughout western North America (distributions from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted)	scrublands, woodlands (Habitats from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted)	no
California woodpecker			flora-fauna	Melanerpes formicivorus?	kúpanilʸ	ˈkupaniʎ	woodpecker	unique				May be related to Cupeño tukupuwet “woodpecker” (tu-kupa-we-t “acorns-woodpecker-augmentative-npn”??? (tu from tu'ish “crop”??)	WW	%palaka ~ %pana(k)	same	other complex	ˈkupani-ʎ no obvious etymology for root	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal	Seiler&Hioki 1979:85	A bird of the Coyote moiety (Strong 1929:71)	2	Woodpecker feathers often important in ritual, no info for Cahuilla. Woodpecker could never learn to dance at creation time, which is why he jumps up and down (Seiler 1970:44). Woodpecker still says “Piam!” “bewitch him” (Op.cit. p.48)	1	This bird caches acorns one by one, but no mention of Indians taking advantage of these	no info		hunted	All	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		1		Southern Oregon, California, south to Colombia	Oak woodlands	no
chia			flora-fauna	Salvia columbariae	pásal	ˈpasal	columbariae, ground wheat, chia	inheritance	*pasa/i	Californian		S1599 (Stubbs 2009:233). Only Numic is Tumpisa Shoshone, almost certainly a loan from Tubatulabal. This shows up in Chumash, itepesh(Ventureno), Salinan, may be an old Californianism.	WW	%pasv	same	other complex	pasa-l	-kíɂiw-ɂa “my waiting, my claim”	possessive classifier -kíɂiw-ɂa “my waiting, my claim” (Seiler 1977:301)		Seiler&Hioki 1979:141	no info	1		1	most important seed source	1	chia mush used as poultice for infections	Gathered (wild but closely managed)	women	seeds hulled, parched, ground into flour, mixed with other wild seeds in mush	0		0		California and Southwest	Below 6000 feet in dry open areas, extensive stands in chaparral	no
chipmunk			flora-fauna	Tamias spp.	wis'-koo 72-11, 60-161	ˈwiskun (note Luiseño wiskun “chipmunk”, Elliott 1999:1283), and Merriam has final /n/ in other dialects	Tamias spp., chipmunk	inheritance	*wiskun	Takic		In several languages and non-correspondent; loan into Proto-Takic??			unclear	underived	note absence of NPN suffix; presumably a loan	-7aʃ "pet"	animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5)		http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 161	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	Men	boiled, roasted	0		0		North America	woodlands	no
cliff swallow			flora-fauna	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	yūn-ning-mo'-nil	no Luiseno form to help	Cliff swallow	unique							same	derived	Word is too long to have simplex root, has final -l	-7aʃ “pet”	takes possessive classifier -7aʃ (Seiler 1977:305	wikikmal	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 167	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	All	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0		Breed in North America	Cliffs (and now in/on buildings)	no
coot			flora-fauna	Fulica americana	tan'-no-mal	no Luiseno form to help	Coot, Fulica	unique							same	derived	ends in -mal “diminutive”; Merriam recorded tanu-wet in other dialects. Meaning of root unknown tanu? tanew?	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	sásaymalʸem?	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 171	no info	2	Bird songs are all about water birds, but I don't know if this bird is mentioned	1	Water birds are an important food source.	no info		hunted	Men	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0		West coastal and southern North America to Central America	Wetlands, open water	no
cottontail rabbit			flora-fauna	Sylvilagus audobonii	távut	ˈtavut	cottontail	inheritance	*tapuC	Uto-Aztecan		S1707 (Stubbs 2009:242)			same	other complex	tavu-t	-7aʃ "pet"	animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5)		Seiler & Hioki 1979:200	no info	2		1	unmarried boys could not eat their own small game; they gave it to another family (often the mother's family) (Strong 1929:78)	no info		hunted	Men	boiled, roasted	0		0		North America	Diverse habitats	no
cottonwood			flora-fauna	Populus spp.	lávalvanet	ˈlavalvanet	cottonwood tree	loan			Yokuts	Note Bankalachi lap-pah 72-79, 60-467; Yowlumne lah'-pah (Merriam 58:565)	WW	%pat ~ %lapat	same	other complex	lavalvane-t (root must be derived somehow)	-m-exan-7a "inanimate"	-m-exan-7a (inanimate classifier)		Seiler&Hioki 1979:95	no info	2		0	Bean & Saubel 1972:106 note that edible mushrooms were found on dead cottonwood brances	1	leaves and bark boiled for poultices for muscle strain, headaches, cuts, saddle sores and swollen legs of horses.	gathered (wild)	women	Boil water, bark, and leaves and use for soaking injured limb or for poultice	0		0		Southern Canada south to northern Mexico	Moist places below 6,500 feet	no
coyote			flora-fauna	Canis latrans	ʔísilʸ	ˈʔisiʎ	coyote	inheritance	*ʔisa-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S552 (Stubbs 2009:112)			same	other complex	7is(i)-ʎ simplex root-non.possessed.noun suffix. Has irregular plural 7is-ta-m.	-'kiʎiw “partner”	Possessive classifier -'kiʎiw “partner” (because is moiety animal) (Seiler 1977:306)		Seiler&Hioki 1979:66	totem of Coyote Moiety	1	One of the original four animals, a great shaman, but created by Temayewet, not Mukat, so 7istam (Strong 1929:72). Skins used as ceremonial objects (Bean 1972:63) Coyote gave first Burning (Image festival) (Seiler 1970:58)	2	Only very old people would eat this animal (Strong 1929:77)	no info		hunted	Men	skins	0		0		North and Central America	Diverse habitats	no
crow			flora-fauna	Corvus brachyrhynchos	ʔálwet	ʹɂalwet	crow	loan into protolanguage	*ʔata-wɨ-ta	Northern Uto-Aztecan	Yokuts	S582 (Stubbs 2009:116); Loaned into Yokuts, or maybe from Yokuts?? Is it really NUA?	WW	%alwut	same	derived	ʹɂal-wet mock-augmentative (probably, if this is of Takic origin)	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal	Seiler&Hioki 1979:14	Crow is a Wildcat Moiety Animal (Strong 1929:109)	2		1		no info		hunted	All	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0		All Americas	Diverse habitats	no
datura			flora-fauna	Datura wrightii	kíkesewvaʔal	ˈkikesewvaʔal	Jimsonweed	unique							same	derived	ˈkikesew-vaʔa-l “to.get.drunk-agentive-non.possessed.noun”	unknown	This really should have a special classifier but none is reported		Seiler&Hioki 1979:78	no info	1	drunk for hallucinations; to boys at initiation ceremony, occasional in shamanism and for stamina in hunting, dancing, singing (including by women), and for keen senses in gambling (Bean and Saubel 1972:60-65)	1		1	paste of leaves as painkiller for bone injuries, insect bites; steam from leaf infusion as inhaler (contains atropine); shamans may use in diagnosis (Bean and Saubel 1972:61-2)	gathered (wild)	Men	for ceremonies, preparation is by /net/: roots are dried, ground in special ceremonial mortar, mixed with water, and drunk. For steaming, leaves are boiled in water. For paste, leaves are ground with other plant parts.	1	hallucinations	0		US Southwest, California, Mexico	“sandy, gravelly, open areas below 4000 feet throughout Southern California” (Bean & Saubel 1972:60)	yes
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		suk-at			inheritance													S&H 1979
deer, mule			flora-fauna	Odocoileus hemionus	súkat	ˈsukat	deer	inheritance	*suCkaC-	Uto-Aztecan		S621 (Stubbs 2009:121)	WW	%sok	narrower (refers only to mule deer; where found, white-tail has a different name)	other complex	suka-t (Seiler & Hioki segment as suk-at)	-7aʃ "pet"	animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5)	suqtam “game” (literally, deer-plural)	Seiler & Hioki 1979:188	no info	2	deer hooves used in ceremonial costumes	1	Deer taken to net's house and distributed. First kill of a young man was given to his mother's clan (Strong 1929:77)	no info		hunted	Men	roasted, stewed	0		0		Western North America	Diverse habitats	no
digger pine			flora-fauna	Pinus sabiniana	yúyivaš	ˈjujivaʃ	pines with long needles	unique				contains “snow” element			broader (any long-needled pine that isn't wexet, tall pine)	derived	ˈjuji-va-ʃ juj(i) “snow”; -va ? - nominalizer	-ki7iw7a "waiting, claim" ??	I don't think this gets -ki7iw7a, “Digger Pines” not noted by Seiler 1977 or Bean and Saubel in this connection		Seiler&Hioki 1979:257	no info	2		1		no info		no info	no info	no info	0		0		Southern California and Baja California	Pinus coulteri is generally above 4000 feet	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis familiaris	ʔáwal	ˈʔawal	dog	inheritance	*awa:-la	Takic		S670 (Stubbs 2009:125)			same	other complex	ˈʔawa-l	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ		Seiler&Hioki 1979:18	7a7walem, a lineage at Martinez (Seiler and Hioki 1979:18)	0	dogs have souls and understand human speech so can be messengers for shamans (Bean 1972:64)	0	only for famine times (Bean 1972:64)	no info		N/A	N/A	treated respectfully, fed	0		0		All Americas	with humans	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		awal			inheritance													S&H 1979
