| ant (generic) |
hormiga |
formiga |
flora-fauna |
|
Formicidae |
ʔánet |
ˈʔanet |
ant, big ant |
inheritance |
*ʔalɨn- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S44 (Stubbs 2009:44) |
|
|
narrower (Seiler and Hioki 1979:16 say is “big ant”, while kuvishnily, the black ant, is generic for “small ant”. This word also means “red ant”. |
other complex |
7ane-t |
-7aʃ "pet" |
probably possessive classifier -7ash |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:16 |
no info |
0 |
Ant ceremony, in Cupeno and Luiseno, is not recorded even for Mountain Cahuilla |
0 |
ants and larvae eaten |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
All |
anthill swarms with larvae pushed into pits with hot rocks and roasted, also boiled |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| antelope |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Antilocapra americana |
ténilʸ |
ˈteniʎ |
antelope |
inheritance |
*tɨn(nV)- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S52 (Stubbs 2009:45), the *tɨm(V)nV- possibility is worth considering. May be a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
teni-ly |
-7aʃ "pet" |
animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5) |
suqtam “game” (literally, deer-plural) |
Seiler & Hioki 1979:2009 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
open areas |
no |
|
|
|
| badger |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Taxidea taxus |
húnal |
ˈhunal |
badger |
inheritance |
*hula- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S105 (Stubbs 2009:53) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
huna-l |
-7aʃ "pet" |
animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5) |
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:60 |
Badger is a Wildcat Moiety Animal (Strong 1929:109) |
2 |
|
1 |
considered especially palatable, but dangerous to hunt (Bean 1972:63) |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
chaparral, woodlands |
yes |
|
|
|
| bald eagle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Haliaeetus leucocephalus |
pah-moos |
ˈpamuɁiʃ |
Bald eagle |
inheritance |
*pamu7- |
Cupan |
|
Luiseño pam7ush “bald eagle”, Cupeño pa7mush “bird sp., a water bird”; not in Stubbs |
|
|
same |
derived |
May have the pa- prefix. Merriam gives pahmoos for Palm Springs dialect, but pah'-mo-is for all others (Cahuilla does not have /o/) |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal (?) |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up, p. 163 |
Bald Eagle is a Wildcat Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109) |
1 |
Eagles ceremonially raised and killed at Eagle Dance (see Strong 1929:83-4); feathers used in dance skirts, headdressed |
2 |
Bean 1972:60 says eagles not eaten. Killed eagles were buried ceremonially after feathers were collected. |
1 |
feathers used for shaman's wands, fans |
hunted |
Men |
eaglets captured and kept alive, raised to maturity for the dance. Feathers used for eagle-feather ceremonial skirts. |
0 |
|
1 |
feathered skirts were traded |
North America |
Prefers habitat with large areas of water; this is a fishing bird |
no |
|
|
|
| band-tail pigeon |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Patagioenas fasciata |
máxiwet |
ˈmaxiwet |
Band-tail pigeon, Patagioenas fasciata |
inheritance |
*makahVwi |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S676 (Stubbs 2009:126). The augmentative -wɨ suffix is not part of the protoform. |
|
|
same |
derived |
Probably ˈmaxi-wet “dove-augmentative” (although S&H give a word tax-max-i-wet “one who gives things away”) |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up p. 165 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Oak and pine forests, feeds on acorns |
no |
|
|
|
| bat |
murciélago |
morcego |
flora-fauna |
|
Chiroptera spp |
pálil |
ˈpalil |
bat (the animal) |
inheritance |
*pati7a/*paCti7a “bat”; *pata “fly” |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 2009:56-57 derives from *pati7a/*paCti7a “bat” (S124). But Numic and Cora all have pa[c/ch]a, which should reflect *paCtsV. -Cts- regularly yields Cahuilla /s/, not /l/. A problematic set. Note *pata “fly” S902, p. 153. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
pali (simplex root)-l (non-possessed noun suffix) |
-7aʃ “pet” |
takes possessive classifier -7aʃ (Seiler 1977:305 |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:140 |
no info |
0 |
Bats are often associated with mediation with underworld, but I find no information for Cahuilla. Bat was defeated by Coyote in a gambling game (Seiler 1970:58) |
1 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Ubiquitous, since species is not known |
all habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| beaver |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Castor |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| beetle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Coleoptera spp |
sískiŋilʸ |
ˈsiskiŋiʎ |
stinkbug |
inheritance |
*sisiko(ŋi) |
Californian |
|
S312 (Stubbs 2009:83); surely Tubatulabal shikkol “lizard sp.” is also in this set |
|
|
same (for “stinkbug”); Luiseño cognate /sisqila/ is generic for “beetle” (Elliott 1999:1225) |
other complex |
ˈsiskiŋi-ʎ; long root may be derived; I've always wondered about si-si “repeatedly urinate” (this beetle sprays from tail); Luiseño is /sisqila/ |
-7aʃ "pet" |
possibly possessive classifier -7ash |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:186 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Global |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| big round tule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Schoenoplectus acutus |
páʔul |
ˈpaʔul |
tule |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
pa7u-l |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate" |
-m-exan-7a |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:146 |
no info |
2 |
images at Burning, sacred bundle made of tule |
1 |
“people used to eat the root, tasted like celery”, seeds, pollen also eaten |
0 |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
roots ground into a sweet flour, seeds eaten raw or cooked in mush, pollen used for cakes |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California and southern US into Mexico |
wet areas throughout territory |
no |
|
|
|
| big skunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mephitis mephitis |
tékʷel |
ˈtekʷel |
skunk |
inheritance |
* -tɨkʷɨ |
Cupan |
|
S1984 (Stubbs 2009:275); Luiseño paalukut “big skunk” and tukyaspal “spotted skunk” should be included here. This may be a Yuman loan: Proto-Yuman *xwiw (*kłʸikʷ) “skunk” with te- “earth” |
|
|
unclear |
other complex |
tekwe-l |
-7aʃ "pet" |
animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5) |
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:207 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
not a preferred game animal |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
boiled, roasted (cleaned VERY carefully, I imagine) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| big wolf (gray wolf) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Canis lupus |
ʔíswet |
ˈʔiswet |
wolf |
inheritance |
*ʔisa-wɨ- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S552 (Stubbs 2009:112); this particular derivation for “Wolf” restricted to Takic |
|
|
same |
derived |
7is-wet coyote-augmentative |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:66 |
Wolf is a Coyote Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109) |
1 |
shamanic animal |
2 |
meat restricted to very old people, powerful shamans (Bean 1972:63) |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
for skin, but very rarely hunted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| bighorn sheep |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ovis canadensis |
páʔat |
ˈpaʔat |
mountain sheep |
inheritance |
*paʔaC- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S204 (Stubbs 2009:67); may be a Proto-Kiowa-tanoan loan into Proto NUA |
|
|
same |
other complex |
pa7a-t |
-7aʃ "pet" |
animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5) |
suqtam “game” (literally, deer-plural) |
Seiler & Hioki 1979:145 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
hunting rules uncertain, but these are very hard to hunt |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
I'll bet horn sets were traded |
Western North America |
Steep slopes |
no |
|
|
|
| bird |
pajaro, ave |
passaro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
wíkikmal |
ˈwikikmal |
bird |
inheritance |
*wiCtiki |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S205, with consonant assimilation *tVk > kVk. (Stubbs 2009:67) |
|
|
same |
derived |
wikik (root) -mal (diminutive; always shows non-possessed -l) |
-7aʃ “pet” |
takes possessive classifier -7aʃ (Seiler 1977:305 |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:241 |
no info |
0 |
see individual birds |
0 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
feathers and featherwork were trade items |
Ubiquitous, since species is not known |
all habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| black ant |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger |
kúvišnilʸ |
ˈkuviʃniʎ |
small ant |
inheritance |
*kusin(pa) |
Cupan |
|
Also in Cupeño. S48 (Stubbs 2009:44) suggests O'odham 7uhimal “large velvet-covered ant”, which seems unlikely. Cahuilla has a metathesis |
|
|
broader (while this is the word for a small black ant, it is also the generic for “small ant” |
derived |
In Cupeño, word is ku$ín-ve-l “take.away-er”; Cahuilla ˈkuviʃni-ʎ must have similar derivation in the long root. Has there been metathesis? Which way? |
-7aʃ "pet" |
possibly possessive classifier -7ash |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:87 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
ants and larvae eaten |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
All |
anthill swarms with larvae pushed into pits with hot rocks and roasted, also boiled |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| black bear |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ursus americanus |
húnwet |
ˈhunwet |
bear |
inheritance |
*huna-wɨ-ta |
Californian |
|
S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California. |
|
|
broader (includes any bear) |
derived |
hun-wet “badger-augmentative” (presumably a euphemism) |
-7aʃ "pet" |
possesive classifier -7aʃ "pet" |
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:60 |
no info |
1 |
shamanism |
2 |
only old people, shamans could eat (Bean 1972:63) |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
for skins,teeth, claws, for shamanic use, but very rarely hunted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Cahuillas consistently report that black bears didn't occur in their area |
chaparral, woodlands |
yes |
|
|
|
| black-tail Jackrabbit |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Lepus californicus |
súʔiš |
ˈsuʔiʃ |
jack rabbit, rabbit (gener.) |
inheritance |
