Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

stone

Semantic Field: environment
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: piedra
Meaning Portuguese: pedra

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
Achagua	i:ba	i:ba		inheritance			See Language page
Aché		ita		inheritance			See Language page
Aguaruna	káya	kája		inheritance			See Language page
Akawaio	tök	tök		inheritance	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect	tɨ' (SM)	tɨʔ (SM)					See Language page
Andoke	fisi	ɸiçi		unique			See Language page
Apalai	suhpari, topu	suhpari, topu		unique; inheritance			See Language page
Arabana	kadnha			loan
Araona		mahana				Also melilo, 'pebbles'. Tacn forms are maxana, 'pebbles'; and *tomo.	See Language page
Arutani	muka	muka					See Language page
Ashuar	káya	kaja					See Language page
Ayoreo		kukara'ne				Varies with kukara'ni, which is larger.	See Language page
Baniwa	hiipada	hiipada		inheritance			See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	tūnt' 207; dünt (K1907)			inheritance
Barasano	~gɨta	~gɨta					See Language page
Bardi	gulbu	kulbu		unique
Bará		ɨ̃'tã					See Language page
Barí		ããng; aɨna				Colombia: ʔaynə; a 'huge rock' is dʸirorə. Chibchan form is 'haki.	See Language page
Baure	kohi	kohi		unique			See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	tym-pin			inheritance
Bora	néékʷa-yï, néékʷá-nʸeï	nέέkʷa-jï, nέɛnέέkʷa-jï, nέέkʷá-nʸɛïkʷá-nʲɛɯ		inheritance			See Language page
Bunuba	rarrgi			unknown
Burarra	jandarra			unknown
Cahuilla	qawish			inheritance			S&H 1979
Camsa	nde.tzbé	ndətʂbe					See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra	patobchi	patomptʃi		unique			See Language page
Carapana	ʉ̃tã	ɨ̃tã					See Language page
Carijona	təhu			inheritance			See Language page
Cavineña	tomo; tomo ebari (G71)	tomo; tomo ebari (G71)		inheritance			See Language page
Cayuvava		'yaroho				'Gravel' is darɔ.	See Language page
Central Aymara	qala	ḳala; ḳarḳa					See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	shawa:/-			inheritance
Cha'palaa		'šu-'puka; 'lanbaki				South Barbacoan form is 'šu.	See Language page
Chemehuevi	tymp(i)/			inheritance
Chipaya		č̣ara; maš				Respectively: sedimentary rock, a flat, long rock; metamorphic rock. A hard rock, black or grey is ayi. A stone for the 'bola' is miči. Uru-J form is maši.	See Language page
Chiriguano		ita		inheritance			See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		#NAME?					See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	xyp			inheritance			Klar 1977:111
Chumash Cruzeno	wa (appears as pa-wa)			unknown			JPH
Chumash Ineseno	xyp			inheritance			Klar 1977:111
Chumash Obispeno	(t)qypy			inheritance			Klar 1977:111
Chumash Ventureno	xyp			inheritance			Klar 1977:111
Cocopa	wi:, xur			inheritance
Cofán	patu	patɯ				phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	tyypI			inheritance
Cubeo	cʉ̃ra, cʉ̃rabo	kɨ̃ra, kɨ̃rabo		inheritance			See Language page
Cuiva		ibó-to	piedra, stone				Huber & Reed 1992:73
Cupeño	qawi-sh	[kəˈwɪʃ]		inheritance
Desano	ʉ̃tãye	ɨ̃tãje		inheritance			See Language page
Dhangu	baṉḏa			unknown
Dhuwal	guṉḏa
Dhuwala	waṯapa(')			unknown
Diyari	marda			inheritance
DiyariREU	[missing]			missing
Djambarrpuyngu	guṉḏa			unknown
Djapu	guṉḏa			unknown
Djeoromitxi	ta	ta					See Language page
Djinang	baṯi			unknown
Dâw	paás	pǎʃ		inheritance			See Language page
Epena		'mau					See Language page
Ese Ejja		me(y)i; emei		unique			See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	saso; me-i (Girard 1971)	saso; me-i					See Language page
Esselen	ciefe			unknown			JPH T&S 1981:109
Eñepa	toʔ	toʔ		inheritance			See Language page
Gabrielino	tota			inheritance
Gajirrabeng	gerany			inheritance
