Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

work

Semantic Field: other
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: trabajar
Meaning Portuguese: trabalhar

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
Achagua	ʃíakeri	ʃíakeri		unique			See Language page
Aché		[bapu]		doubtful loan	said to be loan from Guarani		See Language page
Aguaruna	takát	takat		inheritance			See Language page
Akawaio	eetrawazoomang	etrawa'zomaŋ		loan	Spanish trabajar		See Language page
Andoke	-baʌ	-baʌ		unique			See Language page
Apalai	irohmanohpõko	irohmanohpõko		unique			See Language page
Arabana	irtji-			unique
Araona		modo				Tacn form is modo.	See Language page
Ashuar	takákmastin	takasmastin					See Language page
Ayoreo		i'saa ye'ho-deʔ				Means 'grasp my surroundings'; cf. 15.710, 11.140. 'Hard work' is un̥u'si yu 'omeʔ, means 'feel very comfortable with'; 'to w. with eagerness' is oo yuhu'ɲa-meʔ, means 'to punish myself' 21.370.	See Language page
Baniwa	déeñhi	déeɲhi		unique			See Language page
Bardi	moorrgoolon -gal-	murrkulon -kal-		inheritance
Baure	koto-	koto-		inheritance?			See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	missing			missing
Bora	wákimyéi (T98)	kʷákʰimjéi		unique			See Language page
Bunuba	[missing]			missing
Burarra	jama			loan
Cahuilla	-tuvxa/- (Sp.)			loan			S&H 1979
Camsa	inatrabajái (he worked) (Spanish loan)	inatrabahái (he worked) (Spanish loan)					See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra	patáatamaama; tarávshtámaama	patáatamaama; tarávʃtámaama		unique; loan	Spanish trabajar		See Language page
Canela		-yõʔtɔ				Jê form is ɲõ-tɔ. Maxacalí form is -ɲõɲc̷õŋ.	See Language page
Carapana	paarique	paaɾike					See Language page
Carijona	həka (SM)			unknown			See Language page
Cavineña	mere-ya; me-re- (G71)	mere-ya; me-re- (G71)		inheritance			See Language page
Cayuvava		hæ̃ræ					See Language page
Central Aymara	trawajaña (Spanish loan)	tɾawaxaɲa					See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	ta/whan-7e-, ta/whan:-e			loan
Cha'palaa		['taawaš]-'ke-nu				From Span. 'trabajo'.	See Language page
Chemehuevi	tyvi/jawi			unique
Chipaya		laŋš					See Language page
Chiriguano		parawɨkɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		-kixmen ~ -sixmen					See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	talawaxach			loan			Wash 2001:51
Chumash Obispeno	saqwatspu/, tsaqwatspu						JPH
Chumash Ventureno	isuxuxmalits loka x'anwa “esta trabajando la mujer”			unknown			JPH
Chácobo	yonoko-	yonoko-		inheritance			See Language page
Cocopa	rar			loan
Cofán	semañe	sɛmaɲɛ				phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	tyry7aipy7, tyry7aity			inheritance
Cubeo	memeñʉ	memejɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Cupeño	tevxa'-0	[təvˈxaɁ]		loan
Desano	mohme-ri	moʔme-ɾi		inheritance			See Language page
Dhangu	dhotju			inheritance
Dhuwal	dhotju
Dhuwala	dhotju			unknown
Diyari	maranuru			inheritance
DiyariREU	ngankata			unique
Djambarrpuyngu	[missing]			missing
Djapu	[missing]			missing
Djeoromitxi	nĩhõnõnõda	nĩhõnõnõda					See Language page
Djinang	djama			loan	Makassar
Dâw	wĩính'	wĩɲ'		unique			See Language page
Epena		mimia-					See Language page
Ese Ejja		čako-čako-		unique			See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	a-kwe	a-kwe					See Language page
Eñepa	-amohkayin-(-mɨ)(-mi) (IDS)	-amohkajin-(-mɨ)(-mi) (IDS)		unknown			See Language page