*suuʔit |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1713 (Stubbs 2009:243); I give Manaster-Ramer's reconstruction |
|
|
broader (generic for “rabbit” according to Seiler & Hioki) |
other complex |
súʔi-š |
-7aʃ "pet" |
animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5) |
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:195 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
unmarried boys could not eat their own small game; they gave it to another family (often the mother's family) (Strong 1929:78) |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Flat open areas |
no |
|
|
|
| blackberry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rubus ursinus |
píklʸam |
ˈpikʎam |
strawberry, any kind of berries |
inheritance |
*pikwa- |
Takic |
|
S182 (Stubbs 2009:64); I don't like Stubbs' Chemehuevi form pipikura, probably a loan |
|
|
broader (this is a generic for “berry”) |
other complex |
Bean & Saubel 1972:134 give pikw-lya-m, which I heard Saubel say too. -m is plural suffix. |
-7ay-'a "picking-possessed.noun" |
-7ay-'a "picking-possessed.noun" (probably; this is classifier for fresh fruits plucked from plant) |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:152 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
usually eaten fresh, but dried berries also used |
1 |
roots boiled into tea for mild diarrhea |
gathered (wild) |
women |
dried berries boiled in a small quantity of water (to rehydrate?) Occasionally half-ripe berries soaked in water to make beverage |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
Upper Sonoran and transitional life-zones |
no |
|
|
|
| blue grouse |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Dendrogapus? |
missing in all sources |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
Map at http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Sooty_Grouse/id suggests this species does not come as far south as Cahuilla. I don't know why it's in Merriam's list for California, mainly a Rocky Mountain bird |
scrublands, woodlands (Habitats from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted) |
no |
|
|
|
| bobcat, lynx |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Lynx rufus |
túkut |
ˈtukut |
wild cat |
inheritance |
*tuCkuC- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1306 (Stubbs 2009:200). This is a California Wanderwort; Great Basin forms giving NUA are surely loans. But loan may be early because Hopi has regular vocalism. |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
other complex |
tuku-t |
-'kiʎiw “partner” |
Possessive classifier -'kiʎiw “partner” (because is moiety animal) (Seiler 1977:306) |
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:219 |
totem of Wildcat Moiety |
1 |
lineage-associated ritual, enemy songs |
2 |
Only very old people would eat this animal (Strong 1929:77) |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
skins |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| butterfly, moth |
mariposa |
borboleta |
flora-fauna |
|
Lepidoptera |
málmal |
ˈmalmal |
butterfly |
inheritance |
*mal- |
Cupan |
|
Note Cupeño malval “butterfly” |
|
|
unclear; Merriam has several words for butterfly, does not get this one for Desert Cahuilla, does not list as generic |
other complex |
malma-l (may have reduplication but this is not clear) |
-7aʃ "pet" |
possibly possessive classifier -7ash |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:100 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
caterpillars of many species eaten |
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| California condor |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Gymnogyps californianus |
yúŋaviwet |
ˈjuŋaviwet |
eagle with white circular stripes on the wings |
inheritance |
*juŋa:pi- |
Takic |
|
S336 (Stubbs 2009:87). This is probably juŋ -a-pi where *a is the ablaut vowel induced by -pi. But I don't know what *juŋ- means! Elliott 1999 has junga “archaic word for “to dance”) |
|
|
same |
derived |
ˈjuŋavi-wet “vulture-augmentative” |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal (?) |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:256 |
Condor is a Coyote Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109) |
1 |
Merriam says “this and eagle buried with people” at 60-163 |
2 |
If they were buried, seems unlikely they were eaten. Bean 1972:60 says ceremonially important birds were not eaten. |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
U. S. Southwest |
Rocky scrubland, woodland (they like cliffs) |
no |
|
|
|
| California jay |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Aphelocoma californica? |
čáʔiš |
ˈʧaʔiʃ |
bluejay without a crest |
loan into protolanguage |
*cha7i- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
unknown |
S209, Central Numic, Chemehuevi, Tubatulabal, Takic, always “blue jay” (Stubbs 2009:68). Note similar words in Yokutsan, Chumash ch'ay' |
WW |
%chaj |
same |
other complex |
ʹʧaɂi (simplex root)-ʃ (non-possessed noun) |
-7aʃ “pet” |
takes possessive classifier -7aʃ (Seiler 1977:305 |
wikikmal |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:75 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
Jays cache food; owners of trees collected tree caches for human use |
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
I have not seen jay feathers mentioned as trade items |
throughout western North America (distributions from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted) |
scrublands, woodlands (Habitats from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted) |
no |
|
|
|
| California woodpecker |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Melanerpes formicivorus? |
kúpanilʸ |
ˈkupaniʎ |
woodpecker |
unique |
|
|
|
May be related to Cupeño tukupuwet “woodpecker” (tu-kupa-we-t “acorns-woodpecker-augmentative-npn”??? (tu from tu'ish “crop”??) |
WW |
%palaka ~ %pana(k) |
same |
other complex |
ˈkupani-ʎ no obvious etymology for root |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:85 |
A bird of the Coyote moiety (Strong 1929:71) |
2 |
Woodpecker feathers often important in ritual, no info for Cahuilla. Woodpecker could never learn to dance at creation time, which is why he jumps up and down (Seiler 1970:44). Woodpecker still says “Piam!” “bewitch him” (Op.cit. p.48) |
1 |
This bird caches acorns one by one, but no mention of Indians taking advantage of these |
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
1 |
|
Southern Oregon, California, south to Colombia |
Oak woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| chia |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Salvia columbariae |
pásal |
ˈpasal |
columbariae, ground wheat, chia |
inheritance |
*pasa/i |
Californian |
|
S1599 (Stubbs 2009:233). Only Numic is Tumpisa Shoshone, almost certainly a loan from Tubatulabal. This shows up in Chumash, itepesh(Ventureno), Salinan, may be an old Californianism. |
WW |
%pasv |
same |
other complex |
pasa-l |
-kíɂiw-ɂa “my waiting, my claim” |
possessive classifier -kíɂiw-ɂa “my waiting, my claim” (Seiler 1977:301) |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:141 |
no info |
1 |
|
1 |
most important seed source |
1 |
chia mush used as poultice for infections |
Gathered (wild but closely managed) |
women |
seeds hulled, parched, ground into flour, mixed with other wild seeds in mush |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California and Southwest |
Below 6000 feet in dry open areas, extensive stands in chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| chipmunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Tamias spp. |
wis'-koo 72-11, 60-161 |
ˈwiskun (note Luiseño wiskun “chipmunk”, Elliott 1999:1283), and Merriam has final /n/ in other dialects |
Tamias spp., chipmunk |
inheritance |
*wiskun |
Takic |
|
In several languages and non-correspondent; loan into Proto-Takic?? |
|
|
unclear |
underived |
note absence of NPN suffix; presumably a loan |
-7aʃ "pet" |
animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5) |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 161 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| cliff swallow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota |
yūn-ning-mo'-nil |
no Luiseno form to help |
Cliff swallow |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
derived |
Word is too long to have simplex root, has final -l |
-7aʃ “pet” |
takes possessive classifier -7aʃ (Seiler 1977:305 |
wikikmal |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 167 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Breed in North America |
Cliffs (and now in/on buildings) |
no |
|
|
|
| coot |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Fulica americana |
tan'-no-mal |
no Luiseno form to help |
Coot, Fulica |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
derived |
ends in -mal “diminutive”; Merriam recorded tanu-wet in other dialects. Meaning of root unknown tanu? tanew? |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
sásaymalʸem? |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 171 |
no info |
2 |
Bird songs are all about water birds, but I don't know if this bird is mentioned |
1 |
Water birds are an important food source. |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
West coastal and southern North America to Central America |
Wetlands, open water |
no |
|
|
|
| cottontail rabbit |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sylvilagus audobonii |
távut |
ˈtavut |
cottontail |
inheritance |
*tapuC |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1707 (Stubbs 2009:242) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
tavu-t |
-7aʃ "pet" |
animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5) |
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:200 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
unmarried boys could not eat their own small game; they gave it to another family (often the mother's family) (Strong 1929:78) |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| cottonwood |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Populus spp. |
lávalvanet |
ˈlavalvanet |
cottonwood tree |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Note Bankalachi lap-pah 72-79, 60-467; Yowlumne lah'-pah (Merriam 58:565) |
WW |
%pat ~ %lapat |
same |
other complex |
lavalvane-t (root must be derived somehow) |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate" |
-m-exan-7a (inanimate classifier) |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:95 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
Bean & Saubel 1972:106 note that edible mushrooms were found on dead cottonwood brances |
1 |
leaves and bark boiled for poultices for muscle strain, headaches, cuts, saddle sores and swollen legs of horses. |
gathered (wild) |
women |
Boil water, bark, and leaves and use for soaking injured limb or for poultice |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada south to northern Mexico |
Moist places below 6,500 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| coyote |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Canis latrans |