dogbane			flora-fauna	Apocynum cannabinum	missing			missing								missing					Bean & Saubel 1972:39	no info	2		1		2					0		0				no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	Zenaida macrocoura	máxayilʸ	ˈmaxajiʎ	dove	inheritance	*makahVwi	Uto-Aztecan		S676 (Stubbs 2009:126); presumably in this word Cahuilla lost -w- from the Protoform.			same	other complex	ˈmaxaji-ʎ; root looks possibly complex but no obvious source	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal	Seiler&Hioki 1979:103	no info	2	Lightfoot & Parrish 2009:360 say Kumeyaay, adjacent to Cahuilla, believed doves to be reincarnated souls. It seems likely Cahuilla shared this idea.	1		no info		hunted	All	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0		Southern Canada to Mexico	Prefers open areas, avoids dense forests	no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae	sásaymalʸem	ˈsasajmaʎem	wild ducks	inheritance	*saya(C)	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S217 (and 710) Stubbs 2009:69, very consistently for “coot, mud-hen” except in Cahuilla, Cupeño			narrower (apparently does not include domestic ducks, paatu7um)	derived	contains -mal “diminutive” and is reduplicated from saji-ʎ (see below). Seiler & Hioki's form is a plural but Merriam gives sah-si-mal, a singular.	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal ?	Seiler and Hioki 1979:177; Merriam confirms “all ducks” at http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n189/mode/2up p. 201	no info	0	bird songs are all about water birds and have to do with Cahuilla history	1	Water birds are an important food source.	no info		hunted	Men	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0		Americas	Wetlands, open water	no
elder			flora-fauna	Sambucus	húnkat	ˈhunkat	elderberry, elder	inheritance	*ku'u, kuhu	Californian		This really looks like Numic *kunuki; is there a loan going around here? Other Cupan have ku7ut, which in Ca is Typha sp.. See Gab huka:t, perhaps in S179			same	other complex	hunka-t (Bean & Saubel 1972:138 give hunqwa-t)	-m-exan-7a "inanimate"	-m-exan-7a (inanimate classifier) for plants, -7ay'a "picking" for berries		Seiler&Hioki 1979:60	no info	2		1	elderberry sauce from dried berries, berries eaten fresh	1	blossoms in tea for fever, upset stomach, colds, flu. Roots boiled for constipation. Can be poisonous.	Gathered (wild but closely managed)	All	berries dried on drying floor and preserved for sweet sauce; today used for jams and jellies	0		0		North America	Below 4500 feet in moist areas	no
elk			flora-fauna	Cervas elaphus	missing			missing								missing							2		1		0					0		0				no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		kíyul	ˈkijul	fish	inheritance	<*kïcuC> fish (Manaster Ramer 1992: 257)	Uto-Aztecan		S864 (Stubbs 2009;147)			same	other complex	ˈkiju-l simplex root -non.possessed.noun suffix	-7aʃ “pet”	possessed with possessive suffix -ki (perhaps as meat?), but also with possessie classifier -7ash (Seiler 1977:305)		Seiler&Hioki 1979:82	no info	0		1		0		hunted	All	boiled, roasted	0		0	Bean 1972:62 says fish were obtained in trade, and that some Cahuilla had Pacific coast fishing rights in Diegueño territory	All Americas	lakes, streams (and apparently near-shore ocean fish used by Cahuilla)	no
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	Siphonaptera	múkaš	ˈmukaʃ	flea	inheritance	*mu-ku'a:	Cupan		S892 (Stubbs 2009:152); looks like nose-fly			narrower (Seiler and Hioki 1979:113 say that their Mountain Cahuilla consultant says this word refers to fleas of animals, and ku7a to those of people). machily “tick” also given as “flea”.	other complex	muka-ʃ (etymologically, mu-ku7a: “nose-fly”)	no info			Seiler & Hioki 1979:113	no info	2		0		no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Global	Diverse habitats	no
flicker			flora-fauna	Colaptes sp.	táviš	ˈtaviʃ	big woodpecker	inheritance	*tapi-	Uto-Aztecan		S210, for large bird (Southern reflexes are for “hawk”) (Stubbs 2009:68)			same	other complex	ʹtavi (simplex root) -ʃ non-possessed noun”	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal	Seiler&Hioki 1979:200	no info	2	Flicker feathers used in dance costumes	1		no info		hunted	Men	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		1	flicker feathers, especially scalp feathers, definitely traded, sometimes as completed headbands, etc.	throughout the Americas	Diverse habitats	no
foothills yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca whipplei	pánuʔul	ˈpanuʔul	Yucca whipplei	inheritance	*panaa-	Cupan		S2547 (Stubbs 2009:340). Cahuilla form may be a compound from panaa plus u7u, of unknown meaning; note Cupeño 7uwet “Yucca head”			same	other complex	panu7u-l	-m-exan-7a "inanimate"	-m-exan-7a (for inanimates; literally "somehow - doing.thus- possessed.noun")		Seiler&Hioki 1979:141	no info	0		1	flower stalks, blossoms eaten through several stages of growth	no info		gathered (wild)	All	stalks roasted, ground, made into cakes, or boiled like squash. Blossoms boiled.	0		0		Southern California and Baja California	chaparral and oak woodlands, 300-2500 m.	no
fox			flora-fauna	Vulpes, Urocyon	qáwisiš	ˈqawisiʃ	fox	inheritance	*kawosi-	Uto-Aztecan		S556 (Stubbs 2009:113)	WW	%kaw	narrower (Merriam records this only for Urocyon, “Gray Fox”, contrasting with wilyily “Desert Fox”, Vulpes macrotis	other complex	ˈqawisi-ʃ (root looks long for simplex -- this may be loan into Takic)	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ		Seiler&Hioki 1979:168	Fox is a Wildcat Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109)	2	skins used for ceremonial objects (Bean 1972:63)	2		no info		hunted	Men	mainly for skins	0		0		All Americas	Diverse habitats	no
frog (generic)			flora-fauna		wáxačilʸ	ˈwaxaʧiʎ	frog	inheritance	*wakaC-ta	Uto-Aztecan		S940 (Stubbs 2009:157); Tarahumara 7awaka seems OK in this set	WW	%wakat	broader (includes “toad” according to Merriam notes)	other complex	ˈwaxaʧi-ʎ (-ʧi-ʎ is cognate with Numic diminutives, but frozen and non-productive in Takic)	-7aʃ “pet”	possessive classifier --7aʃ (probably)		Seiler&Hioki 1979:233	no info	2	Instrumental in death of creator (Seiler 1970:50-51)	2	Bean 1972 does not include frogs in his list of animals eaten	no info		no info	no info	no info	0		0		All Americas	Wetlands, lakes and streams	no
golden eagle			flora-fauna	Aquila chrysaetos	ʔáswet	ˈʔaswet	eagle	inheritance	*ʔasa-wɨ-ta	Californian		S719 (Stubbs 2009:131);l note Yuman forms like ?aspa, ?ashpa, a possible source? Check cognacy on this form. Old, if a loan, since Kitanemuk has /h/ for *s			same	derived	-wet is surely the augmentative. I've always thought this was from -7ash "pet", with this being the prototypical human-associated animal. Bill Bright did not agree.	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal ?	Seiler&Hioki 1979:16	Golden Eagle is a Coyote Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109)	1	Eagles ceremonially raised and killed at Eagle Dance (see Strong 1929:83-4); feathers used in dance skirts, headdresses. Buried with people, according to Merriam's informants.	2	Bean 1972:60 says eagles not eaten.	1	feathers used for shaman's wands, fans	hunted	Men	eaglets captured and kept alive, raised to maturity for the dance. Feathers used for eagle-feather ceremonial skirts.	0		1	Eagle-feather skirts were traded	All North America	They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting	no
gooseberry			flora-fauna	Ribes spp.	no name ever recorded			missing								missing						no info	2		1		1					0		0				no
gopher snake, bull snake			flora-fauna	Pituophis catenifer	po'-kow-wit 72-11, or -wut 60-173	??, but note Luiseno pikawut “snake species”, should yield Ca. pikawet, but Merriam is consistent about po-.	Gopher snake, bull snake (Pityophus)	inheritance	*paxa-wɨ-ta	Cupan plus Gabrielino		This cannot be S2013 (Stubbs 2009:280), because that yields Cahuilla /paxa/, not /paka/. Something of a mystery.			same	derived	has augmentative suffix -wet. po-ka is NOT /paxa/ “red racer”	-7aʃ "pet"	possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably)	sewet (Bean 1972:61)	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 173	no info	2	Moon gaves snakes their colors; they are her paintings (Seiler 1970:44)	2		no info		hunted	All	roasted or boiled	0		0		Southern Canada to Mexico	“A habitat generalist” http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_gopher_snake.php	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(NA)	sámat	ˈsamat	brush, herb, grass	inheritance	*sama/u-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1025a (Stubbs 2009:166			broader (extended to mean herbs in general, and the chaparral community with grass)	other complex	sama-t	-m-exan-7a "inanimate"	-m-exan-7a (for inanimates; literally "somehow - doing.thus- possessed.noun")		Seiler&Hioki 1979:176	no info	0		0	seeds eaten	no info		gathered (wild)	women	seeds ground with other seeds as source of flour for porridges, etc.	0		0		All Americas	Diverse habitats	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna		samat			inheritance													S&H 1979
grasshopper			flora-fauna	Caelifera	wíʔit	ˈwiʔit	grass hopper	inheritance	*woʔV-	Uto-Aztecan		S1034 (Stubbs 2009:167)			narrower (Merriam gives sah'-kah-kah-wah “red-winged” 60-143 for Wanikik Cahuilla	other complex	wi7i-t	no info			Seiler & Hioki 1979:244	wi7item is the name of a clan (Seiler & Hioki 1979:244)	2		1		no info		gathered (wild)	All	long trenches dug and filled with hot rocks, grasshopper swarms pushed into these	0		0		All Americas	All habitats	no
gray ground squirrel			flora-fauna	Sphermophilus sp.	sísilʸ	ˈsisiʎ	chipmunk (see species notes)	inheritance				Proto-Takic *soso > Chumash ʃoʃo “chipmunk, flying squirrel”	WW	%sik	unclear	other complex	sisi-ly	-7aʃ "pet"	animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5)		Seiler & Hioki 1979:186	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	Men	boiled, roasted	0		0		North America	woodlands	no
gray tree squirrel			flora-fauna	Sciurus spp.	síkawet	ˈsikawet	tree squirrel	loan into protolanguage	*sika-(wV)	Northern Uto-Aztecan	Wintun	S2094 (Stubbs 2009:288); may be very early loan into NUA	WW	%sik	unclear	derived	sika-wet (with augmentative) -- although this may be false etymology	-7aʃ "pet"	animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5)		Seiler & Hioki 1979:185	Gray Tree Squirrel (“Flying squirrel”) is a Wildcat Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109)	2		1		no info		hunted	Men	boiled, roasted	0		0		Western North America	woodlands	no