Gabrielino	xo7e:xo-			unknown
Gajirrabeng	X
Gooniyandi	[missing]			missing
Gunin	ˈŋɑyɑ ʼworkʼ ˈŋume	ˈŋɑyɑ ʼworkʼ ˈŋume		loan	English
Gupapuyngu	dhotju			inheritance
Gurindji	waruk ma-			loan	Kriol
Hodï		bou		unique			See Language page
Huambisa	takastasa	takastasa					See Language page
Hup	bɨʔ-	bɨʔ-		unique	shared Yuhup		See Language page
Ignaciano		#NAME?					See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	tarrvahaarr	[t̯arvaˈxar]		loan	Spanish
Ingá	trabajai (Spanish loan)	trabajai (Spaniʃ loan)					See Language page
Iquito	tarahuaajuuni (from Spanish 'trabajar')	tarawaahuni (from Spanish 'trabahar')		loan	Spanish		See Language page
Itonama		mačɨhɨ; mačɨhɨʔke				Respectively: noun; verb.	See Language page
Jabirr-Jabirr	morrgol ~ murrgurr	morrkol ~ murrkurr		inheritance
Jaru	warrag			loan
Jawi	mooragool	murrakul		inheritance
Kaingang	rãnhrãj	rãɲrãy					See Language page
Kakataibo		ɲuu mɨɨti				[ɲuu 'thing']. mɨac̷a-ti 'to have a lot of work'.	See Language page
Kakua		tèw		unknown			See Language page
Kamayurá	porawɨkɨ	porawɨkɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Karajarri	wargam			loan	English
Karajá		aõmɨsɨ̃dəɨ̃					See Language page
Kariña	emamin	emamin	work				Yamada 2010:728
Katukina		mɨʔɨ i-					See Language page
Kawaiisu	wi7johwe-dy-			unknown
Kija	warrkam			loan	Kriol
Kiliwa	t-i7-chhat “trabajo”			unknown
Kitanemuk	tumahan			inheritance
Kokama	camata	kamata		doubtful loan	Arawak		See Language page
Koreguaje	cho'omʉ	dʒoʔomʉ		inheritance			See Language page
Kotiria	da 're (trans.); da 'ra (intrans.)	daʔɾe; daʔɾa		inheritance	Branch 2, E Tuk		See Language page
Kwazá	warañỹ-	warañỹ-					See Language page
Lake Miwok	ta/whal			loan
Lengua		#NAME?					See Language page
Lokono	nekhebo	nekʰebo	work				Pet 1987:377
Luiseño	7uwo/7u-			unknown
Maca		#NAME?					See Language page
Macaguan	nabʉ́rchit	nabʉ́rchit		unknown			See Language page
Maidu	tawa/l			loan
Maihiki	yoyi	joji		inheritance			See Language page
Makiritare	tadawāhuɨ (IDS)	tadawāhuɨ (IDS)		inheritance			See Language page
Makuna	moa-re	moa-ɾe		inheritance			See Language page
Makushi	esenyakaʔma (IDS)	esenyakaʔma (IDS)		inheritance			See Language page
Malyangapa	[missing]			missing
Mangala	[missing]			missing
Mapoyo	sanmaka-ri	sanmaka-ri					See Language page
Mapudungun		kɨṭ͡ʀawa				From Augusta 1915.	See Language page
Matses	chonuad	tʃonuad		inheritance?			See Language page
Miriwung	X
Mithaka	[missing]			missing
Mocoví		r-oʔweenat-aʁan				Intrans. form.	See Language page
Mojave	tarvahaar=			loan	Spanish
Mosetén-Chimané		karih'taki; karihtakiʔ				Respectively: masc.; fem.	See Language page
Movima	tih-ka-rim	tih-ka-rim					See Language page
Mudburra	warungali
Mudburra	warak			loan
Muinane	dúdɨ́cámáaihi (W97)	dúdɨ́kámáaiʔi					See Language page
Muisca	ichosqua	iʂoskua					See Language page
Murui Witoto	maɨ́jɨde	maɯ́hɯdɛ (B83)		unknown			See Language page
Mutsun	tawah (N)			unknown			O77:100, 143
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		mo:h ka-ha-h'o uñ, mo:h ka-ha-hõj ni		unique			See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	tarabana (Spanish loan)	taɾabana					See Language page
Ngamini	maranuru			inheritance
Ngandi	X			missing
Ngarluma	(<English. + marni-)
Ngumbarl	booragool	<booragool>		unknown
Nheengatu	puraki	puɾaki		inheritance			See Language page
Nhirrpi	yuwa			unique
