Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Kamayurá

Family
Tupian
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
kay
Location
-12.27°, -53.47°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Kamaiurá, Warỳ. 2012. Awetí e Tupí-Guaraní, Relações Genéticas e Contato Linguístico. Brasilía: Universidade De Brasília (MA thesis). Mello, Augusto. 2000. Reconstruções Lexicais E Cognatos. Estudo Histórico Da Família Lingüística Tupi-Guarani Aspectos Fonológicos E Lexicais. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina, doctoral dissertation. Seki, Lucy. 2000. Gramática Kamaiurá: Língua Tupi-Guarani do Alto Xingu. Campinas: Editora Unicamp.


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location wɨrip wɨrip unknown See Language page
and y e grammar See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment tataopap (M2000) tataopap (M2000) inheritance See Language page
at en, a em, a location See Language page
back espalda costas body ˀape ˀape inheritance See Language page
bad mal mal quality missing See Language page
belly barriga barriga body ewek ewek inheritance See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location missing See Language page
big grande grande quality tuwijap tuwijap inheritance See Language page
black negro preto colour pitsun pitsun inheritance See Language page
blood sangre sangue body tɨwɨ (K12) tɨwɨ (K12) inheritance See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body missing See Language page
bone hueso osso body kɑŋ kɑŋ inheritance See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body kam (K12) kam (K12) inheritance See Language page
child niño, niña criança human pitaŋ (M2000) pitaŋ (M2000) inheritance See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment ɨwɨtsiɑ ɨwɨtsiɑ inheritance See Language page
cold frío frio quality iroˀɨ-tsang (K12) iroˀɨ-tsang (K12) inheritance See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality ɑjetewɑt, ajete ɑjetewɑt, ajete inheritance See Language page
day día dia time 'at 'at inheritance See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality ɨwpap (M2000) ɨwpap (M2000) inheritance See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality pi-kaŋ (M2000) pi-kaŋ (M2000) inheritance See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment ɨwɨtsimot (M2000) ɨwɨtsimot (M2000) See Language page
ear oreja orelha body nami nami inheritance See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment ɨwɨ (M2000) ɨwɨ (M2000) inheritance See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna upiˀa upiˀa inheritance See Language page
eye ojo olho body h-ea h-ea inheritance See Language page
far lejos longe quality amoete amoete inheritance See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body kap kap inheritance See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship missing See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna missing See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment ɑtɑ ɑtɑ inheritance See Language page
flower flor flor environment potɨt potɨt inheritance See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment missing See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora ˀɑ ˀɑ inheritance See Language page
good bueno bom quality katu (M2000) katu (M2000) inheritance See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body ˀap ˀap inheritance See Language page
hand mano mão body hwã hwã unique See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar ɑˀe ɑˀe inheritance See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body akaŋ akaŋ inheritance See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality powɨj powɨj inheritance See Language page
how? como como grammar mawite mawite inheritance See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar ije ije inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
if si se grammar See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location pupe pupe inheritance See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body ɨepo ɨepo inheritance See Language page
lake lago lago environment ɨupɑp ɨupɑp inheritance See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment kaˀa, op kaˀa, op inheritance; inheritance See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body missing See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body etɨmɑkɑŋ etɨmɑkɑŋ inheritance See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment missing See Language page
liver hígado figado body pere pere unknown See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality huku huku inheritance See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna kɨp (K12) kɨp (K12) inheritance order Phtiraptera See Language page
man/male hombre homem human akwama ˀe akwamaˀe inheritance See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna h-aˀo (M2000) h-aˀo (M2000) inheritance See Language page
moon luna lua environment jɑɨ jɑɨ inheritance See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship missing See Language page
mouth boca boca body juru juru inheritance See Language page
name nombre nome human et et inheritance See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality ɨpɨp ɨpɨp inheritance See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body ɑtuɑ ɑtuɑ See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body ˀajut ˀajut inheritance See Language page
new nuevo novo quality pɨau pɨau inheritance See Language page
night noche noite time ɨpɨtun ɨpɨtun inheritance See Language page
no/not no não grammar missing See Language page
nose nariz nariz body tsĩ (M2000) tsĩ (M2000) inheritance See Language page
old viejo velho quality iwet (M2000) iwet (M2000) unique See Language page
one uno um number mojepete mojepete inheritance See Language page
other otro outro grammar amo amo inheritance See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body missing See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human awa awa inheritance See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment aman aman inheritance See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour ipirang ipirang inheritance See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body missing See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture ape, tape ape, tape inheritance See Language page
root raíz raiz flora ɨwɑpo, apo ɨwɑpo, apo inheritance See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality itsatsak, itsar~em (M2000) itsatsak, itsar~em (M2000) unknown See Language page
sand arena areia environment ˀɨtsiŋ ˀɨtsiŋ inheritance See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality ajme ajme inheritance See Language page
short corto curto quality iˀaɨk (K12) iˀaɨk (K12) inheritance See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body jeˀatsiˀɨp (K12) jeˀatsiˀɨp (K12) inheritance See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental missing See Language page
skin piel pele body pit (K12) pit (K12) inheritance See Language page
sky cielo céu environment ɨwɑkɑ ɨwɑkɑ inheritance See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality taˀɨpĩatsã taˀɨpĩatsã inheritance See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment tatasing (K12) tatasing (K12) inheritance See Language page