Gooniyandi	ngaarri			inheritance
Guayabero		ʔia-t		inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
Gupapuyngu	waṯapa(')			unknown
Gurindji	wumara			loan	Wardaman
Hodï	ih'tɨ			unique			See Language page
Huambisa	kaya	kaja					See Language page
Hup	pǎç	pǎç		inheritance			See Language page
Ignaciano		mari; 'mari-haʔi					See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	'ewily	[Ɂəˈwɪʎ]		inheritance
Ingá	rumi	rumi					See Language page
Iquito	sahuíja (same as star)	sawíha (same as star)		unknown			See Language page
Itonama		u-pala				'Pebbles' is kˀalaʔla.	See Language page
Jaru	bili			inheritance
Kabiyari	híipa (similar to the word "foot")	híipa (similaɾ to the woɾd "foot")					See Language page
Kaingang	pò	pɔ					See Language page
Kakataibo		ma'ṣ̌aṣ̌; mapara				ṣ̌aṣ̌o 'large rock; wasps nest'. Panoan mãka[n/mV]; *maṣ̌aṣ̌[V].	See Language page
Kakua		hê-daʔ [stone-cl.round]		inheritance			See Language page
Kalapalo	tefu	tefu		inheritance			See Language page
Kamayurá	ita	ita		inheritance			See Language page
Karajarri	karra			inheritance
Karajá		mɨna					See Language page
Kariña	topu	topu	stone; heel; butt				Yamada 2010:812
Karitiana	kinapyti	kinapɨti		unknown			See Language page
Katukina		mički					See Language page
Kawaiisu	ty-bi, tii-py			inheritance
Kija	ngarrkale-, ngaariny (archaic)			inheritance
Kiliwa	7-uha7			inheritance
Kitanemuk	tymyt			inheritance
Kokama	itaki	itaki		inheritance			See Language page
Koreguaje	catapʉ	katapʉ		inheritance			See Language page
Kotiria	~ta	tã`ã` (stenz)		inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
Kwazá	haki, hakidwa, -dwa	haki, hakidwa, -dwa					See Language page
Lake Miwok	ho/ka “rock, boulder”			unknown
Lengua		mitaimaŋ					See Language page
Lokono	siba	siba	stone				Pet 1987:372
Luiseño	to:-ta			inheritance
Maca		ute (f.)				Cf. 'mountain' 01.220.	See Language page
Macaguan	ibót	ibót		inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
Maidu	7o/			inheritance
Maihiki	ata ja (small stone), ɨno ago (big stone)	ata xã, ɨno ago		inheritance			See Language page
Makiritare	təʔhu (IDS)	təʔhu		inheritance			See Language page
Makuna	~gɨtaga	~gɨtaga		inheritance			See Language page
Makushi	tɨʔ (SIL)	tɨʔ (SIL)		inheritance			See Language page
Malyangapa	yarnda			loan
Mandawaka	íːha	íːha					See Language page
Mangala	purli			unknown
Mapoyo	tëpu	tɛpu					See Language page
Mapudungun		kura				Same form in Ranquel.	See Language page
Matses	cuënote	kuɨnote		unknown			See Language page
Minica Witoto	noɸḯ-kï	noɸɯ́-kɯ					See Language page
Miriwung	gerany			inheritance
Mithaka	marda			inheritance
Mocoví		ḳaʔ					See Language page
Mojave	avii			inheritance
Mosetén-Chimané		'mix					See Language page
Movima	čam-pa	tʃam-pa					See Language page
Mudburra	puyuka
Mudburra	wumara			loan
Muinane	gíisi-ba	gíisi-ba					See Language page
Muisca	hyca	hɨka					See Language page
Murui Witoto	noɸï-kï	noɸɯ-kɯ		inheritance/Witoto			See Language page
Mutsun	7irek-tak “at the rock”			inheritance			O77:82
Máku	li:ne	li:ne					See Language page
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect		pʌʔ					See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		pʌʔ		unknown			See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	rumi	ɾumi					See Language page
Ngamini	marda			inheritance
Ngandi	gu-jundu			unique
Ngarluma	marnda
Ngumbarl	ngarril	<ngarril>		unique
Nheengatu	itá	itá		inheritance			See Language page
Nhirrpi	madra			inheritance
Nimanburru	kungbarra	kuŋbarra		unknown
Ninam	maama	ma:ma		inheritance			See Language page
Nisenan	7o:			inheritance
Nivaclé		utex	stone, rock				https://ids.clld.org/
Northern Emberá	mõŋgará	mõŋgará					See Language page
Northern Mangarla	purli
Northern Nyangumarta	warnku			inheritance