Nimanburru	morgol	morkol		inheritance
Ninam	kẽa, otamo (EM72)	kẽa, otamo		inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
Nisenan	tawal, tawhal (Sp)			loan
Nivaclé		-kum; -kumxat; kumxayaš	work; work; work				https://ids.clld.org/
Northern Emberá	trabahái, trahái	trabahái, trahái					See Language page
Northern Mangarla	[missing]			missing
Northern Nyangumarta	warrkam(u)			loan	English
Northern Sierra Miwok	tawhan-y-, tawhal-y-			loan
Nyangumarta	warrkam(u)			loan	English
Nyikina	marrgamgay, murrgul	marrkamkay, murrkul		inheritance
Nyulnyul	murrgu(v)l	murrku(v)l		inheritance
Ocaina	jooadyu	hooadʲɯ		unknown			See Language page
Paakantyi	warka-			loan	English
Paraguayan Guaraní		ᵐbaʔapo					See Language page
Paresi	haka	haka		unknown			See Language page
Pemon	esenekama, t-etawere, tuapuese (A1981)	esenekama, tetaweɾe, tuapuese (A1981)		inheritance			See Language page
Piapoco	íbaidaca	íbaidaka					See Language page
Piaroa	a'dɨ'tɨh	aɁdɨɁtɨh		unknown			See Language page
Pilagá		d-ʔonat-aʁan				Lit. '3pa-do/make-intrans.'.	See Language page
Pirriya	[missing]			missing
Pitta-Pitta	[missing]			missing
Plains Miwok	tawhal:e- (Sp.)			loan
Puinave	[-bep]	bep		doubtful loan, direction unknown	Pumé		See Language page
Pumé	hãbepa						See Language page
Páez	nashï	nashï					See Language page
Qawasqar		arḳyawe				Also Ag records antˀeleke. Bo records kartola for Central QWS.	See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	llamkay	ʎamkaj					See Language page
Rirratjingu	[missing]			missing
Ritharrngu	wark			loan
Salinan A	ta/LxwaL (A), ta/lxwaltenax “work”			loan
Salinan M	missing			missing
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		nintaikamaha					See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		nentamhaykamˀ					See Language page
Sanumá	kalipolo (EM72)	kalipolo		unique			See Language page
Selknam		tehr; wòh; pòʔtàn; k-yohkenn					See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	cati/cpan			loan
Serrano	tyhty-i			inheritance
Shipibo-Konibo		tɨɨ-ti; tɨɨ; yono-ti					See Language page
Sikuani	nakuenaba (3)	nakuenába		unknown			See Language page
Siona	yo'oji	joʔohi		inheritance			See Language page
Sirionó	ki̯ei̯ ki̯ei̯; taba taba i̯	ki̯ei̯ ki̯ei̯; taba taba i̯		unique			See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua	tarawana	tawaɾana					See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	tawhal-nY, tawhan-nY			loan
Southern Ute	wyyka			loan
Suyá	ywét	jwét					See Language page
Tacana		modo-					See Language page
Tanimuca	ba'irabo ri'ka	ba'irabo ri'ka		inheritance?			See Language page
Tariana	hpáni	hpáni		unique			See Language page
Tikuna	napuracüe (he works) [2, 3, 3, 2]	napuɾakɨe		doubtful loan	Spanish trabajar		See Language page
Tiriyó	(j)oroko	(j)oroko		unknown			See Language page
Toba		do-ʔonat-aʁan					See Language page
Trinitario		-'kwemtone				Also emtone.	See Language page
Tukano	daʔrá	daʔrá		inheritance	Branch 2, E Tuk		See Language page
Tübatulabal	waahay-jyt (vi)			loan
Tümpisa Shoshone	tytyai, tytye			inheritance
Unggumi	warrgumga	warrgumga		loan	English
Urarina	amia	amia		unique			See Language page
Wai Wai	et-aΦička-ra	et-aΦička-ra		unique			See Language page
Walmajarri	warrkamma-			loan
Wangkayutyuru	ngurrpi			unique
Waorani	[tadabako] kæ			loan	Spanish trabajar		See Language page
Wapishana	kaʔɨɖiɲam	kaʔɨɖiɲam		unknown			See Language page
Wappo	ta/whal'			loan