star estrella estrela environment jaɨtata-ˀi (M2000) jaɨtata-ˀi (M2000) inheritance See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora missing See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment ita ita inheritance See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body uwaj uwaj inheritance See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar okoj okoj inheritance See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar missing See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality iˀɨwau (M2000) iˀɨwau (M2000) unknown See Language page
thin delgado fino quality iˀɨwaˀi (M2000) iˀɨwaˀi (M2000) unique See Language page
this este/esta este grammar koʔ koʔ inheritance See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar ene ene inheritance See Language page
throat garganta garganta body missing See Language page
three tres tres number moapɨt (M2000) moapɨt (M2000) inheritance See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment tupã (K12) tupã (K12) inheritance See Language page
bite morder morder body uˀu uˀu inheritance See Language page
blow soplar soprar body missing See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body missing See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment ɑpy ɑpy unique See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body missing See Language page
climb subir subir motion omajwu (M2000) omajwu (M2000) unique See Language page
come venir vir motion jo, jot, ut jo, jot, ut inheritance See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact missing See Language page
count contar contar mental missing See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental jɑeˀo jɑeˀo inheritance See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact a'ɨp, kɨtsi a'ɨp, kɨtsi unknown; inheritance See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state mɑnõ mɑnõ inheritance See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact o-joˀok (M2000) o-joˀok (M2000) inheritance See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental missing See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body ɨˀu (M2000) ɨˀu (M2000) inheritance See Language page
eat comer comer body kɑru/ ˀu kɑru/ ˀu inheritance See Language page
fall caer cair motion ˀat ˀat inheritance See Language page
fear miedo medo mental missing See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion missing See Language page
fly volar voar motion missing See Language page
grow crecer crescer state missing See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental ˀanup ˀanup inheritance See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion jemim jemim inheritance See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact nupã; petek nupã; petek inheritance; inheritance See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other pɨhɨk pɨhɨk inheritance See Language page
kill matar matar impact jukɑ jukɑ inheritance See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental kwahap kwahap inheritance See Language page
laugh reír rir mental huka huka inheritance See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion aw aw inheritance See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body missing See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other missing See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact nupã nupã See Language page
say decir dizer mental ˀe ˀe inheritance See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact torok (M2000) torok (M2000) inheritance See Language page
see ver ver mental etsak etsak inheritance See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact api api inheritance See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state ɑpɨk/ in ɑpɨk/ in inheritance See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body ket ket inheritance See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body etun etun inheritance primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body jewun jewun inheritance See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact joˀok, pɨtupɨtuka joˀok, pɨtupɨtuka inheritance See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact missing See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact missing See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state missing See Language page
steal robar roubar other missing See Language page
suck chupar chupar body missing See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body wuwut (M2000) wuwut (M2000) unique See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion ˀɨtap ˀɨtap inheritance See Language page
think pensar pensar mental missing See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact momot (M2000) momot (M2000) inheritance See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact missing See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other jerowak, mojerep jerowak, mojerep inheritance may be transitive or intransitive See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body missing See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion ˀata ˀata inheritance See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other porawɨkɨ porawɨkɨ inheritance See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body missing See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body nekõ (K12) nekõ (K12) inheritance See Language page
tooth diente dente body je ratɨup je ratɨup unique See Language page
two dos dois number mokõj mokõj inheritance See Language page
water agua agua environment ˀɨ ˀɨ inheritance See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar jene jene inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar ore ore inheritance See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality ˀakɨm ˀakɨm inheritance See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar maˀanuat maˀanuat inheritance See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar maramuẽ maramuẽ inheritance See Language page
where? donde onde grammar uma/umam uma/umam inheritance See Language page
white blanco branco colour tsiŋ̟̟̟ tsiŋ̟̟̟ inheritance See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar awa awa inheritance See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship emireko emireko inheritance See Language page
wind viento vento environment iwɨtu (M2000) iwɨtu (M2000) inheritance See Language page
wing ala asa body pepo (K12) pepo (K12) inheritance See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human kujɑ̃ kujɑ̃ inheritance See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour jup jup inheritance See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar pehê pehê inheritance See Language page
foot pie pé body pɨ (K12) pɨ (K12) inheritance See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar missing See Language page
all todo todos other wetep wetep unique See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body missing See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body missing See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body je repotsi je repotsi inheritance See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body missing See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body missing See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body w-eˀɨj (M2000) w-eˀɨj (M2000) See Language page
bark corteza casca environment missing See Language page
fingernail uña unha body hʷape (M2000) hʷape (M2000) inheritance See Language page
heart corazón coração body hekowa (M2000) hekowa (M2000) unique See Language page
sun sol sol time kʷat (M2000) kʷat (M2000) unknown See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment iˀatɨt (M2000) iˀatɨt (M2000) inheritance See Language page
