Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

stone

Semantic Field
environment
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
piedra
Meaning Portuguese
pedra

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Bankalachi Toloim tūnt' 207; dünt (K1907) inheritance
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tym-pin inheritance
Cahuilla qawish inheritance S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok shawa:/- inheritance
Chemehuevi tymp(i)/ inheritance
Chumash Barbareno xyp inheritance Klar 1977:111
Chumash Cruzeno wa (appears as pa-wa) unknown JPH
Chumash Ineseno xyp inheritance Klar 1977:111
Chumash Obispeno (t)qypy inheritance Klar 1977:111
Chumash Ventureno xyp inheritance Klar 1977:111
Cocopa wi:, xur inheritance
Comanche tyypI inheritance
Cupeño qawi-sh [kəˈwɪʃ] inheritance
Esselen ciefe unknown JPH T&S 1981:109
Gabrielino tota inheritance
Iipay 'Aa 'ewily [Ɂəˈwɪʎ] inheritance
Kawaiisu ty-bi, tii-py inheritance
Kiliwa 7-uha7 inheritance
Kitanemuk tymyt inheritance
Lake Miwok ho/ka “rock, boulder” unknown
Luiseño to:-ta inheritance
Maidu 7o/ inheritance
Mojave avii inheritance
Mutsun 7irek-tak “at the rock” inheritance O77:82
Nisenan 7o: inheritance
Northern Paiute typi inheritance Thornes 03
Northern Sierra Miwok sawa- inheritance
Plains Miwok sawa-, sowa- inheritance
Salinan A (t)cxa7 (A), unknown
Salinan M cxAp 'stone, pebble, rock' unknown Mason 1918:132
Seri (Comcaac) hast unknown
Serrano tymy-t inheritance
Southern Paiute ta-G instr pref; ty-N; tympi-G inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok hawa- inheritance
Southern Ute tYpyichI, typychI inheritance
Tübatulabal tynt inheritance
Tümpisa Shoshone tympin, tyn- inheritance
Wappo le/l loan into protolanguage
Washo de7ek unknown J170
Western Mono typi inheritance
Wintu so:n inheritance
Yavapai wi^:vch (as subject), ?wi/: inheritance
Yokuts Palewyami xelul' inheritance JPH Gamble 91
Yokuts Yawdanchi yakau 243 inheritance K07:243
Yokuts Yowlumne silel inheritance Golla 1964
Yuki lil loan into protolanguage S&S 1984
Yuma 7avi:/ H3:212 inheritance
Baniwa hiipada hiipada inheritance See Language page
Carijona təhu inheritance See Language page
Cubeo cʉ̃ra, cʉ̃rabo kɨ̃ra, kɨ̃rabo inheritance See Language page
Dâw paás pǎʃ inheritance See Language page
Desano ʉ̃tãye ɨ̃tãje inheritance See Language page
Eñepa toʔ toʔ inheritance See Language page
Hodï ih'tɨ unique See Language page
Waorani di-ka unique See Language page
Hup pǎç pǎç inheritance See Language page
Kakua hê-daʔ [stone-cl.round] inheritance See Language page
Makushi tɨʔ (SIL) tɨʔ (SIL) inheritance See Language page
Nheengatu itá itá inheritance See Language page
Ninam maama ma:ma inheritance See Language page
Nukak hee2 inheritance See Language page
Maihiki ata ja (small stone), ɨno ago (big stone) ata xã, ɨno ago inheritance See Language page
Pemon etek (A1981); tök (E1980) etek (A1981); tök (E1980) inheritance See Language page
Sanumá maama, maatama (both EM72) maama, maatama (both EM72) inheritance See Language page
Sikuani ibo (2) inheritance See Language page
Tariana hipá-da hipá-da inheritance See Language page
Tukano ʉ̃tá (hr) ɨ̃tá (hr) inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page
Kotiria ~ta tã`ã` (stenz) inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page
Yanomam maama (EM72) ma:ma inheritance See Language page
Yanomami maa ma, maakəma (EM72) ma: ma, ma:kəma (EM72) inheritance See Language page
Yukuna jipa hipa inheritance See Language page
Yuhup pâc pâc inheritance See Language page
Arabana kadnha loan
Bardi gulbu kulbu unique
Bunuba rarrgi unknown
Burarra jandarra unknown
Dhangu baṉḏa unknown
Dhuwal guṉḏa
Dhuwala waṯapa(') unknown
Diyari marda inheritance
DiyariREU [missing] missing
Djambarrpuyngu guṉḏa unknown
Djapu guṉḏa unknown
Djinang baṯi unknown
Gajirrabeng gerany inheritance
Gooniyandi ngaarri inheritance
Gupapuyngu waṯapa(') unknown
Gurindji wumara loan Wardaman
Jaru bili inheritance
Karajarri karra inheritance
Kija ngarrkale-, ngaariny (archaic) inheritance
Malyangapa yarnda loan