ʔísilʸ |
ˈʔisiʎ |
coyote |
inheritance |
*ʔisa- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S552 (Stubbs 2009:112) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
7is(i)-ʎ simplex root-non.possessed.noun suffix. Has irregular plural 7is-ta-m. |
-'kiʎiw “partner” |
Possessive classifier -'kiʎiw “partner” (because is moiety animal) (Seiler 1977:306) |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:66 |
totem of Coyote Moiety |
1 |
One of the original four animals, a great shaman, but created by Temayewet, not Mukat, so 7istam (Strong 1929:72). Skins used as ceremonial objects (Bean 1972:63) Coyote gave first Burning (Image festival) (Seiler 1970:58) |
2 |
Only very old people would eat this animal (Strong 1929:77) |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
skins |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North and Central America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| crow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
ʔálwet |
ʹɂalwet |
crow |
loan into protolanguage |
*ʔata-wɨ-ta |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
Yokuts |
S582 (Stubbs 2009:116); Loaned into Yokuts, or maybe from Yokuts?? Is it really NUA? |
WW |
%alwut |
same |
derived |
ʹɂal-wet mock-augmentative (probably, if this is of Takic origin) |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:14 |
Crow is a Wildcat Moiety Animal (Strong 1929:109) |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| datura |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Datura wrightii |
kíkesewvaʔal |
ˈkikesewvaʔal |
Jimsonweed |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
derived |
ˈkikesew-vaʔa-l “to.get.drunk-agentive-non.possessed.noun” |
unknown |
This really should have a special classifier but none is reported |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:78 |
no info |
1 |
drunk for hallucinations; to boys at initiation ceremony, occasional in shamanism and for stamina in hunting, dancing, singing (including by women), and for keen senses in gambling (Bean and Saubel 1972:60-65) |
1 |
|
1 |
paste of leaves as painkiller for bone injuries, insect bites; steam from leaf infusion as inhaler (contains atropine); shamans may use in diagnosis (Bean and Saubel 1972:61-2) |
gathered (wild) |
Men |
for ceremonies, preparation is by /net/: roots are dried, ground in special ceremonial mortar, mixed with water, and drunk. For steaming, leaves are boiled in water. For paste, leaves are ground with other plant parts. |
1 |
hallucinations |
0 |
|
US Southwest, California, Mexico |
“sandy, gravelly, open areas below 4000 feet throughout Southern California” (Bean & Saubel 1972:60) |
yes |
|
|
|
| deer, mule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Odocoileus hemionus |
súkat |
ˈsukat |
deer |
inheritance |
*suCkaC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S621 (Stubbs 2009:121) |
WW |
%sok |
narrower (refers only to mule deer; where found, white-tail has a different name) |
other complex |
suka-t (Seiler & Hioki segment as suk-at) |
-7aʃ "pet" |
animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5) |
suqtam “game” (literally, deer-plural) |
Seiler & Hioki 1979:188 |
no info |
2 |
deer hooves used in ceremonial costumes |
1 |
Deer taken to net's house and distributed. First kill of a young man was given to his mother's clan (Strong 1929:77) |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
roasted, stewed |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| digger pine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pinus sabiniana |
yúyivaš |
ˈjujivaʃ |
pines with long needles |
unique |
|
|
|
contains “snow” element |
|
|
broader (any long-needled pine that isn't wexet, tall pine) |
derived |
ˈjuji-va-ʃ juj(i) “snow”; -va ? - nominalizer |
-ki7iw7a "waiting, claim" ?? |
I don't think this gets -ki7iw7a, “Digger Pines” not noted by Seiler 1977 or Bean and Saubel in this connection |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:257 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern California and Baja California |
Pinus coulteri is generally above 4000 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| dog (camp, domestic) |
perro |
cachorro |
flora-fauna |
|
Canis familiaris |
ʔáwal |
ˈʔawal |
dog |
inheritance |
*awa:-la |
Takic |
|
S670 (Stubbs 2009:125) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈʔawa-l |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:18 |
7a7walem, a lineage at Martinez (Seiler and Hioki 1979:18) |
0 |
dogs have souls and understand human speech so can be messengers for shamans (Bean 1972:64) |
0 |
only for famine times (Bean 1972:64) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
treated respectfully, fed |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
with humans |
no |
|
|
|
| dogbane |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Apocynum cannabinum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
Bean & Saubel 1972:39 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| dove |
paloma |
pomba |
flora-fauna |
|
Zenaida macrocoura |
máxayilʸ |
ˈmaxajiʎ |
dove |
inheritance |
*makahVwi |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S676 (Stubbs 2009:126); presumably in this word Cahuilla lost -w- from the Protoform. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈmaxaji-ʎ; root looks possibly complex but no obvious source |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:103 |
no info |
2 |
Lightfoot & Parrish 2009:360 say Kumeyaay, adjacent to Cahuilla, believed doves to be reincarnated souls. It seems likely Cahuilla shared this idea. |
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada to Mexico |
Prefers open areas, avoids dense forests |
no |
|
|
|
| duck |
pato |
pato, marreco |
flora-fauna |
|
Anatidae |
sásaymalʸem |
ˈsasajmaʎem |
wild ducks |
inheritance |
*saya(C) |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S217 (and 710) Stubbs 2009:69, very consistently for “coot, mud-hen” except in Cahuilla, Cupeño |
|
|
narrower (apparently does not include domestic ducks, paatu7um) |
derived |
contains -mal “diminutive” and is reduplicated from saji-ʎ (see below). Seiler & Hioki's form is a plural but Merriam gives sah-si-mal, a singular. |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal ? |
Seiler and Hioki 1979:177; Merriam confirms “all ducks” at http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n189/mode/2up p. 201 |
no info |
0 |
bird songs are all about water birds and have to do with Cahuilla history |
1 |
Water birds are an important food source. |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Wetlands, open water |
no |
|
|
|
| elder |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sambucus |
húnkat |
ˈhunkat |
elderberry, elder |
inheritance |
*ku'u, kuhu |
Californian |
|
This really looks like Numic *kunuki; is there a loan going around here? Other Cupan have ku7ut, which in Ca is Typha sp.. See Gab huka:t, perhaps in S179 |
|
|
same |
other complex |
hunka-t (Bean & Saubel 1972:138 give hunqwa-t) |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate" |
-m-exan-7a (inanimate classifier) for plants, -7ay'a "picking" for berries |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:60 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
elderberry sauce from dried berries, berries eaten fresh |
1 |
blossoms in tea for fever, upset stomach, colds, flu. Roots boiled for constipation. Can be poisonous. |
Gathered (wild but closely managed) |
All |
berries dried on drying floor and preserved for sweet sauce; today used for jams and jellies |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Below 4500 feet in moist areas |
no |
|
|
|
| elk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cervas elaphus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| fish (generic) |
pez |
peixe |
flora-fauna |
|
|
kíyul |
ˈkijul |
fish |
inheritance |
<*kïcuC> fish (Manaster Ramer 1992: 257) |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S864 (Stubbs 2009;147) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈkiju-l simplex root -non.possessed.noun suffix |
-7aʃ “pet” |
possessed with possessive suffix -ki (perhaps as meat?), but also with possessie classifier -7ash (Seiler 1977:305) |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:82 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
hunted |
All |
boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
Bean 1972:62 says fish were obtained in trade, and that some Cahuilla had Pacific coast fishing rights in Diegueño territory |
All Americas |
lakes, streams (and apparently near-shore ocean fish used by Cahuilla) |
no |
|
|
|
| flea |
pulga |
pulga |
flora-fauna |
|
Siphonaptera |
múkaš |
ˈmukaʃ |
flea |
inheritance |
*mu-ku'a: |
Cupan |
|
S892 (Stubbs 2009:152); looks like nose-fly |
|
|
narrower (Seiler and Hioki 1979:113 say that their Mountain Cahuilla consultant says this word refers to fleas of animals, and ku7a to those of people). machily “tick” also given as “flea”. |
other complex |
muka-ʃ (etymologically, mu-ku7a: “nose-fly”) |
no info |
|
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:113 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Global |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| flicker |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Colaptes sp. |
táviš |
ˈtaviʃ |
big woodpecker |
inheritance |
*tapi- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S210, for large bird (Southern reflexes are for “hawk”) (Stubbs 2009:68) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹtavi (simplex root) -ʃ non-possessed noun” |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:200 |
no info |
2 |
Flicker feathers used in dance costumes |
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
1 |
flicker feathers, especially scalp feathers, definitely traded, sometimes as completed headbands, etc. |
throughout the Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| blowfly/housefly |
mosca |
mosca |
flora-fauna |
|
Diptera |
ʔáʔawet |
ˈʔaʔawet |
fly |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
narrower (does not include “horsefly”, pi7pish) |
derived |
ˈʔaʔa-wet root - augmentative |
no info |
|
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:21 |
no info |
0 |
one of Temayewet's creatures (Seiler 1970:44) |
0 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
All habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| foothills yucca |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Yucca whipplei |
pánuʔul |
ˈpanuʔul |
Yucca whipplei |
inheritance |
*panaa- |
Cupan |
|
S2547 (Stubbs 2009:340). Cahuilla form may be a compound from panaa plus u7u, of unknown meaning; note Cupeño 7uwet “Yucca head” |
|
|
same |
other complex |
panu7u-l |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate" |
-m-exan-7a (for inanimates; literally "somehow - doing.thus- possessed.noun") |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:141 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