Wari	taramaja (E&K97)	taramaja (E&K97)					See Language page
Warrwa	murrgulyi	murrkulyi		inheritance
Washo	didó:daʔášaʔi			unknown			Washo Project
Waurá	ka-tuma-la	ka-tuma-la		inheritance			See Language page
Wayampi	#NAME?	#NAME?		inheritance			See Language page
Wayana	maminum	maminum		unique			See Language page
Wayuu		ayata-waa					See Language page
Western Mono	tawahani7i-			loan
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		tačem-'ɬi					See Language page
Wintu	jura:			inheritance
Wubuy	wardha			loan
Wunambal	ˈworuku ˈŋiyɑŋɑ	ˈworuku ˈŋiyɑŋɑ		loan	English
Yabarana		wa'ɾotaɾi (trabajo)					See Language page
Yagua	jivay; vay	xivaj; vaj		unique			See Language page
Yaminahua		yono-kĩ					See Language page
Yan-nhangu	warkthun			loan	English
Yandruwandha	waka, wakana			inheritance
Yanomam	kĩa, ohotemo	kĩa, ohotemo		inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
Yanomami	ohotamou, ohoteaɨ	ohotamou, ohoteaɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Yarluyandi	[missing]			missing
Yavapai	tha\rha_:r7i			loan
Yavitero	játata, jájajata	hátata, háhahata					See Language page
Yawarrawarrka	nganindri			unique
Yawuru	mulkula +	mulkula +		inheritance
Yine		kamrɨrči					See Language page
Yokuts Yawdanchi	tcow			inheritance			K07:253
Yokuts Yowlumne	c'o:w'o: “work, grasp continuously” N 87			inheritance			K 1963
Yuhup	bɨʔ	bɨʔ		unique			See Language page
Yuki	wi(:)T			inheritance			S&S 1984
Yukpa	kanepa, tomare, temare, tarajuar, tomakare, tomákare, tosera, seposa						See Language page
Yukuna	jápakaje, sápakaje	hápakahe, sápakahe		unique			See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Andoke
Apalai
Arabana
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bardi
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Burarra
Cahuilla
Camsa
Candoshi-Shapra
Canela
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Gunin
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Itonama
Jabirr-Jabirr
Jaru
Jawi
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Kamayurá
Karajarri
Karajá
Kariña
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Makushi
Malyangapa
Mangala
Mapoyo
Mapudungun
Matses
Miriwung
Mithaka
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Mudburra
Mudburra
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngamini
Ngandi
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Nheengatu
Nhirrpi
Nimanburru
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Mangarla
Northern Nyangumarta
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Ocaina
Paakantyi
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Plains Miwok
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Selknam
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Sirionó
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Suyá
Tacana
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Toba
Trinitario
Tukano
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Unggumi
Urarina
Wai Wai
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Wari
Warrwa
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Wubuy
Wunambal
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yarluyandi
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yine
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuhup
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna

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