Mangala purli unknown
Miriwung gerany inheritance
Mithaka marda inheritance
Mudburra puyuka
Mudburra wumara loan
Ngamini marda inheritance
Ngandi gu-jundu unique
Ngarluma marnda
Ngumbarl ngarril <ngarril> unique
Nhirrpi madra inheritance
Nimanburru kungbarra kuŋbarra unknown
Northern Mangarla purli
Northern Nyangumarta warnku inheritance
Nyangumarta warnku inheritance
Nyikina dambal XXngl smallish river stone dambal unique
Paakantyi garnu loan
Pirriya parri
Pitta-Pitta mirrhiwirni unique
Rirratjingu ba:thu
Ritharrngu rnuuka' loan
Walmajarri pamarr inheritance
Wangkayutyuru tipu unique
Warrwa wanangarri wanangarri inheritance
Wubuy rnuga inheritance
Yan-nhangu dhuŋupal unknown
Yandruwandha mardra, mardramitji, mardrathandra inheritance
Yarluyandi marda inheritance
Yawarrawarrka madrawati inheritance
Yawuru wanangarri wanangarri inheritance
Achagua i:ba i:ba inheritance See Language page
Piapoco íba íba See Language page
Kabiyari híipa (similar to the word "foot") híipa (similaɾ to the woɾd "foot") See Language page
Yavitero siha siha See Language page
Wapishana kʰɨˀba kʰɨˀba inheritance Proto-Arawak See Language page
Mandawaka íːha íːha See Language page
Wayuu ipa See Language page
Yine sotľɨ See Language page
Paresi sehali tsehali inheritance See Language page
Ignaciano mari; 'mari-haʔi See Language page
Trinitario mari; mari-haʔi See Language page
Baure kohi kohi unique See Language page
Waurá tɨpa tɨpa inheritance See Language page
Arutani muka muka See Language page
Sape takuypa takuypa See Language page
Cha'palaa 'šu-'puka; 'lanbaki *South Barbacoan form is *'šu. See Language page
Bora néékʷa-yï, néékʷá-nʸeï nέέkʷa-jï, nέɛnέέkʷa-jï, nέέkʷá-nʸɛïkʷá-nʲɛɯ inheritance See Language page
Muinane gíisi-ba gíisi-ba See Language page
Akawaio tök tök inheritance Akawaio-Pemon See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect tɨ' (SM) tɨʔ (SM) See Language page
Apalai suhpari, topu suhpari, topu unique; inheritance See Language page
Wayana tëpu tǝpu inheritance See Language page
Tiriyó tëpu tǝpu inheritance See Language page
Makiritare təʔhu (IDS) təʔhu inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo tëpu tɛpu See Language page
Wai Wai tooΦu tooΦu inheritance See Language page
Waimiri Atroari topy topɨ See Language page
Yabarana təpu See Language page
Yukpa to See Language page
Kalapalo tefu tefu inheritance See Language page
Muisca hyca hɨka See Language page
Barí ããng; aɨna Colombia: ʔaynə; a 'huge rock' is dʸirorə. *Chibchan form is *'haki. See Language page
Northern Emberá mõŋgará mõŋgará See Language page
Epena 'mau See Language page
Guayabero ʔia-t inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page
Macaguan ibót ibót inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page
Cuiva ibó-to piedra, stone Huber & Reed 1992:73
Cofán patu patɯ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra patobchi patomptʃi unique See Language page
Taushiro a´jentu´ aʔxɨntuʔ See Language page
Páez cueth kuetj See Language page
Tikuna nu3-5ta3 (A58) nuta unique See Language page
Urarina aheri aheɽi unique See Language page
Camsa nde.tzbé ndətʂbe See Language page
Andoke fisi ɸiçi unique See Language page
Pumé tãdɛ See Language page
Puinave ha ha unique See Language page
Máku li:ne li:ne See Language page
Warao hoyo hoyo See Language page
Ashuar káya kaja See Language page
Huambisa kaya kaja See Language page
Aguaruna káya kája inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect pʌʔ unknown See Language page
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect pʌʔ See Language page
Matses cuënote kuɨnote unknown See Language page
Kakataibo ma'ṣ̌aṣ̌; mapara ṣ̌aṣ̌o 'large rock; wasps nest'. *Panoan *mãka[n/mV]; *maṣ̌aṣ̌[V]. See Language page
Katukina mički See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo makã; maṣ̌aṣ̌ See Language page
Yaminahua makɨṣ̌; tokiri Respectively: a soft rock; a hard rock, used for sharpening axes or knives. See Language page
Yagua avichu awitʃũ unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua rumi ɾumi See Language page