flower stalks, blossoms eaten through several stages of growth |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
All |
stalks roasted, ground, made into cakes, or boiled like squash. Blossoms boiled. |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern California and Baja California |
chaparral and oak woodlands, 300-2500 m. |
no |
|
|
|
| fox |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vulpes, Urocyon |
qáwisiš |
ˈqawisiʃ |
fox |
inheritance |
*kawosi- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S556 (Stubbs 2009:113) |
WW |
%kaw |
narrower (Merriam records this only for Urocyon, “Gray Fox”, contrasting with wilyily “Desert Fox”, Vulpes macrotis |
other complex |
ˈqawisi-ʃ (root looks long for simplex -- this may be loan into Takic) |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:168 |
Fox is a Wildcat Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109) |
2 |
skins used for ceremonial objects (Bean 1972:63) |
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
mainly for skins |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| frog (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
wáxačilʸ |
ˈwaxaʧiʎ |
frog |
inheritance |
*wakaC-ta |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S940 (Stubbs 2009:157); Tarahumara 7awaka seems OK in this set |
WW |
%wakat |
broader (includes “toad” according to Merriam notes) |
other complex |
ˈwaxaʧi-ʎ (-ʧi-ʎ is cognate with Numic diminutives, but frozen and non-productive in Takic) |
-7aʃ “pet” |
possessive classifier --7aʃ (probably) |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:233 |
no info |
2 |
Instrumental in death of creator (Seiler 1970:50-51) |
2 |
Bean 1972 does not include frogs in his list of animals eaten |
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Wetlands, lakes and streams |
no |
|
|
|
| golden eagle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Aquila chrysaetos |
ʔáswet |
ˈʔaswet |
eagle |
inheritance |
*ʔasa-wɨ-ta |
Californian |
|
S719 (Stubbs 2009:131);l note Yuman forms like ?aspa, ?ashpa, a possible source? Check cognacy on this form. Old, if a loan, since Kitanemuk has /h/ for *s |
|
|
same |
derived |
-wet is surely the augmentative. I've always thought this was from -7ash "pet", with this being the prototypical human-associated animal. Bill Bright did not agree. |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal ? |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:16 |
Golden Eagle is a Coyote Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109) |
1 |
Eagles ceremonially raised and killed at Eagle Dance (see Strong 1929:83-4); feathers used in dance skirts, headdresses. Buried with people, according to Merriam's informants. |
2 |
Bean 1972:60 says eagles not eaten. |
1 |
feathers used for shaman's wands, fans |
hunted |
Men |
eaglets captured and kept alive, raised to maturity for the dance. Feathers used for eagle-feather ceremonial skirts. |
0 |
|
1 |
Eagle-feather skirts were traded |
All North America |
They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting |
no |
|
|
|
| gooseberry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ribes spp. |
no name ever recorded |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| gopher snake, bull snake |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pituophis catenifer |
po'-kow-wit 72-11, or -wut 60-173 |
??, but note Luiseno pikawut “snake species”, should yield Ca. pikawet, but Merriam is consistent about po-. |
Gopher snake, bull snake (Pityophus) |
inheritance |
*paxa-wɨ-ta |
Cupan plus Gabrielino |
|
This cannot be S2013 (Stubbs 2009:280), because that yields Cahuilla /paxa/, not /paka/. Something of a mystery. |
|
|
same |
derived |
has augmentative suffix -wet. po-ka is NOT /paxa/ “red racer” |
-7aʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably) |
sewet (Bean 1972:61) |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 173 |
no info |
2 |
Moon gaves snakes their colors; they are her paintings (Seiler 1970:44) |
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted or boiled |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada to Mexico |
“A habitat generalist” http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_gopher_snake.php |
no |
|
|
|
| grass |
hierba, pasto |
capim, grama |
flora-fauna |
|
(NA) |
sámat |
ˈsamat |
brush, herb, grass |
inheritance |
*sama/u- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1025a (Stubbs 2009:166 |
|
|
broader (extended to mean herbs in general, and the chaparral community with grass) |
other complex |
sama-t |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate" |
-m-exan-7a (for inanimates; literally "somehow - doing.thus- possessed.noun") |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:176 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
seeds eaten |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
seeds ground with other seeds as source of flour for porridges, etc. |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| grasshopper |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Caelifera |
wíʔit |
ˈwiʔit |
grass hopper |
inheritance |
*woʔV- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1034 (Stubbs 2009:167) |
|
|
narrower (Merriam gives sah'-kah-kah-wah “red-winged” 60-143 for Wanikik Cahuilla |
other complex |
wi7i-t |
no info |
|
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:244 |
wi7item is the name of a clan (Seiler & Hioki 1979:244) |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
All |
long trenches dug and filled with hot rocks, grasshopper swarms pushed into these |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
All habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| gray ground squirrel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sphermophilus sp. |
sísilʸ |
ˈsisiʎ |
chipmunk (see species notes) |
inheritance |
|
|
|
Proto-Takic *soso > Chumash ʃoʃo “chipmunk, flying squirrel” |
WW |
%sik |
unclear |
other complex |
sisi-ly |
-7aʃ "pet" |
animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5) |
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:186 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| gray tree squirrel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sciurus spp. |
síkawet |
ˈsikawet |
tree squirrel |
loan into protolanguage |
*sika-(wV) |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
Wintun |
S2094 (Stubbs 2009:288); may be very early loan into NUA |
WW |
%sik |
unclear |
derived |
sika-wet (with augmentative) -- although this may be false etymology |
-7aʃ "pet" |
animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5) |
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:185 |
Gray Tree Squirrel (“Flying squirrel”) is a Wildcat Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109) |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| great horned owl |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Bubo virginianus |
múut |
ˈmu:t |
owl |
inheritance |
*muhuN |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1542 (Stubbs 2009:227), do NOT include Raramuri form with mo- |
|
|
same |
other complex |
muhu-t owl.sound-non-possessed-noun |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:115 |
no info |
1 |
S&H 115 report of muh-lu-sh (n): talks like a human being, calls the names of those people who are going to die (of a being who turned into the owl); Hooper (1920:330) reports owl feathers in ceremonial headdress, wands, as shamanic feathers |
2 |
|
1 |
feathers used for shaman's wands, fans |
hunted |
Men |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
1 |
feathered costume elements, wands, etc. |
All Americas |
Diverse habitats (less common in extreme deserts) |
no |
|
|
|
| grizzly bear |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ursus arctos horribilis |
húnwet |
ˈhunwet |
bear |
inheritance |
*huna-wɨ-ta |
Californian |
|
S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California. |
|
|
broader (includes any bear) |
derived |
hun-wet “badger-augmentative” (presumably a euphemism) |
-7aʃ "pet" |
|
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:60 |
Grizzly a relative of humans, called “Great-grandfather” (Strong 1929:76) |
1 |
One of the four oldest animals created by Mukat. Grizzly was a great shaman (Strong 1979:72). |
2 |
only old people, shamans could eat (Bean 1972:63) |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
skins, claws, teeth used |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
chaparral, woodlands |
yes |
|
|
|
| horned toad |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Phrynosomatidae |
čálaka |
ˈʧalaka |
horned toad |
inheritance |
*ˈʧalaka |
Cupan |
|
S1332(Stubbs 2009;202). This may be a loan word. Serrano chilyaaqu “lizard sp.” and Kitanemuk ciruku' are clearly resemblant but not regularly so. Not a Yuman, Yokuts, or Chumash word. |
|
|
same |
underived |
non-possessed noun suffix is absent. |
-7aʃ “pet” |
possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably) |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:22 |
no info |
2 |
Moon gaves lizards their colors; they are her paintings (Seiler 1970:44) |
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
women |
boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western US and Mexico |
Hot, dry, sandy areas |
no |
|
|
|
| horse |
caballo |
cavalho |
flora-fauna |
|
Equus caballus |
pásukat |
ˈpasukat |
horse |
semantic shift |
*pa-suka- |
Takic |
|
S788:139 “elk”; horse only in Cahuilla, Gabrielino |
|
|
same |
derived |
pa-suka-t big-deer-non.possessed.noun (Seiler & Hioki gloss pa- as “water” but they didn't know about homophonous “big” with good UA etymologies) |
-7aʃ "pet" |
-7ash for animals |
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:141 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
at least not lately |
no info |
|
Not collected |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
surely bought and sold |
Global |
with humans |
no |
|
|
|
| hummingbird |
colibrí, picaflor (Peru) |
beija-flor |
flora-fauna |
|
Trochilidae |
túčilʸ |
ˈtuʧiʎ |
humming bird |
inheritance |
*tuʔca |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1180 (p. 185). I agree with Stubbs 2009:185 that the Cora word is cognate. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈtuʧi-ʎ simplex.root-non-possessed noun |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:218 |
no info |
0 |
Hummingbird wanted to play Eagle's mediating role, but was too small (Strong 1929) |
0 |
I'm assuming birds and eggs were eaten |
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| tobacco |
tabaco |
tabaco |
flora-fauna |
|
Nicotiana spp. |
pívat |
ˈpivat |
tobacco, smoking |
inheritance |
*pipaC (*pipat?) |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2290 (Stubbs 2009:310) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
piva-t |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate" |
-m-exan-7a (inanimate classifier) |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:156 |
no info |
1 |
innumerable ritual uses |
1 |
|
1 |