Northern Paiute	typi			inheritance			Thornes 03
Northern Sierra Miwok	sawa-			inheritance
Nukak		hee2		inheritance			See Language page
Nyangumarta	warnku			inheritance
Nyikina	dambal XXngl smallish river stone	dambal		unique
Nɨpode Witoto	nopḯ-kï	nopɯ́-kɯ					See Language page
Ocaina	gotúúh-xo	gotɯ́ɯ́ʔ-xo		unique			See Language page
Paakantyi	garnu			loan
Paraguayan Guaraní		ita					See Language page
Paresi	sehali	tsehali		inheritance			See Language page
Pemon	etek (A1981); tök (E1980)	etek (A1981); tök (E1980)		inheritance			See Language page
Piapoco	íba	íba					See Language page
Piaroa	ido'ki	idɤʔki		unknown			See Language page
Pilagá		ḳaʔ				Cf. 'chin' 04.209, homonym (?).	See Language page
Pirriya	parri
Pitta-Pitta	mirrhiwirni			unique
Plains Miwok	sawa-, sowa-			inheritance
Puinave	ha	ha		unique			See Language page
Pumé	tãdɛ						See Language page
Páez	cueth	kuetj					See Language page
Qawasqar		ḳyesaw				Also Em records alkareske. Bo, Sk, Co, Ca record kyeɬaw; AgC records kalkayeske for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record keɬaw for South QWS.	See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	rumi	ɾumi					See Language page
Rirratjingu	ba:thu
Ritharrngu	rnuuka'			loan
Salinan A	(t)cxa7 (A),			unknown
Salinan M	cxAp 'stone, pebble, rock'			unknown			Mason 1918:132
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		mitaimoŋ				Same as 'mountain' 01.220.	See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		mataymoŋ; yamʔaateɬ; apyawʔa					See Language page
Sanumá	maama, maatama (both EM72)	maama, maatama (both EM72)		inheritance			See Language page
Sape	takuypa	takuypa					See Language page
Secoya	quëna	kɨ̃'na					See Language page
Selknam		yahr					See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	hast			unknown
Serrano	tymy-t			inheritance
Shipibo-Konibo		makã; maṣ̌aṣ̌					See Language page
Sikuani	ibo (2)			inheritance			See Language page
Siona	kˀata	kˀata		inheritance			See Language page
Siriano	ʉ̃tãye	ɨ̃tãje					See Language page
Sirionó	si̯ta ~ hi̯ta ~ i̯ta; si̯ta kʷasu	si̯ta ~ hi̯ta ~ i̯ta; si̯ta kʷasu		inheritance			See Language page
Southern Paiute	ta-G instr pref; ty-N; tympi-G			inheritance
Southern Pastaza Quechua	rumi	ɾumi					See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	hawa-			inheritance
Southern Ute	tYpyichI, typychI			inheritance
Suyá	kene	kene					See Language page
Sáliva	inaachu	inaːʧu		unknown			See Language page
Tacana		tomo					See Language page
Tanimuca	ã'ta	ã'ta		inheritance			See Language page
Tariana	hipá-da	hipá-da		inheritance			See Language page
Tatuyo	ɨ̃'tãã	ɨ̃'tãã					See Language page
Taushiro	a´jentu´	aʔxɨntuʔ					See Language page
Tehuelche		'yatn				A rock that is considered 'strong', or bad, used for witchcraft is 'menxn. A polishing stone for skins (before painting them) is 'čaʔxnwe. A stone that is heated for cooking ostrich is 'āštnwe, cf. 05.120.	See Language page
Tikuna	nu3-5ta3 (A58)	nuta		unique			See Language page
Tiriyó	tëpu	tǝpu		inheritance			See Language page
Toba		ḳaʔ; komaʔ					See Language page
Trinitario		mari; mari-haʔi					See Language page
Trumai	itak	itak		loan	Tupi-Guarani		See Language page
Tukano	ʉ̃tá (hr)	ɨ̃tá (hr)		inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
Tuyuka	ɨ̃'tã	ɨ̃ʔtã					See Language page
Tübatulabal	tynt			inheritance
Tümpisa Shoshone	tympin, tyn-			inheritance
Urarina	aheri	aheɽi		unique			See Language page
Wai Wai	tooΦu	tooΦu		inheritance			See Language page
Waikhana	ɨ'tã	ɨ'tã					See Language page
Waimaja	ɨ̃tʰã́ŋã́	ɨ̃tʰã́ŋã́					See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	topy	topɨ					See Language page
Walmajarri	pamarr			inheritance
Wangkayutyuru	tipu			unique
Waorani	di-ka			unique			See Language page
