Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

work

Semantic Field
other
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
trabajar
Meaning Portuguese
trabalhar

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone missing missing
Cahuilla -tuvxa/- (Sp.) loan S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok ta/whan-7e-, ta/whan:-e loan
Chemehuevi tyvi/jawi unique
Chumash Barbareno talawaxach loan Wash 2001:51
Chumash Obispeno saqwatspu/, tsaqwatspu JPH
Chumash Ventureno isuxuxmalits loka x'anwa “esta trabajando la mujer” unknown JPH
Cocopa rar loan
Comanche tyry7aipy7, tyry7aity inheritance
Cupeño tevxa'-0 [təvˈxaɁ] loan
Gabrielino xo7e:xo- unknown
Iipay 'Aa tarrvahaarr [t̯arvaˈxar] loan Spanish
Kawaiisu wi7johwe-dy- unknown
Kiliwa t-i7-chhat “trabajo” unknown
Kitanemuk tumahan inheritance
Lake Miwok ta/whal loan
Luiseño 7uwo/7u- unknown
Maidu tawa/l loan
Mojave tarvahaar= loan Spanish
Mutsun tawah (N) unknown O77:100, 143
Nisenan tawal, tawhal (Sp) loan
Northern Sierra Miwok tawhan-y-, tawhal-y- loan
Plains Miwok tawhal:e- (Sp.) loan
Salinan A ta/LxwaL (A), ta/lxwaltenax “work” loan
Salinan M missing missing
Seri (Comcaac) cati/cpan loan
Serrano tyhty-i inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok tawhal-nY, tawhan-nY loan
Southern Ute wyyka loan
Tübatulabal waahay-jyt (vi) loan
Tümpisa Shoshone tytyai, tytye inheritance
Wappo ta/whal' loan
Washo didó:daʔášaʔi unknown Washo Project
Western Mono tawahani7i- loan
Wintu jura: inheritance
Yavapai tha\rha_:r7i loan
Yokuts Yawdanchi tcow inheritance K07:253
Yokuts Yowlumne c'o:w'o: “work, grasp continuously” N 87 inheritance K 1963
Yuki wi(:)T inheritance S&S 1984
Baniwa déeñhi déeɲhi unique See Language page
Carijona həka (SM) unknown See Language page
Cubeo memeñʉ memejɨ inheritance See Language page
Dâw wĩính' wĩɲ' unique See Language page
Desano mohme-ri moʔme-ɾi inheritance See Language page
Eñepa -amohkayin-(-mɨ)(-mi) (IDS) -amohkajin-(-mɨ)(-mi) (IDS) unknown See Language page
Hodï bou unique See Language page
Waorani [tadabako] kæ loan Spanish trabajar See Language page
Hup bɨʔ- bɨʔ- unique shared Yuhup See Language page
Kakua tèw unknown See Language page
Makushi esenyakaʔma (IDS) esenyakaʔma (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Nheengatu puraki puɾaki inheritance See Language page
Ninam kẽa, otamo (EM72) kẽa, otamo inheritance; inheritance See Language page
Maihiki yoyi joji inheritance See Language page
Pemon esenekama, t-etawere, tuapuese (A1981) esenekama, tetaweɾe, tuapuese (A1981) inheritance See Language page
Sanumá kalipolo (EM72) kalipolo unique See Language page
Sikuani nakuenaba (3) nakuenába unknown See Language page
Tariana hpáni hpáni unique See Language page
Tukano daʔrá daʔrá inheritance Branch 2, E Tuk See Language page
Kotiria da 're (trans.); da 'ra (intrans.) daʔɾe; daʔɾa inheritance Branch 2, E Tuk See Language page
Yanomam kĩa, ohotemo kĩa, ohotemo inheritance; inheritance See Language page
Yanomami ohotamou, ohoteaɨ ohotamou, ohoteaɨ inheritance See Language page
Yukuna jápakaje, sápakaje hápakahe, sápakahe unique See Language page
Yuhup bɨʔ bɨʔ unique See Language page
Arabana irtji- unique
Bardi moorrgoolon -gal- murrkulon -kal- inheritance
Bunuba [missing] missing
Burarra jama loan
Dhangu dhotju inheritance
Dhuwal dhotju
Dhuwala dhotju unknown
Diyari maranuru inheritance
DiyariREU ngankata unique
Djambarrpuyngu [missing] missing
Djapu [missing] missing
Djinang djama loan Makassar
Gajirrabeng X
Gooniyandi [missing] missing
Gunin ˈŋɑyɑ ʼworkʼ ˈŋume ˈŋɑyɑ ʼworkʼ ˈŋume loan English
Gupapuyngu dhotju inheritance
Gurindji waruk ma- loan Kriol
Jabirr-Jabirr morrgol ~ murrgurr morrkol ~ murrkurr inheritance
Jaru warrag loan
Jawi mooragool murrakul inheritance
Karajarri wargam loan English
Kija warrkam loan Kriol
Malyangapa [missing] missing
Mangala [missing] missing
Miriwung X
Mithaka [missing] missing
Mudburra warungali
Mudburra warak loan
Ngamini maranuru inheritance
Ngandi X missing
Ngarluma (<English. + marni-)
Ngumbarl booragool <booragool> unknown
Nhirrpi yuwa unique
Nimanburru morgol morkol inheritance
Northern Mangarla [missing] missing
Northern Nyangumarta warrkam(u) loan English
Nyangumarta warrkam(u) loan English
Nyikina marrgamgay, murrgul marrkamkay, murrkul inheritance
Nyulnyul murrgu(v)l murrku(v)l inheritance
Paakantyi warka- loan English
Pirriya [missing] missing
Pitta-Pitta [missing] missing
Rirratjingu [missing] missing
Ritharrngu wark loan
Unggumi warrgumga warrgumga loan English
Walmajarri warrkamma- loan
Wangkayutyuru ngurrpi unique
Warrwa murrgulyi murrkulyi inheritance
Wubuy wardha loan
Wunambal ˈworuku ˈŋiyɑŋɑ ˈworuku ˈŋiyɑŋɑ loan English