great horned owl			flora-fauna	Bubo virginianus	múut	ˈmu:t	owl	inheritance	*muhuN	Uto-Aztecan		S1542 (Stubbs 2009:227), do NOT include Raramuri form with mo-			same	other complex	muhu-t owl.sound-non-possessed-noun	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal	Seiler&Hioki 1979:115	no info	1	S&H 115 report of muh-lu-sh (n): talks like a human being, calls the names of those people who are going to die (of a being who turned into the owl); Hooper (1920:330) reports owl feathers in ceremonial headdress, wands, as shamanic feathers	2		1	feathers used for shaman's wands, fans	hunted	Men	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		1	feathered costume elements, wands, etc.	All Americas	Diverse habitats (less common in extreme deserts)	no
grizzly bear			flora-fauna	Ursus arctos horribilis	húnwet	ˈhunwet	bear	inheritance	*huna-wɨ-ta	Californian		S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California.			broader (includes any bear)	derived	hun-wet “badger-augmentative” (presumably a euphemism)	-7aʃ "pet"			Seiler & Hioki 1979:60	Grizzly a relative of humans, called “Great-grandfather” (Strong 1929:76)	1	One of the four oldest animals created by Mukat. Grizzly was a great shaman (Strong 1979:72).	2	only old people, shamans could eat (Bean 1972:63)	no info		hunted	Men	skins, claws, teeth used	0		0		Western North America	chaparral, woodlands	yes
horned toad			flora-fauna	Phrynosomatidae	čálaka	ˈʧalaka	horned toad	inheritance	*ˈʧalaka	Cupan		S1332(Stubbs 2009;202). This may be a loan word. Serrano chilyaaqu “lizard sp.” and Kitanemuk ciruku' are clearly resemblant but not regularly so. Not a Yuman, Yokuts, or Chumash word.			same	underived	non-possessed noun suffix is absent.	-7aʃ “pet”	possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably)		Seiler&Hioki 1979:22	no info	2	Moon gaves lizards their colors; they are her paintings (Seiler 1970:44)	2		no info		hunted	women	boiled, roasted	0		0		Western US and Mexico	Hot, dry, sandy areas	no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	pásukat	ˈpasukat	horse	semantic shift	*pa-suka-	Takic		S788:139 “elk”; horse only in Cahuilla, Gabrielino			same	derived	pa-suka-t big-deer-non.possessed.noun (Seiler & Hioki gloss pa- as “water” but they didn't know about homophonous “big” with good UA etymologies)	-7aʃ "pet"	-7ash for animals		Seiler & Hioki 1979:141	no info	0		0	at least not lately	no info		Not collected	N/A	N/A	0		0	surely bought and sold	Global	with humans	no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	Trochilidae	túčilʸ	ˈtuʧiʎ	humming bird	inheritance	*tuʔca	Uto-Aztecan		S1180 (p. 185). I agree with Stubbs 2009:185 that the Cora word is cognate.			same	other complex	ˈtuʧi-ʎ simplex.root-non-possessed noun	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal	Seiler&Hioki 1979:218	no info	0	Hummingbird wanted to play Eagle's mediating role, but was too small (Strong 1929)	0	I'm assuming birds and eggs were eaten	no info		hunted	All	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic	missing			missing								missing							0		0		2					0		0				variable
junco			flora-fauna	Junco sppp	yúynivaš	ˈjujnivaʃ	snowbird	unique				*juja is Proto-Uto-Aztecan; the morphology is in all Cupan languages, but the other languages do not have this word. But it's about snow, as usual.			same	derived	ʹjuj-ni-va-ʃ “snow-cause-agent-Nonpossessed.noun	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal	Seiler&Hioki 1979:256	no info	0		1		no info		hunted	All	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0		throughout North America	coniferous and mixed forests, often forage in flocks in winter	no
juniper			flora-fauna	Juniperus californica	yúyilʸ	ˈjujiʎ	California Juniper	inheritance	*juwiN-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1580 (Stubbs 2009:231)			same	other complex	looks like juj(i) “snow” -ʎ, but this is probably spurious given the etymology	-m-exan-7a "inanimate"	-m-exan-7a (inanimate classifier) for plants, -7ay7a "picking" for berries		Seiler&Hioki 1979:257	no info	2		1	berries eaten fresh or dried. Berries called /iswat/. Not a major food.	1	berries in tea or chewed for fevers and colds	gathered (wild)	All	dried berries ground into flour and made into mush or bread	0		0		North America	Abundant at about 3000 feet in Santa Rosa Mountains	no
louse			flora-fauna	order Phtiraptera	sáʔwal	ˈsaʔwal	louse (of hair)	inheritance	*saʔwa-	Takic		S1360 (Stubbs 2009:205); a possible Tepiman form			narrower (head louse only)	other complex	ˈsaʔwa-l	no info			Seiler & Hioki 1979:179	no info	2		0		no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Global	in people's hair	no
mallard			flora-fauna	Anas platyrhynchos	si'-yil	ˈsajiʎ (based on Luiseño $ayla, Cahuilla sasaymalem “ducks”	mallard, Anas boschas	inheritance	*saya(C)	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S217 (and 710) Stubbs 2009:69, very consistently for “coot, mud-hen” except in Cahuilla			unclear	other complex	saji-ʎ (simplex root with non-possessed-noun suffix)	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal (?)	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 169	no info	2	bird songs are all about water birds	1	Water birds are an important food source.	no info		hunted	Men	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0		Global	Wetlands, open water	no
manzanita			flora-fauna	Arctostaphylos spp.	kélel	ˈkelel	manzanita, wild apple	inheritance	*kɨta	Takic		S1635 (Stubbs 2009:235), revised to accomodate Kitanemuk ˈkɨʧraʧr; note Chumash V tsqoqo'n			same	other complex	kele-l	-m-exan-7a "inanimate"	-m-exan-7a (inanimate classifer) for plants, -7ay7a "picking" for berries		Seiler&Hioki 1979:75	no info	2		1	berries in beverage or jelly, or dried. Seeds for mush. a major food source. A. glandulosa and A. pungens preferred	1	leaves mixed with tobacco or boiled in water to treat diarrhea or poison oak rash	gathered (wild)	women	early-season berries pulped, mixed with water, strained for beverage. Fully ripe berries used for “aspic”. Also sundried and stored.	0		0		Western North America	In chaparral, oak chaparral, in lower canyons where villages were located	no
milkweed, broad leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias eriocarpa	kíyal	ˈkijal	Asclepias sp.	inheritance	*kɨya-	Takic		See also Serrano ky7at “gum plant”; not likely a loan (Serrano has lost /y/ as usual)			unclear	other complex	kija-l	-m-exan-7a "inanimate"	-m-exan-7a (for inanimates; literally "somehow - doing.thus- possessed.noun")		Bean & Saubel 1972:43	no info	2		1	for chewing gum. One type eaten as greens, and seeds used, although most are poisonous. Mainly a fiber plant	no info		gathered (wild)	women	gum collected in cup and kept overnight or cooked for chewing gum	0		0		California, Baja California, Nevada	“Especially dry areas” (Wikipedia)	no
milkweed, narrow leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias fascicularis	see notes			missing								missing							0		1		1					0		0				no
mission tule			flora-fauna	Juncus	séilʸ	ˈse(j)iʎ	Juncus; Rush, wire-grass	inheritance	*sɨji-	Takic		S1735 (Stubbs 2009:246); Note Chumash V syɨt “Juncus”			same	other complex	ˈse(j)i-ʎ	-m-exan-7a "inanimate"	-m-exan-7a (inanimate classifier)		Bean & Saubel 1972:80	no info	2	Apparently it has been claimed that this was used for sacred bundles; Bean & Saubel 1972 disagree	1		0		gathered (wild)	women	Scape split into three withes with teeth. Can be dyed, but color variation exploited by basketmakers	0		0		All Americas	Moist areas	no
mockingbird			flora-fauna	Mimus polyglottos	támawet	ˈtamawet	mockingbird	inheritance	*tama-wɨ-ta	Cupan		S215 (Stubbs 2009:68); Gabrielino tamávut “hechicera” is same word			same	derived	S&H give tamaw-et “mock-nominalizer”; everybody else thinks it is tama-wet “mouth-augmentative”	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal	Seiler&Hioki 1979:197	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	All	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0		North America, Mexico	diverse habitats (they like habitats with high places to perch, and don't like pine trees)	no
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles spp, Isoptera	muhúlilʸ	muˈhuliʎ	mosquito	inheritance	*muhu...	NUA		Perhaps S889, but not really a good correspondence. Probably loans and regionalisms going on.			same	other complex	muˈhuli-ʎ; root may be sound imitative, see *muhu-t “great horned owl”. But mu- may have to do with “nose”.	no info			Seiler & Hioki 1979:112	no info	0		0		no info		no info	no info	no info	0		0		All Americas	Cahuilla villages tended to be in canyon bottoms near water sources, favorable for mosquitoes	no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	Heterocera	héveveqalet	ˈheveveqalet	big butterfly	inheritance	*hɨvɨviqal	Cupan		S324 (Stubbs 2009:85); very similar form in Luiseño. S's own reconstruction with *p is an anachronism since this is just Cupan			unclear	relative clause	heveve-qale-t soft-sg.impf.-nominalizer “the one who is soft”, but probably a false etymology given Luiseño xuvooviqat from xuvoovi “to drag on ground”. Lu. form is also a relative clause.	-7aʃ "pet"	possibly possessive classifier -7ash		Seiler & Hioki 1979:53	no info	2		0	moth larvae eaten (Bean 1972:62)	no info		no info	no info	no info	0		0		All Americas	Diverse habitats	no