Wapishana	kʰɨˀba	kʰɨˀba		inheritance	Proto-Arawak		See Language page
Wappo	le/l			loan into protolanguage
Warao	hoyo	hoyo					See Language page
Wari	pakun	pakun				From pakor-išiʔ (?).	See Language page
Warrwa	wanangarri	wanangarri		inheritance
Washo	de7ek			unknown			J170
Waurá	tɨpa	tɨpa		inheritance			See Language page
Wayampi	takulu	takulu		inheritance			See Language page
Wayana	tëpu	tǝpu		inheritance			See Language page
Wayuu		ipa					See Language page
Western Mono	typi			inheritance
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		ten'teʔ					See Language page
Wintu	so:n			inheritance
Wubuy	rnuga			inheritance
Yabarana		təpu					See Language page
Yagua	avichu	awitʃũ		unique			See Language page
Yaminahua		makɨṣ̌; tokiri				Respectively: a soft rock; a hard rock, used for sharpening axes or knives.	See Language page
Yan-nhangu	dhuŋupal			unknown
Yandruwandha	mardra, mardramitji, mardrathandra			inheritance
Yanomam	maama (EM72)	ma:ma		inheritance			See Language page
Yanomami	maa ma, maakəma (EM72)	ma: ma, ma:kəma (EM72)		inheritance			See Language page
Yarluyandi	marda			inheritance
Yavapai	wi^:vch (as subject), ?wi/:			inheritance
Yavitero	siha	siha					See Language page
Yawarrawarrka	madrawati			inheritance
Yawuru	wanangarri	wanangarri		inheritance
Yine		sotľɨ					See Language page
Yokuts Palewyami	xelul'			inheritance			JPH Gamble 91
Yokuts Yawdanchi	yakau 243			inheritance			K07:243
Yokuts Yowlumne	silel			inheritance			Golla 1964
Yuhup	pâc	pâc		inheritance			See Language page
Yuki	lil			loan into protolanguage			S&S 1984
Yukpa		to					See Language page
Yukuna	jipa	hipa		inheritance			See Language page
Yuma	7avi:/ H3:212			inheritance
Yuruti	ɨ̃́tãã-pe	ɨ̃́tãã-pe					See Language page
Záparo	naruka	naɾuka					See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect
Andoke
Apalai
Arabana
Araona
Arutani
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Barasano
Bardi
Bará
Barí
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Burarra
Cahuilla
Camsa
Candoshi-Shapra
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Cruzeno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cuiva
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Itonama
Jaru
Kabiyari
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Kalapalo
Kamayurá
Karajarri
Karajá
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Makushi
Malyangapa
Mandawaka
Mangala
Mapoyo
Mapudungun
Matses
Minica Witoto
Miriwung
Mithaka
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Mudburra
Mudburra
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Máku
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngamini
Ngandi
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Nheengatu
Nhirrpi
Nimanburru
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Mangarla
Northern Nyangumarta
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Paakantyi
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Plains Miwok
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Sape
Secoya
Selknam
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Suyá
Sáliva
Tacana
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Taushiro
Tehuelche
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Toba
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Waimiri Atroari
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Warao
Wari
Warrwa
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Wubuy
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yarluyandi
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yine
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuhup
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuma
Yuruti
Záparo

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