green verde verde quality tsowɨ (M2000) tsowɨ (M2000) inheritance See Language page
hot caliente quente quality akup (K12) akup (K12) inheritance See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (135)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna See Language page
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna See Language page
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. missing See Language page
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna wyra wɨra inheritance See Language page
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. mɨtũ mɨtũ inheritance See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. tukan tukan inheritance See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans missing See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. jakuaem jakuaem inheritance See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae missing See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes missing See Language page Widespread
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica missing See Language page Widespread
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae missing See Language page
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae wɨrapɨ wɨrapɨ unique See Language page
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae ɨrɨwu ɨrɨwu inheritance See Language page Widespread South America
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family tsiwet (M2000) tsiwet (M2000) unique See Language page
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba wɨratsing (K12) wɨratsing (K12) unique See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris wararuwijap wararuwijap doubtful loan TG jawara + ? See Language page Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) tamanuã (K12) tamanuã (K12) inheritance See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri tatu tatu inheritance See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. jakare jakare inheritance See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus missing See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna ipira ipira inheritance See Language page
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. missing See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae ipirãj ipirãj inheritance See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. uruwi (K12) uruwi (K12) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura arutsam, kururu arutsam, kururu See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. missing See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata teju, teju-parap teju, teju-parap inheritance See Language page
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. jawewɨt jawewɨt inheritance See Language page
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura wararuˀa wararuˀa inheritance similar forms in Parintintin and Tapirare (Mello 2000) See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes mojũ mojũ See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae missing See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna mõj (M2000) mõj (M2000) inheritance See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox jararak (K12) jararak (K12) See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria jawatsi-pɨta (K12) jawatsi-pɨta (K12) inheritance See Language page Widespread
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis missing See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) missing See Language page prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba missing See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. missing See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa myrytsi'yp mɨrɨtsiʔɨp inheritance See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana missing See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes missing See Language page
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua missing See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca missing See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) missing See Language page secondary scrub vegetation plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra missing See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens kɨ'ɨ̃y kɨ̃ʔɨ̃y inheritance See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus missing See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. paˀakop paˀakop inheritance? Mello 2000 reconstructs to PTG; Balée 2011 argues for original meaning banana See Language page Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. kumana kumana inheritance? - WW %kumana See Language page plant
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) missing See Language page
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays awatsi (K12) awatsi (K12) inheritance See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum missing See Language page plant
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna dei dei unique See Language page
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana missing See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. missing See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana missing See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] minata minata See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum missing See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana janɨap janɨap inheritance See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia missing See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta maniˀp maniˀp inheritance See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta missing See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas jetɨk (M2000) jetɨk (M2000) inheritance See Language page plant
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. missing See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. missing See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) kujahapĩ, ɨˀa (cuia), ɨˀapĩ (cabaça pequena) kujahapĩ, ɨˀa (cuia), ɨˀapĩ (cabaça pequena) See Language page indigenous gardens plant; tree
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. missing See Language page plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. missing See Language page secondary forest, floodplain vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. tsimo tsimo inheritance See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi missing See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae ɨawataj ɨawataj See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata missing See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. missing See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis nuˀujeit (M2000) nuˀujeit (M2000) unique See Language page
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria missing See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae missing See Language page
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera missing See Language page
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora ewoˀi (K12) ewoˀi (K12) inheritance See Language page
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda missing See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones missing See Language page
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea missing See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera missing See Language page
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera meirup meirup inheritance See Language page