mountain lion			flora-fauna	Puma concolor	túkwet	ˈtukwet	mountain lion	inheritance	*tuCkuC-wɨ	Californian		S1306b (Stubbs 2009;200); note Chumash tuk'em'	WW	%tuku	same	derived	tuku-wet (with augmentative suffix from tukut “wild cat”)	-7aʃ "pet"	Possessive classifier -7aʃ		Seiler & Hioki 1979:220	A relative of humans “of uncertain degree” (Strong 1929:76). A Wildcat Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109)	1	One of the four oldest animals created by Mukat. Tukwet was a great shaman (Strong 1929:72)	2	only old people, shamans could eat (Bean 1972:63)	no info		hunted	Men	skins	0		0		North America, Mexico	Diverse habitats (prefers uplands)	yes
mountain quail			flora-fauna	Oreortyx pictus	xáwet	ˈxawet	mountain quail	inheritance	*kakaC-	Uto-Aztecan		S1702a (Stubbs 2009:241); 1702b is a different word, a Californianism. Proto-form does not include augmentative suffix			same	derived	Merriam consistently for all dialects gives this as káxa-wet “quail-augmentative”. S&H's form is a clipping.	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal	Seiler&Hioki 1979:245	no info	2		1	yum yum	no info		hunted	All	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0		US west of Rockies and Baja California	Chaparral	no
mussel			flora-fauna	Mytilus spp.	missing			missing
olivella (olive snail)			flora-fauna	Callianax biplicata	hīssavel	ˈhajsaval (note saval “shell”)	shell money	inheritance	*sa(w)pV	Cupan		S1911 (Stubbs 2009:267); does not include hay-, , which is Takic (S765) and MAYBE UA (Yecora Pima had “finish”). Note Luiseño $awvish “univalve shell”, Harrington “topshell of snail” (Olivella is snail-like)			broader (means “money”)	derived	hay-”shore, edge” (and also a “magic” word in haytu); saval “shell”	-m-7exan-7a (inanimate)	posessive classifier -m-7exan-7a (inanimate)		Strong 1929:94)	Net dealt with shell money; had measuring point for values tattooed on his forearm.	2	exchanged between villages, lineages at Mourning Ceremony (Strong 1929:98-99)	2		no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		1	Pass Cahuilla received from Serrano, who got it from Gabrielino, who got it from Santa Catalina Island	Pacific coast Canada to Baja California	sandy substrates in tidal and intertidal zones, bays	no
pinyon jay			flora-fauna	Cyanocitta stelleri?	káyval	ˈkajval	bluejay with a crest	loan			Yokuts? (by way of Serrano?)	Only in Cupeño, Cahuilla; Similar forms in Gab., Kit.: Kitanemuk ˈhajhaʔj, no Serrano form found. Proto-NimYokuts *xay “Crested Jay” (Golla 1964:61); Southern Sierra Miwok kayka'jahnt, so Yok-Utian word, perhaps.	WW	%kaj	same	other complex	ʹkajva-l (perhaps kaj-va “swing-er, dangl-er” but not so given by S&H 1977	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal	Seiler&Hioki 1979:140	no info	2		1	Birds' caches owned if in individually owned trees (see California Jay)	no info		hunted	All	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0		Western North America	Foothills where pinyon groves occur	no
pinyon pine			flora-fauna	Pinus monophylla	tévat	ˈtevat	pine-nut, pinyon	inheritance	*tɨpat	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1583 (Stubbs 2009:231). This is probably a loan into Proto-NUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan (Hill 2008)			broader (includes both tree and nuts)	other complex	ˈteva-t	-ki7iw7a "waiting, claim"	-ki7iw7a "waiting, claim"		Seiler&Hioki 1979:212	Groves owned by local groups	2		1	Very important food source	no information		Gathered (wild but closely managed)	All	See Bean & Saubel 1972:103-104	0		1	Wanikik paid Serrano to gather in their groves. An important trade item.	Southwestern North America and Mexico	In pinyon-juniper woodland, 3500-9000 feet (for P. monophylla), 2500-8000 feet (for P. quadrifolia). Rocky hills and slopes.	no
pocket gopher			flora-fauna	Thomomys	mĕt' 72-11, 60-161	ˈme:t	Pocket gopher	inheritance	*mɨjɨN-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1009 (Stubbs 2009:164)			same	other complex	me:-t	-7aʃ "pet"	animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5)		http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 161	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	Men	boiled, roasted	0		0		North America	Diverse habitats	no
poison oak			flora-fauna	Toxicodendron diversilobum	ā'-yah-lem	ˈʔijal (note Luiseño 7iyaala (Elliott 1999:1628)	Poison oak, Toxicodendron diversiloba	inheritance	*ʔɨjaa-la	Californian		S1506 (Stubbs 2009:224) Huasteca Nahuatl iyatl “tobacco”is ridiculous. Kitanemuk ʔɨycič, Gab. o:ar attest to first vowel. Note Chumash V. yasis			same	other complex	ˈʔija-l	-m-exan-7a "inanimate"	-m-exan7a inanimate (but who would want to own it??)		http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 181	no info	2		2		1	Bean and Saubel 1972:132 cite a source that says tea from dried roots could be taken in small quantities for immunity from poison oak; their consultants couldn't confirm this	gathered (wild)	women	roots made into tea, maybe	0		0		Pacific coast Canada to Baja California	Likes damp, shady areas, chaparral	yes
rattlesnake			flora-fauna	Crotalus spp.	séwet	ˈsewet	rattlesnake	inheritance	*sɨwɨ	Takic		S2011a (Stubbs 2009:280)			broader (Bean 1972:61 states that this is generic “snake”, and gives mesa7a as “rattlesnake”; also given by S&H	other complex	sewe-t	-7aʃ "pet"	possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably)		Seiler&Hioki 1979:183	no info	1	Moon gaves snakes their colors; they are her paintings (Seiler 1970:44)	2	“Rattlesnakes were eaten, at least among the Cahuilla” (Lightfoot and Parrish 2009:359) “A particular favorite” (Bean 1972:61)	no info		hunted	Men	boiled, roasted	0		0		Southern Canada south	Diverse habitats	yes
red ant			flora-fauna	Solenopsis spp	ʔánet	ˈʔanet	ant, big ant	inheritance	*ʔalɨn-	Uto-Aztecan		S44 (Stubbs 2009:44)			broader; also generic for “ant” at least in Mountain and Wanikik; unclear for Desert Cahuilla but generic for “big ant” there; Merriam confirms “red ant”	other complex	7ane-t	-7aʃ "pet"	possibly possessive classifier -7ash		Seiler&Hioki 1979:16	no info	1		0	ants and larvae eaten	no info		gathered (wild)	All	anthill swarms with larvae pushed into pits with hot rocks and roasted, also boiled	0		0		All Americas	Diverse habitats	no
red-shouldered blackbird			flora-fauna	Agelaius phoeniceus	páxaniš	ˈpaxaniʃ	Red-shouldered blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus, male	inheritance	*paaka-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Cupan *paaxiŋi-sh, Kitanemuk ˈpakoŋjat; Southern Paiute pagatcaqapI; Tumpisa Shoshone pakkwatoppe			narrower (male bird only; Merriam quite consistent on this), but also broader, also recorded for Brewer Blackbird	derived	ʹpaxan-iʃ , looks like a nominalization, but root unclear given that this is from paxing, not paxan	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up p. 165	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	All	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0		North and Central America	Open grassy areas, prefers wetlands, but also found in dry upland meadows	no
red-tailed hawk			flora-fauna	Buteo jamaicensis	kʷáʔal	ˈkʷaʔal	chicken hawk (smaller than kisily)	inheritance	*kwaʔa-	Uto-Aztecan		S716 (Stubbs 2009:131)			same	other complex	ˈkʷaʔa-l possibly onomatopoeic root, plus non.possessed.noun	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal (?)	Seiler&Hioki 1979:91	no info	2		2	“Hawks were usually not eaten” (Lightfoot & Parrish 2009:360)	no info		hunted	Men	feathers used for fletching arrows	0		0		Widespread in Americas	Mixed forest and field	no
roadrunner			flora-fauna	Geococcyx californianus	púuiš	ʹpu:iʃ	road-runner (who allegedly sounds like púu)	inheritance	puhi/puʔi/*puwi (all proposed)	Uto-Aztecan		I agree with Stubbs 2009:250 that Yecora Piman pu7i “roadrunner” fits here. S1776. In all Takic.	WW	%pu:	same	derived	puhu-iʃ “go.puhu-nominalizer” (note that plural is puh-ʧem)	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal	Seiler&Hioki 1979:158	no info	2	For Luiseno, roadrunner cut hair in mourning for Creator	1		no info		hunted	All	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0		Southwestern US to Central America	desert areas	no
ruddy duck			flora-fauna	Oxyura jamaicensis	missing			missing								missing							2		1		0					0		0				no
sage herb			flora-fauna	Artemisia californica	húulvel	ˈhu:lvel	California sagebrush	inheritance	*hulupa-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1597 (Stubbs 2009:233)			same	other complex	hu:lve-l (root might be complex; might be from hu-hulve-l)	-m-exan-7a "inanimate"	-m-exan-7a (for inanimates; literally "somehow - doing.thus- possessed.noun")		Seiler&Hioki 1979:59	no info	2	tea from boiled plant given to girls to drink at initiation, to ensure “the proper maturation of girls into womanhood”	2		1	to induce menstruation,tea taken before each menstrual period; given to newborn babies one day after birth “to flush out their system”. For colds, leaves chewed fresh or dried, or mixed with tobacco and other leaves and smoked. Used in sweathouse “for var	gathered (wild)	women	leaves boiled into tea	0		0		California, Baja California	Chaparral and “dry foothills communities”	no
salmon/steelhead			flora-fauna	Oncorhynchus mykiss	missing			missing								missing							2		1		0					0		0				no
scaly lizard			flora-fauna	Pygopus lepidopodus?	múlʸak	ˈmuʎak	lizard (generic term)	inheritance				Only in Cupeño and Cahuila. Because of odd word shape, a potential loan; not obviously Yuman.			same (according to S&H)	underived	no non-possessed noun suffix	-7aʃ “pet”	possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably)		Seiler & Hioki 1979:114	no info	2	Moon gaves lizards their colors; they are her paintings (Seiler 1970:44). Mulyak still looks at sun because he was assigned to watch an evil-doer at Creation Time (Seiler 1970:48)	2		no info		hunted	women	boiled, roasted	0		0		All Americas	Diverse habitats	no
small bird			flora-fauna		missing			missing								missing							2		1		0					0		0				no
small brown lizard			flora-fauna		missing			missing