water solution as vomiturge, leaves as poultices, steam inhaled for colds, etc. |
Gathered (wild but closely managed) |
All |
smoked in pipe, chewed with lime, drunk as decoction depending on use |
1 |
associated with “ecstatic experience”, shamanic journeys |
0 |
|
All Americas |
Diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| insect (generic) |
insecto |
insecto |
flora-fauna |
|
generic |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
variable |
|
|
|
| junco |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Junco sppp |
yúynivaš |
ˈjujnivaʃ |
snowbird |
unique |
|
|
|
*juja is Proto-Uto-Aztecan; the morphology is in all Cupan languages, but the other languages do not have this word. But it's about snow, as usual. |
|
|
same |
derived |
ʹjuj-ni-va-ʃ “snow-cause-agent-Nonpossessed.noun |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:256 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
throughout North America |
coniferous and mixed forests, often forage in flocks in winter |
no |
|
|
|
| juniper |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Juniperus californica |
yúyilʸ |
ˈjujiʎ |
California Juniper |
inheritance |
*juwiN- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1580 (Stubbs 2009:231) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
looks like juj(i) “snow” -ʎ, but this is probably spurious given the etymology |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate" |
-m-exan-7a (inanimate classifier) for plants, -7ay7a "picking" for berries |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:257 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
berries eaten fresh or dried. Berries called /iswat/. Not a major food. |
1 |
berries in tea or chewed for fevers and colds |
gathered (wild) |
All |
dried berries ground into flour and made into mush or bread |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Abundant at about 3000 feet in Santa Rosa Mountains |
no |
|
|
|
| louse |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
order Phtiraptera |
sáʔwal |
ˈsaʔwal |
louse (of hair) |
inheritance |
*saʔwa- |
Takic |
|
S1360 (Stubbs 2009:205); a possible Tepiman form |
|
|
narrower (head louse only) |
other complex |
ˈsaʔwa-l |
no info |
|
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:179 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Global |
in people's hair |
no |
|
|
|
| mallard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Anas platyrhynchos |
si'-yil |
ˈsajiʎ (based on Luiseño $ayla, Cahuilla sasaymalem “ducks” |
mallard, Anas boschas |
inheritance |
*saya(C) |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S217 (and 710) Stubbs 2009:69, very consistently for “coot, mud-hen” except in Cahuilla |
|
|
unclear |
other complex |
saji-ʎ (simplex root with non-possessed-noun suffix) |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal (?) |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 169 |
no info |
2 |
bird songs are all about water birds |
1 |
Water birds are an important food source. |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Global |
Wetlands, open water |
no |
|
|
|
| manzanita |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Arctostaphylos spp. |
kélel |
ˈkelel |
manzanita, wild apple |
inheritance |
*kɨta |
Takic |
|
S1635 (Stubbs 2009:235), revised to accomodate Kitanemuk ˈkɨʧraʧr; note Chumash V tsqoqo'n |
|
|
same |
other complex |
kele-l |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate" |
-m-exan-7a (inanimate classifer) for plants, -7ay7a "picking" for berries |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:75 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
berries in beverage or jelly, or dried. Seeds for mush. a major food source. A. glandulosa and A. pungens preferred |
1 |
leaves mixed with tobacco or boiled in water to treat diarrhea or poison oak rash |
gathered (wild) |
women |
early-season berries pulped, mixed with water, strained for beverage. Fully ripe berries used for “aspic”. Also sundried and stored. |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
In chaparral, oak chaparral, in lower canyons where villages were located |
no |
|
|
|
| milkweed, broad leaf |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Asclepias eriocarpa |
kíyal |
ˈkijal |
Asclepias sp. |
inheritance |
*kɨya- |
Takic |
|
See also Serrano ky7at “gum plant”; not likely a loan (Serrano has lost /y/ as usual) |
|
|
unclear |
other complex |
kija-l |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate" |
-m-exan-7a (for inanimates; literally "somehow - doing.thus- possessed.noun") |
|
Bean & Saubel 1972:43 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
for chewing gum. One type eaten as greens, and seeds used, although most are poisonous. Mainly a fiber plant |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
gum collected in cup and kept overnight or cooked for chewing gum |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California, Baja California, Nevada |
“Especially dry areas” (Wikipedia) |
no |
|
|
|
| milkweed, narrow leaf |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Asclepias fascicularis |
see notes |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| mission tule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Juncus |
séilʸ |
ˈse(j)iʎ |
Juncus; Rush, wire-grass |
inheritance |
*sɨji- |
Takic |
|
S1735 (Stubbs 2009:246); Note Chumash V syɨt “Juncus” |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈse(j)i-ʎ |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate" |
-m-exan-7a (inanimate classifier) |
|
Bean & Saubel 1972:80 |
no info |
2 |
Apparently it has been claimed that this was used for sacred bundles; Bean & Saubel 1972 disagree |
1 |
|
0 |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
Scape split into three withes with teeth. Can be dyed, but color variation exploited by basketmakers |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Moist areas |
no |
|
|
|
| mockingbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mimus polyglottos |
támawet |
ˈtamawet |
mockingbird |
inheritance |
*tama-wɨ-ta |
Cupan |
|
S215 (Stubbs 2009:68); Gabrielino tamávut “hechicera” is same word |
|
|
same |
derived |
S&H give tamaw-et “mock-nominalizer”; everybody else thinks it is tama-wet “mouth-augmentative” |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:197 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America, Mexico |
diverse habitats (they like habitats with high places to perch, and don't like pine trees) |
no |
|
|
|
| mosquito |
mosquito, zancudo |
mosquito, carapana |
flora-fauna |
|
Anopheles spp, Isoptera |
muhúlilʸ |
muˈhuliʎ |
mosquito |
inheritance |
*muhu... |
NUA |
|
Perhaps S889, but not really a good correspondence. Probably loans and regionalisms going on. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
muˈhuli-ʎ; root may be sound imitative, see *muhu-t “great horned owl”. But mu- may have to do with “nose”. |
no info |
|
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:112 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Cahuilla villages tended to be in canyon bottoms near water sources, favorable for mosquitoes |
no |
|
|
|
| moth |
mariposa nocturna, polilla |
mariposa |
flora-fauna |
|
Heterocera |
héveveqalet |
ˈheveveqalet |
big butterfly |
inheritance |
*hɨvɨviqal |
Cupan |
|
S324 (Stubbs 2009:85); very similar form in Luiseño. S's own reconstruction with *p is an anachronism since this is just Cupan |
|
|
unclear |
relative clause |
heveve-qale-t soft-sg.impf.-nominalizer “the one who is soft”, but probably a false etymology given Luiseño xuvooviqat from xuvoovi “to drag on ground”. Lu. form is also a relative clause. |
-7aʃ "pet" |
possibly possessive classifier -7ash |
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:53 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
moth larvae eaten (Bean 1972:62) |
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| mountain lion |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Puma concolor |
túkwet |
ˈtukwet |
mountain lion |
inheritance |
*tuCkuC-wɨ |
Californian |
|
S1306b (Stubbs 2009;200); note Chumash tuk'em' |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
derived |
tuku-wet (with augmentative suffix from tukut “wild cat”) |
-7aʃ "pet" |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:220 |
A relative of humans “of uncertain degree” (Strong 1929:76). A Wildcat Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109) |
1 |
One of the four oldest animals created by Mukat. Tukwet was a great shaman (Strong 1929:72) |
2 |
only old people, shamans could eat (Bean 1972:63) |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
skins |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America, Mexico |
Diverse habitats (prefers uplands) |
yes |
|
|
|
| mountain quail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oreortyx pictus |
xáwet |
ˈxawet |
mountain quail |
inheritance |
*kakaC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1702a (Stubbs 2009:241); 1702b is a different word, a Californianism. Proto-form does not include augmentative suffix |
|
|
same |
derived |
Merriam consistently for all dialects gives this as káxa-wet “quail-augmentative”. S&H's form is a clipping. |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:245 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
yum yum |
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
US west of Rockies and Baja California |
Chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| mussel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| olivella (olive snail) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Callianax biplicata |
hīssavel |
ˈhajsaval (note saval “shell”) |
shell money |
inheritance |
*sa(w)pV |
Cupan |
|
S1911 (Stubbs 2009:267); does not include hay-, , which is Takic (S765) and MAYBE UA (Yecora Pima had “finish”). Note Luiseño $awvish “univalve shell”, Harrington “topshell of snail” (Olivella is snail-like) |
|
|
broader (means “money”) |
derived |
hay-”shore, edge” (and also a “magic” word in haytu); saval “shell” |
-m-7exan-7a (inanimate) |
posessive classifier -m-7exan-7a (inanimate) |
|
Strong 1929:94) |
Net dealt with shell money; had measuring point for values tattooed on his forearm. |
2 |
exchanged between villages, lineages at Mourning Ceremony (Strong 1929:98-99) |
2 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
1 |
Pass Cahuilla received from Serrano, who got it from Gabrielino, who got it from Santa Catalina Island |
Pacific coast Canada to Baja California |
sandy substrates in tidal and intertidal zones, bays |
no |
|
|
|
| pinyon jay |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cyanocitta stelleri? |
káyval |
ˈkajval |
bluejay with a crest |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts? (by way of Serrano?) |
Only in Cupeño, Cahuilla; Similar forms in Gab., Kit.: Kitanemuk ˈhajhaʔj, no Serrano form found. Proto-NimYokuts *xay “Crested Jay” (Golla 1964:61); Southern Sierra Miwok kayka'jahnt, so Yok-Utian word, perhaps. |
WW |
%kaj |
same |
other complex |