Ingá rumi rumi See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua rumi ɾumi See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano rumi ɾumi See Language page
Piaroa ido'ki idɤʔki unknown See Language page
Sáliva inaachu inaːʧu unknown See Language page
Bará ɨ̃'tã See Language page
Barasano ~gɨta ~gɨta See Language page
Carapana ʉ̃tã ɨ̃tã See Language page
Makuna ~gɨtaga ~gɨtaga inheritance See Language page
Yuruti ɨ̃́tãã-pe ɨ̃́tãã-pe See Language page
Waikhana ɨ'tã ɨ'tã See Language page
Siriano ʉ̃tãye ɨ̃tãje See Language page
Tanimuca ã'ta ã'ta inheritance See Language page
Tatuyo ɨ̃'tãã ɨ̃'tãã See Language page
Tuyuka ɨ̃'tã ɨ̃ʔtã See Language page
Waimaja ɨ̃tʰã́ŋã́ ɨ̃tʰã́ŋã́ See Language page
Koreguaje catapʉ katapʉ inheritance See Language page
Siona kˀata kˀata inheritance See Language page
Secoya quëna kɨ̃'na See Language page
Karitiana kinapyti kinapɨti unknown See Language page
Kokama itaki itaki inheritance See Language page
Wayampi takulu takulu inheritance See Language page
Aché ita inheritance See Language page
Chiriguano ita inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní ita See Language page
Sirionó si̯ta ~ hi̯ta ~ i̯ta; si̯ta kʷasu si̯ta ~ hi̯ta ~ i̯ta; si̯ta kʷasu inheritance See Language page
Kamayurá ita ita inheritance See Language page
Ocaina gotúúh-xo gotɯ́ɯ́ʔ-xo unique See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto nopḯ-kï nopɯ́-kɯ See Language page
Minica Witoto noɸḯ-kï noɸɯ́-kɯ See Language page
Murui Witoto noɸï-kï noɸɯ-kɯ inheritance/Witoto See Language page
Iquito sahuíja (same as star) sawíha (same as star) unknown See Language page
Záparo naruka naɾuka See Language page
Wari pakun pakun From pakor-išiʔ (?). See Language page
Araona mahana Also melilo, 'pebbles'. *Tacn forms are *maxana, 'pebbles'; and *tomo. See Language page
Ese Ejja me(y)i; emei unique See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo saso; me-i (Girard 1971) saso; me-i See Language page
Tacana tomo See Language page
Cavineña tomo; tomo ebari (G71) tomo; tomo ebari (G71) inheritance See Language page
Central Aymara qala ḳala; ḳarḳa See Language page
Cayuvava 'yaroho 'Gravel' is darɔ. See Language page
Itonama u-pala 'Pebbles' is kˀalaʔla. See Language page
Kwazá haki, hakidwa, -dwa haki, hakidwa, -dwa See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané 'mix See Language page
Movima čam-pa tʃam-pa See Language page
Trumai itak itak loan Tupi-Guarani See Language page
Kaingang pò pɔ See Language page
Suyá kene kene See Language page
Karajá mɨna See Language page
Djeoromitxi ta ta See Language page
Chipaya č̣ara; maš Respectively: sedimentary rock, a flat, long rock; metamorphic rock. A hard rock, black or grey is ayi. A stone for the 'bola' is miči. Uru-J form is maši. See Language page
Mocoví ḳaʔ See Language page
Pilagá ḳaʔ Cf. 'chin' 04.209, homonym (?). See Language page
Toba ḳaʔ; komaʔ See Language page
Lengua mitaimaŋ See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité mitaimoŋ Same as 'mountain' 01.220. See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet mataymoŋ; yamʔaateɬ; apyawʔa See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay ten'teʔ See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja #NAME? See Language page
Maca ute (f.) Cf. 'mountain' 01.220. See Language page
Nivaclé utex stone, rock https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo kukara'ne Varies with kukara'ni, which is larger. See Language page
Mapudungun kura Same form in Ranquel. See Language page
Qawasqar ḳyesaw Also Em records alkareske. Bo, Sk, Co, Ca record kyeɬaw; AgC records kalkayeske for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record keɬaw for South QWS. See Language page
Selknam yahr See Language page
Tehuelche 'yatn A rock that is considered 'strong', or bad, used for witchcraft is 'menxn. A polishing stone for skins (before painting them) is 'čaʔxnwe. A stone that is heated for cooking ostrich is 'āštnwe, cf. 05.120. See Language page
Lokono siba siba stone Pet 1987:372
Kariña topu topu stone; heel; butt Yamada 2010:812