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		séwet	ˈsewet	snakes	inheritance	*sɨwɨn-	Takic		S2011a (Stubbs 2009:280); not Stubbs' reconstruction, but Kitanemuk, Serrano are conservative in retaining these nasals.			same	other complex	sewe-t	-7aʃ "pet"	possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably)		Bean 1972:61	no info	0	Moon gaves snakes their colors; they are her paintings (Seiler 1970:44)	1		no info		hunted	Men	boiled, roasted	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	yes
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		sewet (rattlesnake)			inheritance													S&H 1979
soaproot			flora-fauna	Chlorogalum	kĕ'-ko-waht 60-245		Soaproot, Chlorogalum	unique							same	other complex	A Merriam word, attested nowhere else, probably kikuwa-t. Root is a bit long for simplex. wa-t is NOT augmentative for which Merriam always has wit, wut.	-m-exan-7a "inanimate"	-m-exan-7a (for inanimates; literally "somehow - doing.thus- possessed.noun")		http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n189/mode/2up; p. 245	no info	2		1	as pot herb (Bean & Saubel 1972:54)	no info		gathered (wild)	women	bulb crushed and particles rubbed in water for lather, bulb fibers for brushes, young spring shoots as pot herb	0		0		Southwest Oregon, California	rock bluffs, grasslands, chaparral	no
sour berry			flora-fauna	Rhus trilobata	sélet	ˈselet	sumac (basket-weed), rhus trilobata	inheritance	*sɨ(ta)	Californian		Gabrielino sorat, Kitanemuk. hɨč, Tubatulabal shyl; note Chumash V shuna'y			same	other complex	sele-t	-m-exan-7a "inanimate"	-m-exan-7a (for inanimates; literally "somehow - doing.thus- possessed.noun")		Seiler&Hioki 1979:179	no info	2		1	edible berries	1	berries “as restorative for inactive stomachs” (Bean & Saubel 1972:132	gathered (wild)	women	berries eaten fresh, ground for soup, or soaked for beverage	0		0		Western North America	“common to chaparral regions up to 3,500 feet” (Bean & Saubel 1972:132)	no
sparrow hawk			flora-fauna	Falco	kel-lek'-le-mal	keˈleklemal (note Luiseño kolókolomay “red-breasted hawk, small red hawk” (Elliott 1999:1462)	Sparrow hawk (Falco)	inheritance	*kɨlɨ-	Uto-Aztecan		S721 (Stubbs 2009:131); Note: Guarijío keleti̱ \| kereti̱ (?) <kelecí (¿kerecí?)> ‘kind of a hawk’ (Miller 1996: 345); correspondence of medial /l/ is off, perhaps loan. Hopi kyeele “Sparrow Hawk” definitely not regular, perhaps sound-imitation is affec	WW	%kili	same	derived	keˈlekle-mal kele-kele (a call) - diminutive	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal (?)	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 163	no info	2		2		0					0		0		All Americas	Diverse habitats	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnida, Araneae	xʷálxʷal	ˈxʷalxʷal	spider	inheritance				probably a Yuman loan, given xw-. Also in Cupeno. But I can't find a Yuman equivalent.			narrower (while this is given as “generic”, it does NOT include Black Widow)	reduplicated	xwal-xwal; final -l is NOT the non-possessed noun suffix	no info			Seiler & Hioki 1979:247	no info	0	Spiders helped creator build the world	0		no info		no info	no info	no info	0		0		All Americas	Diverse habitats	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna		xwalxwal			unique													S&H 1979
spotted skunk			flora-fauna	Spilogale gracilis	tékʷel tévišnekiš	ˈtekʷel ˈteviʃnekiʃ	Little Spotted skunk, Spilogale gracilis	unique							same	phrase	means “skunk white”. Merriam collected /tekwemal/ at Whitewater. I'm suspicious of both of these, may be on-the-spot coinages	-7aʃ "pet"	animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5)		http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 159	no info	2		2	not a preferred game animal	no info		hunted	Men	boiled, roasted	0		0		Western United States	Diverse habitats	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	Bufonidae	wáxačilʸ	ˈwaxaʧiʎ	toad	inheritance	*wakaC-ta	Uto-Aztecan		S940 (Stubbs 2009:157); Tarahumara 7awaka seems OK in this set			broader (includes “frog”)	other complex	ˈwaxaʧi-ʎ (-ʧi-ʎ is cognate with Numic diminutives, but frozen and non-productive in Takic)	-7aʃ “pet”	possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably)	no info	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 173	no info	2	waxaawut, Calif. red-legged frog) is shaman who bewitches Wuyot (White 1963:141)	2	not eaten	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0	Colorado River toad, Bufo Alvarius, may have been known (range extends into Desert Cahuilla territory). Skin exudes hallucinogenic substance.	0		All Americas	Diverse habitats	no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana spp.	pívat	ˈpivat	tobacco, smoking	inheritance	pipaC (pipat?)	Uto-Aztecan		S2290 (Stubbs 2009:310)			same	other complex	piva-t	-m-exan-7a "inanimate"	-m-exan-7a (inanimate classifier)		Seiler&Hioki 1979:156	no info	1	innumerable ritual uses	1		1	water solution as vomiturge, leaves as poultices, steam inhaled for colds, etc.	Gathered (wild but closely managed)	All	smoked in pipe, chewed with lime, drunk as decoction depending on use	1	associated with “ecstatic experience”, shamanic journeys	0		All Americas	Diverse habitats	yes
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna	(NA)	kélawat	ˈkelawat	wood; woods: tree	inheritance	*kutawɨ/kɨtawɨ	Takic		S2346a (Stubbs 2009:315) Note -- Hopi is NOT part of set!			broader (also means firewood, woods (bosque))	derived	kelaw “to gather wood” -at nominalizing suffix	-m-exan-7a "inanimate";-kelaw7a "wood thing"	-m-exan-7a (inanimate classifier) for tree; possessed "wood" is -kelaw7a		Seiler&Hioki 1979:75	no info	0		0	depends on which tree	1	depends	gathered (wild)	All	depends	0		0		Global	Diverse habitats	no
tree yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca schidegera	húnuvat	ˈhunuvat	Yucca	inheritance	*hɨnuva-	Cupan plus Gabrielino		S2548 (Stubbs 2009:340)			same	other complex	hunuva-t (root may be complex)	-m-exan-7a "inanimate"	-m-exan-7a (for inanimates; literally "somehow - doing.thus- possessed.noun")		Seiler&Hioki 1979:60	no info	2		1	fruit pods eaten	no info		gathered (wild)	women	pods roasted in coals (mainly plant was for soap, fiber)	0		0		Mojave and Sonoran Deserts	rocky slopes, creosote flats, 300-1200m (rarely up to 2500m)	no
turkey buzzard			flora-fauna	Cathartes aura	yúŋaviš	ˈjuŋaviʃ	turkey buzzard	inheritance	*juŋa:pi-	Takic		S336 (Stubbs 2009:87). This is probably juŋ -a-pi where a is the ablaut vowel induced by -pi. But I don't know what juŋ- means! Elliott 1999 has junga “archaic word for “to dance”)			same	other complex	ˈjuŋavi-ʃ with non-possessed noun suffix; root may be complex but no etymological evidence	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal (?)	Seiler&Hioki 1979:256	Vulture is a Coyote Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109)	2		2	I doubt that they were eaten.	no info		hunted	Men	Eggs? Feathers?	0		0		All Americas	Diverse habitats	no
turtle (generic)			flora-fauna	Testudines	ʔáyilʸ	ˈʔajiʎ	turtle	inheritance	*ʔayaC	Uto-Aztecan		S2359 (Stubbs 2009:316)			narrower (this is land tortoise, not water turtle. Generally in UA it is Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)	other complex	ˈʔaji-ʎ	-7aʃ "pet"	possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably)		Seiler&Hioki 1979:200	no info	2	shells used for rattles	2		no info		hunted	All	roasted	0		1		Mojave Desert and Sonoran Desert	Strong preference for alluvial fans, washes, canyons where they can dig dens in soft soil	no
valley live oak			flora-fauna	Quercus agrifolia	wíʔasilʸ	ˈwiʔasiʎ	coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia	inheritance	*wiʔaN-si	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1507b (Stubbs 2009:224). Cupeno also has this -si increment.			broader (also used for the acorn)	derived	ˈwiʔa-si-ʎ ˈwiʔa-t is Q. chrysolepsis. -si may be frozen diminutive (it is not a productive element)	-ki7iw7a "waiting, claim"	possessive classifier -ki7iw7a "grove of trees growing wild that is assigned to a lineage" (literally, "waiting", "claim" (Seiler and Hioki 1979:300)). Acorns are -chi-7a "gathering".		Seiler&Hioki 1979:243	Oak groves were lineage properties. Individual trees belonged to families within the lineage.	2	A “first crop” ceremony held by net; one could not eat the new acorns before this event, on pain of death or sickness. Myths hold acorns were not always bitter, but were poisoned by a shaman, or perhaps by creator when he got angry at people.	1	Very elaborate steps in preparation yields bread (sawish), mush (wiwish), and soup (B&S give no name). Q. agrifolia was a “secondary source” with Q. kelloggii and Q. chrysolepsis preferred.	1	ashes of wood and bark in antiseptic wash	Gathered (wild but closely managed)	All	acorns dried, ground, flour prepared through several stages of leaching, grinding in diverse utensils (see Bean & Saubel 1972:127)	0		1	Desert Cahuilla traded for acorns with Wanikik and Mountain Cahuilla groups, although they did have their own groves in upper Murray Canyon	California west of Sierra Nevada from Mendocino County to Baja California; only coastal live oak	Concentrated in valleys and on lower hills below 3000 feet	no