ʹkajva-l (perhaps kaj-va “swing-er, dangl-er” but not so given by S&H 1977 |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:140 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
Birds' caches owned if in individually owned trees (see California Jay) |
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
Foothills where pinyon groves occur |
no |
|
|
|
| pinyon pine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pinus monophylla |
tévat |
ˈtevat |
pine-nut, pinyon |
inheritance |
*tɨpat |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1583 (Stubbs 2009:231). This is probably a loan into Proto-NUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan (Hill 2008) |
|
|
broader (includes both tree and nuts) |
other complex |
ˈteva-t |
-ki7iw7a "waiting, claim" |
-ki7iw7a "waiting, claim" |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:212 |
Groves owned by local groups |
2 |
|
1 |
Very important food source |
no information |
|
Gathered (wild but closely managed) |
All |
See Bean & Saubel 1972:103-104 |
0 |
|
1 |
Wanikik paid Serrano to gather in their groves. An important trade item. |
Southwestern North America and Mexico |
In pinyon-juniper woodland, 3500-9000 feet (for P. monophylla), 2500-8000 feet (for P. quadrifolia). Rocky hills and slopes. |
no |
|
|
|
| pocket gopher |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Thomomys |
mĕt' 72-11, 60-161 |
ˈme:t |
Pocket gopher |
inheritance |
*mɨjɨN- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1009 (Stubbs 2009:164) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
me:-t |
-7aʃ "pet" |
animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5) |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 161 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| poison oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Toxicodendron diversilobum |
ā'-yah-lem |
ˈʔijal (note Luiseño 7iyaala (Elliott 1999:1628) |
Poison oak, Toxicodendron diversiloba |
inheritance |
*ʔɨjaa-la |
Californian |
|
S1506 (Stubbs 2009:224) Huasteca Nahuatl iyatl “tobacco”is ridiculous. Kitanemuk ʔɨycič, Gab. o:ar attest to first vowel. Note Chumash V. yasis |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈʔija-l |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate" |
-m-exan7a inanimate (but who would want to own it??) |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 181 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
Bean and Saubel 1972:132 cite a source that says tea from dried roots could be taken in small quantities for immunity from poison oak; their consultants couldn't confirm this |
gathered (wild) |
women |
roots made into tea, maybe |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Pacific coast Canada to Baja California |
Likes damp, shady areas, chaparral |
yes |
|
|
|
| rattlesnake |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Crotalus spp. |
séwet |
ˈsewet |
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
*sɨwɨ |
Takic |
|
S2011a (Stubbs 2009:280) |
|
|
broader (Bean 1972:61 states that this is generic “snake”, and gives mesa7a as “rattlesnake”; also given by S&H |
other complex |
sewe-t |
-7aʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably) |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:183 |
no info |
1 |
Moon gaves snakes their colors; they are her paintings (Seiler 1970:44) |
2 |
“Rattlesnakes were eaten, at least among the Cahuilla” (Lightfoot and Parrish 2009:359) “A particular favorite” (Bean 1972:61) |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada south |
Diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| red ant |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Solenopsis spp |
ʔánet |
ˈʔanet |
ant, big ant |
inheritance |
*ʔalɨn- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S44 (Stubbs 2009:44) |
|
|
broader; also generic for “ant” at least in Mountain and Wanikik; unclear for Desert Cahuilla but generic for “big ant” there; Merriam confirms “red ant” |
other complex |
7ane-t |
-7aʃ "pet" |
possibly possessive classifier -7ash |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:16 |
no info |
1 |
|
0 |
ants and larvae eaten |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
All |
anthill swarms with larvae pushed into pits with hot rocks and roasted, also boiled |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| red-shouldered blackbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Agelaius phoeniceus |
páxaniš |
ˈpaxaniʃ |
Red-shouldered blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus, male |
inheritance |
*paaka- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Cupan *paaxiŋi-sh, Kitanemuk ˈpakoŋjat; Southern Paiute pagatcaqapI; Tumpisa Shoshone pakkwatoppe |
|
|
narrower (male bird only; Merriam quite consistent on this), but also broader, also recorded for Brewer Blackbird |
derived |
ʹpaxan-iʃ , looks like a nominalization, but root unclear given that this is from *paxing, not *paxan |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up p. 165 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North and Central America |
Open grassy areas, prefers wetlands, but also found in dry upland meadows |
no |
|
|
|
| red-tailed hawk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Buteo jamaicensis |
kʷáʔal |
ˈkʷaʔal |
chicken hawk (smaller than kisily) |
inheritance |
*kwaʔa- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S716 (Stubbs 2009:131) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈkʷaʔa-l possibly onomatopoeic root, plus non.possessed.noun |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal (?) |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:91 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
“Hawks were usually not eaten” (Lightfoot & Parrish 2009:360) |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
feathers used for fletching arrows |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Widespread in Americas |
Mixed forest and field |
no |
|
|
|
| roadrunner |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Geococcyx californianus |
púuiš |
ʹpu:iʃ |
road-runner (who allegedly sounds like púu) |
inheritance |
*puhi/*puʔi/*puwi (all proposed) |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
I agree with Stubbs 2009:250 that Yecora Piman pu7i “roadrunner” fits here. S1776. In all Takic. |
WW |
%pu: |
same |
derived |
puhu-iʃ “go.puhu-nominalizer” (note that plural is puh-ʧem) |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:158 |
no info |
2 |
For Luiseno, roadrunner cut hair in mourning for Creator |
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwestern US to Central America |
desert areas |
no |
|
|
|
| ruddy duck |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oxyura jamaicensis |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| sage herb |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Artemisia californica |
húulvel |
ˈhu:lvel |
California sagebrush |
inheritance |
*hulupa- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1597 (Stubbs 2009:233) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
hu:lve-l (root might be complex; might be from hu-hulve-l) |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate" |
-m-exan-7a (for inanimates; literally "somehow - doing.thus- possessed.noun") |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:59 |
no info |
2 |
tea from boiled plant given to girls to drink at initiation, to ensure “the proper maturation of girls into womanhood” |
2 |
|
1 |
to induce menstruation,tea taken before each menstrual period; given to newborn babies one day after birth “to flush out their system”. For colds, leaves chewed fresh or dried, or mixed with tobacco and other leaves and smoked. Used in sweathouse “for var |
gathered (wild) |
women |
leaves boiled into tea |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California, Baja California |
Chaparral and “dry foothills communities” |
no |
|
|
|
| salmon/steelhead |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| scaly lizard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pygopus lepidopodus? |
múlʸak |
ˈmuʎak |
lizard (generic term) |
inheritance |
|
|
|
Only in Cupeño and Cahuila. Because of odd word shape, a potential loan; not obviously Yuman. |
|
|
same (according to S&H) |
underived |
no non-possessed noun suffix |
-7aʃ “pet” |
possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably) |
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:114 |
no info |
2 |
Moon gaves lizards their colors; they are her paintings (Seiler 1970:44). Mulyak still looks at sun because he was assigned to watch an evil-doer at Creation Time (Seiler 1970:48) |
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
women |
boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| small bird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| small brown lizard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| snake (generic) |
culebra, serpiente |
cobra |
flora-fauna |
|
|
séwet |
ˈsewet |
snakes |
inheritance |
*sɨwɨn- |
Takic |
|
S2011a (Stubbs 2009:280); not Stubbs' reconstruction, but Kitanemuk, Serrano are conservative in retaining these nasals. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
sewe-t |
-7aʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably) |
|
Bean 1972:61 |
no info |
0 |
Moon gaves snakes their colors; they are her paintings (Seiler 1970:44) |
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| soaproot |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Chlorogalum |
kĕ'-ko-waht 60-245 |
|
Soaproot, Chlorogalum |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
A Merriam word, attested nowhere else, probably kikuwa-t. Root is a bit long for simplex. wa-t is NOT augmentative for which Merriam always has wit, wut. |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate" |
-m-exan-7a (for inanimates; literally "somehow - doing.thus- possessed.noun") |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n189/mode/2up; p. 245 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
as pot herb (Bean & Saubel 1972:54) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
bulb crushed and particles rubbed in water for lather, bulb fibers for brushes, young spring shoots as pot herb |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwest Oregon, California |
rock bluffs, grasslands, chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| sour berry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rhus trilobata |
sélet |
ˈselet |
sumac (basket-weed), rhus trilobata |
inheritance |
*sɨ(ta) |
Californian |
|
Gabrielino sorat, Kitanemuk. hɨč, Tubatulabal shyl; note Chumash V shuna'y |
|
|
same |
other complex |
sele-t |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate" |
-m-exan-7a (for inanimates; literally "somehow - doing.thus- possessed.noun") |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:179 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
edible berries |
1 |
berries “as restorative for inactive stomachs” (Bean & Saubel 1972:132 |
gathered (wild) |
women |