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae missing See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. missing See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. jatsiˀũ, meiruwi jatsiˀũ, meiruwi inheritance See Language page
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera kupiˀi kupiˀi inheritance See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea missing See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita missing See Language page
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda missing See Language page
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae januhã januhã inheritance See Language page
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca jawat jawat inheritance cf. Arawak, Tukanoan See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha missing See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] akɨkɨ (M2000) akɨkɨ (M2000) inheritance See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella kaˀi kaˀi inheritance See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons missing See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus missing See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae missing See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis missing See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis missing See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu jaku-aem (K12) jaku-aem (K12) unique See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari missing See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae missing See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua missing See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. akutsi akutsi loan into protolg, direction unknown Carib See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris kapiˀɨwat (K12) kapiˀɨwat (K12) inheritance See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti missing See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) paku paku inheritance See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus missing See Language page
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae missing See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris tapiˀit tapiˀit inheritance See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus ɨhuku (M2000) ɨhuku (M2000) unknown See Language page


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material tupe tupe unknown See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material tupe tupe See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material missing See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material missing See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material ini ini inheritance See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material 'apɨkap 'apɨkap inheritance from 'sit' See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport ɨat ɨat inheritance See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture missing Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology missing See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology paje paje inheritance In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material missing See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology tɨruhet tɨruhet inheritance See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other missing may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other jepeˀap jepeˀap inheritance See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology missing See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology missing In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology missing multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material kɨeˀi kɨeˀi inheritance See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material missing See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool missing especially for clearing fields See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool ɨˀɨp ɨˀɨp inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool missing See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool ɨwɨrapat ɨwɨrapat inheritance arco See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport missing See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material potawɨru potawɨru unknown See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool jaˀ ẽ jaˀ ẽ inheritance See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material missing See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool missing agriculture? See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology missing See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool missing See Language page
wax cera cera other missing See Language page
honey miel mel food missing only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture tupaham tupaham inheritance See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material missing See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology jakui jakui a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation kaˀahet kaˀahet semantic shift from 'paint' See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation karakarako karakarako loan - WW %kara (karakarako) See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material missing See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress pɨru pɨru See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation missing See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation missing See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation missing See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress missing See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology morerekwat morerekwat unknown See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool See Language page
salt sal sal food jukɨt (K12) jukɨt (K12) inheritance - WW See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology missing See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool missing currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool missing esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food pinamomot pinamomot See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food missing See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food missing Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool kujahapĩ, ɨˀa (cuia), ɨˀapĩ (cabaça pequena) kujahapĩ, ɨˀa (cuia), ɨˀapĩ (cabaça pequena) inheritance; inheritance See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool missing esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool jura jura inheritance See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool enuˀa enuˀa inheritance See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture missing prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food kuˀi (Mello) kuˀi (Mello) inheritance agriculture See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food mejũ mejũ inheritance usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food missing See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food missing agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food missing word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool missing hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool ɨrɨpem (K12) ɨrɨpem (K12) inheritance agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool pinapotap pinapotap can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture ahwɑ̃j ahwɑ̃j use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other hok, ok, pɨt hok, ok, pɨt inheritance See Language page