valley oak			flora-fauna	Quercus lobata	kʷíñil	ˈkʷiɲil	acorn, California black oak	inheritance	kwini/kwiyi-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1507a (Stubbs 2009:224). This is probably a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan			broader (also used for the acorn)	other complex	ˈkʷiɲi-l	-ki7iw7a "waiting, claim"	possessive classifier -ki7iw7a "grove of trees growing wild that is assigned to a lineage" (literally, "waiting", "claim" (Seiler and Hioki 1979:300)). Acorns are -chi-7a "gathering".		Seiler&Hioki 1979:93	Oak groves were lineage properties. Individual trees belonged to families within the lineage.	2	A “first crop” ceremony held by net; one could not eat the new acorns before this event, on pain of death or sickness. Myths hold acorns were not always bitter, but were changed by a vengeful shaman or perphas by Mukat, angry at his people poisoned by a	1	Very elaborate steps in preparation yields bread (sawish), mush (wiwish), and soup (B&S give no name).	1	ashes of wood and bark in antiseptic wash	Gathered (wild but closely managed)	All	acorns dried, ground, flour prepared through several stages of leaching, grinding in diverse utensils (see Bean & Saubel 1972:127)	0		1	Desert Cahuilla traded for acorns with Wanikik and Mountain Cahuilla groups, although they did have their own groves in upper Murray Canyon	Southwest Oregon and California except in deserts	Found in high hills up to 8,000 feet, especially on slopes facing away from the desert	no
valley quail			flora-fauna	Callipepla californica	qáxal	ˈqaxal	quail	inheritance	*kakaC-	Uto-Aztecan		S1702a (Stubbs 2009:241)	WW	%kaka	same	other complex	qaxa-l root-non.possessed.noun (root may be sound imitative ultimately)	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal	Seiler&Hioki 1979:169	no info	2		1	yum yum	no info		hunted	All	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0		Far west North America to British Columbia	open woodlands, chaparral	no
Western Canada goose			flora-fauna	Branta canadensis	ɂálukul	ˈʔalukul	wild goose	unique				Might this be linked to S566b *kaLu “sandhll crane”??? with metathesis? Note 'Iipay Aa lă'-lok e-yow' laluk duck			broader (Merriam says this is “all geese”)	other complex	ˈʔaluku-l	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ		Seiler&Hioki 1979:13	no info	0	bird songs are all about water birds and have to do with Cahuilla history	1	Water birds are an important food source.	no info		hunted	Men	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0		North America	Wetlands, open fields	no
whale			flora-fauna	Eschrichtius robustus	missing			missing								missing							2		1		2					0		1				no
white pelican			flora-fauna	Pelicanus erythrorhynchos	sovalivil	ˈsuvalivel (?)	Pelican	unique							broader (both White and Brown Pelican, apparently, although uncertain)	other complex	suvalive-l pelican-non.possessed.noun (may be derivation in root)	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; Seiler & Hioki 1979 give only possessed state	wikikmal	Hooper 1920:376	no info	0		2		no info		no info	no info	no info	0		0		North America	breed inland (perhaps Lake Cahuilla) and are on coasts in winter (White Pelicans)	no
wild grapevine			flora-fauna	Vitis californica	suwánawet	suˈwanawet	wild grape	loan			Chumash	S188 (Stubbs 2009:65) has this in Cahuilla, Cupeño, Mono seenowa “elderberries”, and Tumpisa Shoshone isawana “plant sp.”. I like Chumash /suwan/ “hanging, earrings” (Ineseno: Note su-wayan- “to cause to hang” A. 221 , “earring” (A.236) (grapes?); ma-s-s	WW	%sonot	same	derived	suˈwana-wet looks like it has an augmentative. This odd form is one of very few Cahuilla words with second syllable stress, suggesting it's a loan.	-7ay7a “picking”	fruit is -7ay7a “picking”		Seiler&Hioki 1979:193	no info	2		1	grapes eaten fresh, cooked in stews, dried as raisins, could be used in mush	no info		gathered (wild )	women, children	dried raisins boiled in water before eating	0		0		Southwest Oregon and California	common along streams and in canyon bottoms below 4000 feet, often near villages.	no
wild oats			flora-fauna	Avena (introduction)	ʔavéena	ʔaˈve:na	Avena fatua, Wild Oat	loan			Spanish		WW	%avena	same	underived	unassimilated loan	-m-exan-7a "inanimate",	-m-exan-7a, perhaps -chi7a "picking up"		Bean & Saubel 1972:46	no info	2		1	seeds eaten	0		gathered (wild)	women	seeds parched, ground into flour, mixed with other wild seeds in mush	0		0		All Americas	Common in upper and lower Sonoran life zones, abundant since at least 1835	no
wild rose			flora-fauna	Rosa californica	ʔúšal	ˈʔuʃal	Rosa californica	inheritance	*ʔusa-la	Takic		Not in Stubbs; note Luiseño 7ush-la, Kitanemuk ʔucuč, also in Gab ochu:r			same	other complex	ˈʔuʃa-l (sibilant should be retroflex; Merriam recorded oo'-choo-lem (probably for the fruits)	-7ay-'a "picking-possessed.noun"	-7ay-'a "picking-possessed.noun" (probably; this is possessive classifier for fresh fruits plucked from plant)		Bean & Saubel 1972:133	no info	0		1	buds eaten just before blossoming, flowers brewed into tea	1	tea from flowers to ease pain in infants, “unclog” stomach	gathered (wild)	women	leaves boiled into tea (no mention of hips which I think were eaten)	0		0		Oregon, California, northern Baja California	“commonly found in moist places such as cienegas or swamps and along streams” Bean and Saubel 1972:133	no
wild sunflower			flora-fauna	Helianthus (and other genera)	páʔakal	ˈpaɁaqal	Helianthus annuus, Sunflower	inheritance	*(pa)ʔaʔka	Uto-Aztecan		S2191 (Stubbs 2009:299)			same	other complex	ˈpaɁaka-l; actually historically pa- Ɂaqa-l “big- (water?-) sunflower” but has this form in all Takic with no 7aqa form, so simplex root for Cahuilla	-7ay-'a "picking-possessed.noun"	-7ay-'a "picking-possessed.noun" (probably; this is classifier for fresh fruits plucked from plant)		Bean & Saubel 1972:76	no info	0		1	eaten in dishes made from ground seeds, such as pinole	0		gathered (wild)	women	seeds ground with other seeds as source of flour for porridges, etc.	0		0		North America	Diverse habitats	no
willow			flora-fauna	Salix spp.	ɂávasilʸ	ˈʔavasiʎ	willow, black willow	unique				Lu. wat “black willow”, and note Cora waseh “sauce”. Could use some work.			narrower (Bean & Saubel 1972:135 record only as Salix Gooddingii, noting that another species (for which they give no information, is /saxat/. Seiler & Hioki give /saxat/ as Mountain Cahuilla; here I am using Palm Springs dialect.	other complex	ˈʔavasi-ʎ Root may be complex	-m-exan-7a "inanimate"	-m-exan-7a (inanimate classifier)		Seiler&Hioki 1979:17	no info	2		2		1	leaves ground for medicinal tea	gathered (wild)	women	leaves ground in mortar and pulp steeped for several hours	0		0		Southwestern US and presumably Mexico (plants.usda.gov)	Along streams and in wet places below 2000 feet	no
wood rat, round-tail			flora-fauna	Neotoma spp.	qáwal	ˈqawal	rat	inheritance	*kawa-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1423 (Stubbs 2009:242)			same	other complex	qawa-l	-7aʃ "pet"	animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5)		Seiler & Hioki 1979:167	no info	2		1	unmarried boys could not eat their own small game; they gave it to another family (often the mother's family) (Strong 1929:78)	no info		hunted	All	special stick to dig out of holes; boiled, roasted	0		0		Western US, Northern Mexico	Diverse habitats	no
worm, hairy caterpillar			flora-fauna	Arctiidae (many species)	sívuyal	ˈsivujal	worm	inheritance	*sipuri	Uto-Aztecan		S2529 (Stubbs 2009:338)			unclear	derived	sivuy-a-l (sivuyish means “wormy, full of worms”	no info			Seiler and Hioki 1979:187	no info	2		2		no info		gathered (wild)	All	parching in basket	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
worm, smooth caterpillar			flora-fauna	Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper	píyaxat	ˈpijaxat	1. rainbow. 2. worm with two horns (“they drop from the sky once a year near Fish Traps and the Indians used to cook and eat them”	inheritance	*piʔakɨC	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S2527 (Stubbs 2009:338)			unclear	other complex	pijaxa-t; might be complex root	no info			Seiler & Hioki 1979:156	no info	2		2	“a favorite treat” (Bean 1972:62)	no info		gathered (wild)	All	parching in basket, stored for later use	0		0		Mojave and Colorado Deserts (?)	appeared on surface of ground after warm spring rains	no
yellow jacket			flora-fauna	Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp.	muxáavikat	muˈxa:vikat	Desert Cahuilla yellowjacket	unique				Might be a loan but looks like a construction from unknown verb			same	relative clause	muˈxa:vi-kat “the one who does X (muxa:vi, of unknown meaning; mu- may be nose prefix	no info			Seiler & Hioki 1979:116	no info	2		0		no info		no info	no info	no info	0		0		All Americas	Prefers to be near water	no
yellowbird			flora-fauna	Dendroica petechia	kah-nav'-ve 60-167	ʹkanaviʎ (from Cahuilla “to play, have fun”)	Yellowbird, Astragalinus	inheritance	*kanavily	Cupan		Only in Cupeño, Cahuilla			same	derived	ʹkanav-iʎ “play-nominalizer” “player, fun-haver”	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up p. 167	no info	0		1		no info		hunted	All	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0		0		North America; the relevant subspecies is west of Sierras and in deserts and Baja California in winter	open country	no
yerba santa			flora-fauna	Eriodictyon californicum	tánwivel	ˈtanwivel	yerba santa (used as tea for cold)	unique							same	derived	tanwi-ve-l; root meaning unknown but -ve looks derivational	-m-exan-7a "inanimate"	-m-exan-7a (for inanimates; literally "somehow - doing.thus- possessed.noun")		Seiler&Hioki 1979:198	no info	2		1		1	blood purifier, cure for coughs, colds, catarrh, rheumatism, tuberculosis, paste to reduce fever	gathered (wild)	women	diverse preparations: leaves boiled into tea, or crushed as paste for liniment. Fresh leaves chewed to alleviate thirst	0		0		Oregon, California -- USDA, oddly, doesn't show it in southern California deserts (http://plants.usda.gov/java/county?state_name=California&statefips=06&symbol=ERCA6)	plants from mountainous areas thought to be most efficacious	no

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Cultural Vocabulary (116)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source