berries eaten fresh, ground for soup, or soaked for beverage |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
“common to chaparral regions up to 3,500 feet” (Bean & Saubel 1972:132) |
no |
|
|
|
| sparrow hawk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Falco |
kel-lek'-le-mal |
keˈleklemal (note Luiseño kolókolomay “red-breasted hawk, small red hawk” (Elliott 1999:1462) |
Sparrow hawk (Falco) |
inheritance |
*kɨlɨ- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S721 (Stubbs 2009:131); Note: Guarijío keleti̱ | kereti̱ (?) <kelecí (¿kerecí?)> ‘kind of a hawk’ (Miller 1996: 345); correspondence of medial /l/ is off, perhaps loan. Hopi kyeele “Sparrow Hawk” definitely not regular, perhaps sound-imitation is affec |
WW |
%kili |
same |
derived |
keˈlekle-mal kele-kele (a call) - diminutive |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal (?) |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 163 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| spider |
araña |
aranha |
flora-fauna |
|
Arachnida, Araneae |
xʷálxʷal |
ˈxʷalxʷal |
spider |
inheritance |
|
|
|
probably a Yuman loan, given xw-. Also in Cupeno. But I can't find a Yuman equivalent. |
|
|
narrower (while this is given as “generic”, it does NOT include Black Widow) |
reduplicated |
xwal-xwal; final -l is NOT the non-possessed noun suffix |
no info |
|
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:247 |
no info |
0 |
Spiders helped creator build the world |
0 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| spotted skunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Spilogale gracilis |
tékʷel tévišnekiš |
ˈtekʷel ˈteviʃnekiʃ |
Little Spotted skunk, Spilogale gracilis |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
phrase |
means “skunk white”. Merriam collected /tekwemal/ at Whitewater. I'm suspicious of both of these, may be on-the-spot coinages |
-7aʃ "pet" |
animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5) |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 159 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
not a preferred game animal |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western United States |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| toad |
sapo |
sapo |
flora-fauna |
|
Bufonidae |
wáxačilʸ |
ˈwaxaʧiʎ |
toad |
inheritance |
*wakaC-ta |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S940 (Stubbs 2009:157); Tarahumara 7awaka seems OK in this set |
|
|
broader (includes “frog”) |
other complex |
ˈwaxaʧi-ʎ (-ʧi-ʎ is cognate with Numic diminutives, but frozen and non-productive in Takic) |
-7aʃ “pet” |
possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably) |
no info |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 173 |
no info |
2 |
waxaawut, Calif. red-legged frog) is shaman who bewitches Wuyot (White 1963:141) |
2 |
not eaten |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
Colorado River toad, Bufo Alvarius, may have been known (range extends into Desert Cahuilla territory). Skin exudes hallucinogenic substance. |
0 |
|
All Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| tree |
árbol |
arvore |
flora-fauna |
|
(NA) |
kélawat |
ˈkelawat |
wood; woods: tree |
inheritance |
*kutawɨ/kɨtawɨ |
Takic |
|
S2346a (Stubbs 2009:315) Note -- Hopi is NOT part of set! |
|
|
broader (also means firewood, woods (bosque)) |
derived |
kelaw “to gather wood” -at nominalizing suffix |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate";-kelaw7a "wood thing" |
-m-exan-7a (inanimate classifier) for tree; possessed "wood" is -kelaw7a |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:75 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
depends on which tree |
1 |
depends |
gathered (wild) |
All |
depends |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Global |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| tree yucca |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Yucca schidegera |
húnuvat |
ˈhunuvat |
Yucca |
inheritance |
*hɨnuva- |
Cupan plus Gabrielino |
|
S2548 (Stubbs 2009:340) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
hunuva-t (root may be complex) |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate" |
-m-exan-7a (for inanimates; literally "somehow - doing.thus- possessed.noun") |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:60 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
fruit pods eaten |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
pods roasted in coals (mainly plant was for soap, fiber) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Mojave and Sonoran Deserts |
rocky slopes, creosote flats, 300-1200m (rarely up to 2500m) |
no |
|
|
|
| turkey buzzard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cathartes aura |
yúŋaviš |
ˈjuŋaviʃ |
turkey buzzard |
inheritance |
*juŋa:pi- |
Takic |
|
S336 (Stubbs 2009:87). This is probably juŋ -a-pi where *a is the ablaut vowel induced by -pi. But I don't know what *juŋ- means! Elliott 1999 has junga “archaic word for “to dance”) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈjuŋavi-ʃ with non-possessed noun suffix; root may be complex but no etymological evidence |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal (?) |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:256 |
Vulture is a Coyote Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109) |
2 |
|
2 |
I doubt that they were eaten. |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
Eggs? Feathers? |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| turtle (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Testudines |
ʔáyilʸ |
ˈʔajiʎ |
turtle |
inheritance |
*ʔayaC |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2359 (Stubbs 2009:316) |
|
|
narrower (this is land tortoise, not water turtle. Generally in UA it is Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) |
other complex |
ˈʔaji-ʎ |
-7aʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably) |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:200 |
no info |
2 |
shells used for rattles |
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted |
0 |
|
1 |
|
Mojave Desert and Sonoran Desert |
Strong preference for alluvial fans, washes, canyons where they can dig dens in soft soil |
no |
|
|
|
| valley live oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Quercus agrifolia |
wíʔasilʸ |
ˈwiʔasiʎ |
coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia |
inheritance |
*wiʔaN-si |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1507b (Stubbs 2009:224). Cupeno also has this -si increment. |
|
|
broader (also used for the acorn) |
derived |
ˈwiʔa-si-ʎ ˈwiʔa-t is Q. chrysolepsis. -si may be frozen diminutive (it is not a productive element) |
-ki7iw7a "waiting, claim" |
possessive classifier -ki7iw7a "grove of trees growing wild that is assigned to a lineage" (literally, "waiting", "claim" (Seiler and Hioki 1979:300)). Acorns are -chi-7a "gathering". |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:243 |
Oak groves were lineage properties. Individual trees belonged to families within the lineage. |
2 |
A “first crop” ceremony held by net; one could not eat the new acorns before this event, on pain of death or sickness. Myths hold acorns were not always bitter, but were poisoned by a shaman, or perhaps by creator when he got angry at people. |
1 |
Very elaborate steps in preparation yields bread (sawish), mush (wiwish), and soup (B&S give no name). Q. agrifolia was a “secondary source” with Q. kelloggii and Q. chrysolepsis preferred. |
1 |
ashes of wood and bark in antiseptic wash |
Gathered (wild but closely managed) |
All |
acorns dried, ground, flour prepared through several stages of leaching, grinding in diverse utensils (see Bean & Saubel 1972:127) |
0 |
|
1 |
Desert Cahuilla traded for acorns with Wanikik and Mountain Cahuilla groups, although they did have their own groves in upper Murray Canyon |
California west of Sierra Nevada from Mendocino County to Baja California; only coastal live oak |
Concentrated in valleys and on lower hills below 3000 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| valley oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Quercus lobata |
kʷíñil |
ˈkʷiɲil |
acorn, California black oak |
inheritance |
*kwini/*kwiyi- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1507a (Stubbs 2009:224). This is probably a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan |
|
|
broader (also used for the acorn) |
other complex |
ˈkʷiɲi-l |
-ki7iw7a "waiting, claim" |
possessive classifier -ki7iw7a "grove of trees growing wild that is assigned to a lineage" (literally, "waiting", "claim" (Seiler and Hioki 1979:300)). Acorns are -chi-7a "gathering". |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:93 |
Oak groves were lineage properties. Individual trees belonged to families within the lineage. |
2 |
A “first crop” ceremony held by net; one could not eat the new acorns before this event, on pain of death or sickness. Myths hold acorns were not always bitter, but were changed by a vengeful shaman or perphas by Mukat, angry at his people poisoned by a |
1 |
Very elaborate steps in preparation yields bread (sawish), mush (wiwish), and soup (B&S give no name). |
1 |
ashes of wood and bark in antiseptic wash |
Gathered (wild but closely managed) |
All |
acorns dried, ground, flour prepared through several stages of leaching, grinding in diverse utensils (see Bean & Saubel 1972:127) |
0 |
|
1 |
Desert Cahuilla traded for acorns with Wanikik and Mountain Cahuilla groups, although they did have their own groves in upper Murray Canyon |
Southwest Oregon and California except in deserts |
Found in high hills up to 8,000 feet, especially on slopes facing away from the desert |
no |
|
|
|
| valley quail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Callipepla californica |
qáxal |
ˈqaxal |
quail |
inheritance |
*kakaC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1702a (Stubbs 2009:241) |
WW |
%kaka |
same |
other complex |
qaxa-l root-non.possessed.noun (root may be sound imitative ultimately) |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:169 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
yum yum |
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Far west North America to British Columbia |
open woodlands, chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| Western Canada goose |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Branta canadensis |
ɂálukul |
ˈʔalukul |
wild goose |
unique |
|
|
|
Might this be linked to S566b *kaLu “sandhll crane”??? with metathesis? Note 'Iipay Aa lă'-lok e-yow' laluk duck |
|
|
broader (Merriam says this is “all geese”) |
other complex |
ˈʔaluku-l |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:13 |
no info |
0 |
bird songs are all about water birds and have to do with Cahuilla history |
1 |
Water birds are an important food source. |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Wetlands, open fields |
no |
|
|
|
| whale |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Eschrichtius robustus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| white pelican |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pelicanus erythrorhynchos |
sovalivil |
ˈsuvalivel (?) |
Pelican |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (both White and Brown Pelican, apparently, although uncertain) |
other complex |
suvalive-l pelican-non.possessed.noun (may be derivation in root) |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; Seiler & Hioki 1979 give only possessed state |
wikikmal |
Hooper 1920:376 |
no info |
0 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
breed inland (perhaps Lake Cahuilla) and are on coasts in winter (White Pelicans) |
no |
|
|
|
| wild grapevine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vitis californica |
suwánawet |
suˈwanawet |
wild grape |
loan |
|
|
Chumash |
S188 (Stubbs 2009:65) has this in Cahuilla, Cupeño, Mono seenowa “elderberries”, and Tumpisa Shoshone isawana “plant sp.”. I like Chumash /suwan/ “hanging, earrings” (Ineseno: Note su-wayan- “to cause to hang” A. 221 , “earring” (A.236) (grapes?); ma-s-s |
WW |
%sonot |
same |
derived |
suˈwana-wet looks like it has an augmentative. This odd form is one of very few Cahuilla words with second syllable stress, suggesting it's a loan. |
-7ay7a “picking” |
fruit is -7ay7a “picking” |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:193 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
grapes eaten fresh, cooked in stews, dried as raisins, could be used in mush |
no info |
|
gathered (wild ) |
women, children |
dried raisins boiled in water before eating |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwest Oregon and California |
common along streams and in canyon bottoms below 4000 feet, often near villages. |
no |
|
|
|
| wild oats |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Avena (introduction) |
ʔavéena |
ʔaˈve:na |
Avena fatua, Wild Oat |
loan |
|
|
Spanish |
|
WW |
%avena |
same |
underived |
unassimilated loan |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate", |
-m-exan-7a, perhaps -chi7a "picking up" |
|
Bean & Saubel 1972:46 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
seeds eaten |
0 |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
seeds parched, ground into flour, mixed with other wild seeds in mush |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Common in upper and lower Sonoran life zones, abundant since at least 1835 |
no |
|
|
|
| wild rose |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rosa californica |
ʔúšal |
ˈʔuʃal |
Rosa californica |
inheritance |
*ʔusa-la |
Takic |
|
Not in Stubbs; note Luiseño 7ush-la, Kitanemuk ʔucuč, also in Gab ochu:r |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈʔuʃa-l (sibilant should be retroflex; Merriam recorded oo'-choo-lem (probably for the fruits) |
-7ay-'a "picking-possessed.noun" |
-7ay-'a "picking-possessed.noun" (probably; this is possessive classifier for fresh fruits plucked from plant) |
|
Bean & Saubel 1972:133 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
buds eaten just before blossoming, flowers brewed into tea |
1 |
tea from flowers to ease pain in infants, “unclog” stomach |
gathered (wild) |
women |
leaves boiled into tea (no mention of hips which I think were eaten) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Oregon, California, northern Baja California |
“commonly found in moist places such as cienegas or swamps and along streams” Bean and Saubel 1972:133 |
no |
|
|
|
| wild sunflower |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Helianthus (and other genera) |
páʔakal |
ˈpaɁaqal |
Helianthus annuus, Sunflower |
inheritance |
*(pa)ʔaʔka |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2191 (Stubbs 2009:299) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈpaɁaka-l; actually historically pa- Ɂaqa-l “big- (water?-) sunflower” but has this form in all Takic with no 7aqa form, so simplex root for Cahuilla |
-7ay-'a "picking-possessed.noun" |
-7ay-'a "picking-possessed.noun" (probably; this is classifier for fresh fruits plucked from plant) |
|
Bean & Saubel 1972:76 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
eaten in dishes made from ground seeds, such as pinole |
0 |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
seeds ground with other seeds as source of flour for porridges, etc. |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| willow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Salix spp. |
ɂávasilʸ |
ˈʔavasiʎ |
willow, black willow |
unique |
|
|
|
Lu. wat “black willow”, and note Cora waseh “sauce”. Could use some work. |
|
|
narrower (Bean & Saubel 1972:135 record only as Salix Gooddingii, noting that another species (for which they give no information, is /saxat/. Seiler & Hioki give /saxat/ as Mountain Cahuilla; here I am using Palm Springs dialect. |
other complex |
ˈʔavasi-ʎ Root may be complex |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate" |
-m-exan-7a (inanimate classifier) |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:17 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
leaves ground for medicinal tea |
gathered (wild) |
women |
leaves ground in mortar and pulp steeped for several hours |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwestern US and presumably Mexico (plants.usda.gov) |
Along streams and in wet places below 2000 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| wood rat, round-tail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Neotoma spp. |
qáwal |
ˈqawal |
rat |
inheritance |
*kawa- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1423 (Stubbs 2009:242) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
qawa-l |
-7aʃ "pet" |
animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5) |
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:167 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
unmarried boys could not eat their own small game; they gave it to another family (often the mother's family) (Strong 1929:78) |
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
special stick to dig out of holes; boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western US, Northern Mexico |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| worm, hairy caterpillar |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Arctiidae (many species) |
sívuyal |
ˈsivujal |
worm |
inheritance |
*sipuri |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2529 (Stubbs 2009:338) |
|
|
unclear |
derived |
sivuy-a-l (sivuyish means “wormy, full of worms” |
no info |
|
|
Seiler and Hioki 1979:187 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
All |
parching in basket |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| worm, smooth caterpillar |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper |
píyaxat |
ˈpijaxat |
1. rainbow. 2. worm with two horns (“they drop from the sky once a year near Fish Traps and the Indians used to cook and eat them” |
inheritance |
*piʔakɨC |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2527 (Stubbs 2009:338) |
|
|
unclear |
other complex |
pijaxa-t; might be complex root |
no info |
|
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:156 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
“a favorite treat” (Bean 1972:62) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
All |
parching in basket, stored for later use |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Mojave and Colorado Deserts (?) |
appeared on surface of ground after warm spring rains |
no |
|
|
|
| yellow jacket |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp. |
muxáavikat |
muˈxa:vikat |
Desert Cahuilla yellowjacket |
unique |
|
|
|
Might be a loan but looks like a construction from unknown verb |
|
|
same |
relative clause |
muˈxa:vi-kat “the one who does X (muxa:vi, of unknown meaning; mu- may be nose prefix |
no info |
|
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:116 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Prefers to be near water |
no |
|
|
|
| yellowbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Dendroica petechia |
kah-nav'-ve 60-167 |
ʹkanaviʎ (from Cahuilla “to play, have fun”) |
Yellowbird, Astragalinus |
inheritance |
*kanavily |
Cupan |
|
Only in Cupeño, Cahuilla |
|
|
same |
derived |
ʹkanav-iʎ “play-nominalizer” “player, fun-haver” |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up p. 167 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America; the relevant subspecies is west of Sierras and in deserts and Baja California in winter |
open country |
no |
|
|
|
| yerba santa |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Eriodictyon californicum |
tánwivel |
ˈtanwivel |
yerba santa (used as tea for cold) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
derived |
tanwi-ve-l; root meaning unknown but -ve looks derivational |
-m-exan-7a "inanimate" |
-m-exan-7a (for inanimates; literally "somehow - doing.thus- possessed.noun") |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:198 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
blood purifier, cure for coughs, colds, catarrh, rheumatism, tuberculosis, paste to reduce fever |
gathered (wild) |
women |
diverse preparations: leaves boiled into tea, or crushed as paste for liniment. Fresh leaves chewed to alleviate thirst |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Oregon, California -- USDA, oddly, doesn't show it in southern California deserts (http://plants.usda.gov/java/county?state_name=California&statefips=06&symbol=ERCA6) |
plants from mountainous areas thought to be most efficacious |
no |
|
|
|
| ant (generic) |
hormiga |
formiga |
flora-fauna |
|
|
anet |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S&H 1979 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bird |
pajaro, ave |
passaro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
wikikmal |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S&H 1979 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| blowfly/housefly |
mosca |
mosca |
flora-fauna |
|
|
a'awet |
|
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S&H 1979 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| dog (camp, domestic) |
perro |
cachorro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
awal |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S&H 1979 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| grass |
hierba, pasto |
capim, grama |
flora-fauna |
|
|
samat |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S&H 1979 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| deer |
venado |
veado, cariacu |
flora-fauna |
|
|
suk-at |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S&H 1979 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| snake (generic) |
culebra, serpiente |
cobra |
flora-fauna |
|
|
sewet (rattlesnake) |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S&H 1979 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| spider |
araña |
aranha |
flora-fauna |
|
|
xwalxwal |
|
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S&H 1979 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