acorn bread			food	saw-iš		tortilla	inheritance	*saw-	Takic		WW	%saw	Stubbs 2011 266c; there are similar words in northern and central CA languages, a loan into Proto-Takic from somewhere	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
acorn mush			food	wiw-iš		acorn mush	inheritance	*wiw	Takic				Stubbs 2011,1557. Gab, Serr, Kit forms suggest this is simply *wi, reduplicated	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979:242
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology	telmekiš		place where dead people live, hell	inheritance	*tyL-mukki	Cupan				Stubbs 2113	other complex	derivation is only accessible etymologically	Seiler & Hioki 1979:207
alcohol			food	pa7va7		alcohol	unique						includes *pa 'water' but a unique formation	derived		Sauvel & Elliott 2004
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	huya-l		arrow, bow & arrow	inheritance	*huca	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 63	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979:62
arrow straightener			other	patávniva'al		arrowshaft straightener	inheritance	*pata	Uto-Aztecan				Hill/Miller pa-32; where is the /v/ from?	derived	instrumental on causative verb	Seiler & Hioki 1979:142
bag, sack			culture-material	kunily		sack	inheritance	*kuna	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 114a	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	missing			missing
ball game			food	qawpi-at		ball game	unknown						in Cahuilla, Cupeno only, look for source for elements	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979:168
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	ne-at		basket	inheritance	*nyhaC	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 120 has only as Takic but see T. Shoshone form	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979:125
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	teviŋił		small globular basket	unknown						Cupeno, Cahuilla only	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979:213
basketry hat			culture-material	yumu7-vel		hat	inheritance	*jumu-	Cupan				Hill/Miller ju-13; Merriam confirms as 'basket hat' 48:343	derived	instrumental on verb	Seiler & Hioki 1979:255
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	missing			missing
beans			food	xuuly		beans	loan			Spanish	WW	%frijol		simplex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	vuteeya7		bottle	loan			Spanish	WW	%botella		simplex		Sauvel and Munro 1981
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	mala-l			inheritance									S&H 1979
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	hul		bow	inheritance	*huca	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 63	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979:58
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	missing			missing
carrying net			subsistence tool	ikat		carrying net	inheritance	*iCkaC	Cupan				Stubbs 2011 1519	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	gaatu7		cat	loan			Spanish	WW	%gato		simplex		Sauvel and Munro 1981
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	xanemúu		chicken	loan			unknown			Mojave is kwaloyaw, what could source be? Surely Yuman	simplex		Seiler & Hioli 1979
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	net		chief of the clan, moderator of a fiesta	inheritance	*nyC-ta	Cupan					other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
clapper			acculturation	missing			missing
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	xelyal		clothes	unknown						Cupeno has a hel- root in 'old raggedy clothes'	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	naxat		club	inheritance	*naka-ta	Californian (Takic plus Tubatulabal)				Mountain Cahuilla (Cahuilla Valley)	other complex		Merriam 48:421
cook food			food	sex		to cook (food in water)	inheritance	*soka	Takic				Stubbs 2011 525, might be loan from Lu, more likely just misheard	simplex	root	Seiler & Hioki 1979
corn			food	maays		corn	loan			Spanish	WW	%maiz		simplex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
corpse			food	tewka(t)		deceased person	inheritance	*tywi-	Takic				Stubbs 1799	other complex	tew- see evil spirit, ghost	Seiler & Hioki 1979
cradleboard			culture-material	siat		cradle	unique						Merriam says is 'not a basket, but a stick bent around' (48:343)	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
cremate			culture-mythology	čut		to burn, to cremate	unique						looks vaguely like Lu, Gab tui words	simplex	root	Seiler & Hioki 1979, Seiler 1970:55(212)
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	čeŋen		to dance	inheritance	*cyngy	Takic				Stubbs 1254 usually 'to kick'	simplex	root	Seiler & Hioki 1979
Datura wrightii			narcotics	kikesew-va'al		Jimsonweed	unique						no etymology in Hill/Miller	derived, other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	kivasaw (inal)		great spirit, god	unique						does this have /kiva/ in it?	compound, other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
digging stick			subsistence tool	naxat		cane, stick	inheritance	*naka-ta	Californian (Takic plus Tubatulabal)				Merriam has koo-nahCH-ah 48:341	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
digging stick			subsistence tool	naxat ?			inheritance									S&H 1979
dipper			subsistence tool	missing			missing
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	tet'ayaw		to dream	inheritance	*ty7a	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1798	simplex	root	Seiler & Hioki 1979
drone pipe			culture-mythology	missing			missing
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	missing			missing						No drums in aboriginal California except foot drum in Kuksu Cult areas
earring			other	čayu-l		earring	inheritance	*cVLu		Takic			Cahuilla & Cupeno, Serrano cha-hoom (CHM), Kit. chahuch, not regular, perhaps a loan from somewhere	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
feather headband			dress	pahCH-ah	pax7a	headband	unknown						the pah or pax element in Cupan, but otherwise Cupeno -lut, Gab -mut. A loan from somewhere?	simplex		Merriam 48:335
fire drill			subsistence tool	koot'-mŭ	kutma (with Merriam, ['] is stress, not glottal stop)	fire drill (Morongo)	unique						Palm springs koot-mōp Merriam 48:341	derived		Merriam 48:261
fire-tender			culture-mythology	missing			missing
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other	na'ani-vel		fire place	inheritance	*na7aya	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 878	derived	instrumental on verb	Seiler & Hioki 1979
firewood	leña	lenha	other	kelawat		wood; woods; tree	inheritance	*kutawi	Northern Uto-Azteca				Stubbs 2011 2409a	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	missing			missing
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	missing			missing
fish hook			subsistence tool	missing			missing
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	missing			missing
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	missing			missing
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	wiiru-piš		flute	inheritance	*wiLu	PNUA				Stubbs 912	derived, other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
gambling sticks			other	piš tax-nenng-iva'al-em		little things used for peon game	unique							phrase		Seiler & Hioki 1979:126
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	missing			missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	tewlavel		spirit of the dead, deceased person	inheritance	*tywi-	Takic				Stubbs 1799	other complex	tew- see corpse	Seiler & Hioki 1979
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	tewlavel		spirit of the dead, deceased person	inheritance	*tywi-	Takic				Stubbs 1799	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
glue			subsistence tool	is-ne-pish		for arrow points	unique							derived, other complex		Merriam 48:341
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	kuyva7al		graveyard	inheritance	*ku7way	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 322	derived, other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	čukinapi-š		bow, gun	semantic shift						uncertain as to meaning here but the hul is the ordinary bow	derived, other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	yumuvel		hat	inheritance	*yumu	Cupan				Stubbs 2011 1148	derived, other complex		Sauvel and Munro 1981
honey	miel	mel	food	miyeł		honey	loan			Spanish	WW	%miel		simplex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
house			other	ki-š		house	inheritance	*ki:	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1214	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
house			other	ki-sh			inheritance									S&H 1979
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	amu		to hunt	inheritance	*7amu	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1233	simplex	root	Seiler & Hioki 1979
initiate boy			culture-mythology	missing			missing
initiate girl			culture-mythology	7ew-lu-ni		to do puberty rites for, to initiate girls	unknown						Cahuilla, Cupeno only -- this is blood-do-caus, all good UA material, but unique formation	derived	blood-inchoative-cause	Seiler & Hioki 1979
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	pasivat		knife, sword	inheritance	*sipaC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 799	compound, other complex	big-arrowhead	Seiler & Hioki
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	čeqivel		diapers	unique						Merriam has tah-prow-wuk 48:315	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979, Seiler 1970:151(7))
mat			culture-material	missing			missing
medicine			narcotics	ting7ay-piš		medicine	inheritance	*tonga	Cupan				Stubbs 2011 1161	derived, other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	qawuvaxal		mortar (stone), mortar & Pestle	unique						vaxal is probably the *paha word Stubbs 1085, qaw is 'rock'	compound, other complex	rock-mortar	Seiler & Hioki 1979
necklace			other	qenxa-t		beads (anything that one hangs around the neck)	inheritance	*koLoka	Uto-Aztecan		WW	%xene	Stubbs 2011 1505	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
needle/awl			subsistence tool	ivi-š		awl, needle-like thing	inheritance	*7opi	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 92	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
ochre			culture-mythology	missing			missing
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	missing			missing
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	pepéel		paper, newspaper	loan			Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	pawul		pestle	inheritance	*paha	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1085 with increment -wul; I am making this %pah to give it 3 segments. Half the California words for mortar and/or pestle have this in them. Again, very early loan into or from NUA	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
pinole			food	missing			missing
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	yulił		pipe	unique							other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
pitch			food	pasnat		tar, pitch	inheritance	*salaC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1634	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation	missing			missing
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	kava'mal		olla, water jar, pot, cup	inheritance	*ka-pam	Uto-Aztecan				Hill 2012	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
quiver			subsistence tool	hoo-kish	huki-š	quiver (of dog or coyote skin	unknown	*huk(w)i					only Cu, Ca; contains hu 'arrow'	other complex		Merriam 48:339
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	pa'aya-l		rattle	inheritance	*(pa)-7aya-la	Cupan				Stubbs 2422 but in 'rattle' meaning onlyTakic	other complex
red paint			culture-mythology	kaal		red clay (used for painting)	unique						Merriam has selnekish 'red' 48:257, ispish 'red paint'48:337 (means 'thing to make stripes')	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	kawi-ve		string, cord	unknown						This may have the *wi root; Merriam has witch-oot 'thread of plant fiber' 48:341	derived		Seiler & Hioki 1979
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	7uwish			inheritance									Mamet 08
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	7uwish			inheritance									Mamet 08
salt	sal	sal	food	iŋ-ił		salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	sqeela		school	loan			Spanish	WW	%escuela		simplex		Sauvel and Munro 1981:133
seed beater			subsistence tool	missing			missing
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	puul		witch doctor, medicine man	inheritance	*puha	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1160a	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	waqa-t		shoes	inheritance	waCci(kaC0	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1955 has parens around the first C, curse excel	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
sinew-backed bow			subsistence tool	čukinapi-š		bow, gun	unknown						Cupeno and Cahuilla only; uncertain as to meaning here but the hul is the ordinary bow	derived, other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	wiyavel		apron, skirt	unique						I think this is "string skirt' but am not sure	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
snare			subsistence tool	hew'a (inal)		web	inheritance	*hywaC	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2406; clearly extended to snare as per dictionary entries' Merriam has lah-me-ah 'any kind of trap' 48:339	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	missing			missing
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	taxmu'at		song	unique							other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	missing			missing
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	huyal (arrow)			inheritance									S&H 1979
spearthrower			subsistence tool	hul (bow)			inheritance									S&H 1979
stirring stick			food	ko-mahl		stirring stick	inheritance	*kumal	Cupan				Hill/Miller ku-13	other complex		Merriam 48:341
stone bowl			culture-material	missing			missing
string of shell money			other	qičił	nepaane H&N 166	money	inheritance	*koCti/a	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2016; Merriam has he-sahCH-wel (hisaxvel 'belongings', abalone) 48:335	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	pisily		sugar	semantic shift	*pisa(L)	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2259	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
sweathouse			other	hašla'-il		sweat house	inheritance	*hashla	Cupan				Stubbs 2011 2252; also huwiačet	derived, other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
tell history			culture-mythology	a'alxe		to tell a true story	inheritance	*7a7al	Californian (Takic plus Tubatulabal)				Stubbs 2011 1873b	simplex	root	Seiler & Hioki 1979
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	kis-vaxat			unique									S&H 1979
tobacco (native)			narcotics	piva-t		tobacco; smoking	inheritance	*pipaC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2348	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture	paxwal			loan direction unknown									S&H 1979
tule boat			transport	missing			missing
wheat			food	triiwa7a		wheat	loan			Spanish	WW	%trigo		simplex
white paint			culture-mythology	teviš		white, (white clay CHM)	inheritance	*typiC	Takic				Stubbs 2011 758; I'm pretty sure this is also the white clay word; Merriam confirms at 48(257, 337)	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
winnow	aventar, tirar (sementes)	joeirar	manufacture	-wepin-			inheritance									S&H 1979
winnowing basket			culture-material	čipatmal		open basket for sifting	inheritance	*cippat	Takic				Stubbs 2011 122; Merriam has tek-ne-wahl 48:265 for Morongo but confirms chipatmal for Palm Springs 48:343	derived, other complex	has diminutive suffix	Seiler & Hioki 1979
wood tray			subsistence tool	wayismal		plate, dish	unique						Merriam has ka-poos'-mal (Palm Springs) 48:343	derived, other complex	has diminutive suffix	Seiler & Hioki 1979

Showing 1 to 116 of 116 entries

Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	no
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	yes
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	yes
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	yes
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	5
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	yes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	no
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	yes
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	no
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	3
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	no
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		yes
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		no
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		no
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	yes
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	yes
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	no
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	yes
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		no
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	no
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	no
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	yes
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	no
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	yes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		yes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	yes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	no
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	no
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	yes
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	yes
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	yes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	yes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	no
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	yes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	yes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	yes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	yes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	no
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	no
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	no
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	no
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		yes
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	no
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		no
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	yes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	no
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	yes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		yes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		yes
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	no
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	yes
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	no
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no
Word Order	Num-Noun		yes
Word Order	Noun-Num		no
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	yes
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	no
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	no

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Ethnographic Information

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
	large	AG	low	seasonal		no

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