Yan-nhangu warkthun loan English
Yandruwandha waka, wakana inheritance
Yarluyandi [missing] missing
Yawarrawarrka nganindri unique
Yawuru mulkula + mulkula + inheritance
Achagua ʃíakeri ʃíakeri unique See Language page
Piapoco íbaidaca íbaidaka See Language page
Yavitero játata, jájajata hátata, háhahata See Language page
Wapishana kaʔɨɖiɲam kaʔɨɖiɲam unknown See Language page
Wayuu ayata-waa See Language page
Yine kamrɨrči See Language page
Paresi haka haka unknown See Language page
Ignaciano #NAME? See Language page
Trinitario -'kwemtone Also emtone. See Language page
Baure koto- koto- inheritance? See Language page
Waurá ka-tuma-la ka-tuma-la inheritance See Language page
Cha'palaa ['taawaš]-'ke-nu From Span. 'trabajo'. See Language page
Bora wákimyéi (T98) kʷákʰimjéi unique See Language page
Muinane dúdɨ́cámáaihi (W97) dúdɨ́kámáaiʔi See Language page
Akawaio eetrawazoomang etrawa'zomaŋ loan Spanish trabajar See Language page
Apalai irohmanohpõko irohmanohpõko unique See Language page
Wayana maminum maminum unique See Language page
Tiriyó (j)oroko (j)oroko unknown See Language page
Makiritare tadawāhuɨ (IDS) tadawāhuɨ (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo sanmaka-ri sanmaka-ri See Language page
Wai Wai et-aΦička-ra et-aΦička-ra unique See Language page
Yabarana wa'ɾotaɾi (trabajo) See Language page
Yukpa kanepa, tomare, temare, tarajuar, tomakare, tomákare, tosera, seposa See Language page
Muisca ichosqua iʂoskua See Language page
Northern Emberá trabahái, trahái trabahái, trahái See Language page
Epena mimia- See Language page
Macaguan nabʉ́rchit nabʉ́rchit unknown See Language page
Cofán semañe sɛmaɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra patáatamaama; tarávshtámaama patáatamaama; tarávʃtámaama unique; loan Spanish trabajar See Language page
Páez nashï nashï See Language page
Tikuna napuracüe (he works) [2, 3, 3, 2] napuɾakɨe doubtful loan Spanish trabajar See Language page
Urarina amia amia unique See Language page
Camsa inatrabajái (he worked) (Spanish loan) inatrabahái (he worked) (Spanish loan) See Language page
Andoke -baʌ -baʌ unique See Language page
Pumé hãbepa See Language page
Puinave [-bep] bep doubtful loan, direction unknown Pumé See Language page
Ashuar takákmastin takasmastin See Language page
Huambisa takastasa takastasa See Language page
Aguaruna takát takat inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect mo:h ka-ha-h'o uñ, mo:h ka-ha-hõj ni unique See Language page
Matses chonuad tʃonuad inheritance? See Language page
Kakataibo ɲuu mɨɨti [ɲuu 'thing']. mɨac̷a-ti 'to have a lot of work'. See Language page
Katukina mɨʔɨ i- See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo tɨɨ-ti; tɨɨ; yono-ti See Language page
Yaminahua yono-kĩ See Language page
Chácobo yonoko- yonoko- inheritance See Language page
Yagua jivay; vay xivaj; vaj unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua tarawana tawaɾana See Language page
Ingá trabajai (Spanish loan) trabajai (Spaniʃ loan) See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua tarabana (Spanish loan) taɾabana See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano llamkay ʎamkaj See Language page
Piaroa a'dɨ'tɨh aɁdɨɁtɨh unknown See Language page
Carapana paarique paaɾike See Language page
Makuna moa-re moa-ɾe inheritance See Language page
Tanimuca ba'irabo ri'ka ba'irabo ri'ka inheritance? See Language page
Koreguaje cho'omʉ dʒoʔomʉ inheritance See Language page
Siona yo'oji joʔohi inheritance See Language page
Kokama camata kamata doubtful loan Arawak See Language page
Wayampi #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
Aché [bapu] doubtful loan said to be loan from Guarani See Language page
Chiriguano parawɨkɨ inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní ᵐbaʔapo See Language page
Sirionó ki̯ei̯ ki̯ei̯; taba taba i̯ ki̯ei̯ ki̯ei̯; taba taba i̯ unique See Language page
Kamayurá porawɨkɨ porawɨkɨ inheritance See Language page
Ocaina jooadyu hooadʲɯ unknown See Language page
Murui Witoto maɨ́jɨde maɯ́hɯdɛ (B83) unknown See Language page
Iquito tarahuaajuuni (from Spanish 'trabajar') tarawaahuni (from Spanish 'trabahar') loan Spanish See Language page
Wari taramaja (E&K97) taramaja (E&K97) See Language page
Araona modo *Tacn form is *modo. See Language page
Ese Ejja čako-čako- unique See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo a-kwe a-kwe See Language page
Tacana modo- See Language page
Cavineña mere-ya; me-re- (G71) mere-ya; me-re- (G71) inheritance See Language page
Central Aymara trawajaña (Spanish loan) tɾawaxaɲa See Language page
Cayuvava hæ̃ræ See Language page
Itonama mačɨhɨ; mačɨhɨʔke Respectively: noun; verb. See Language page
Kwazá warañỹ- warañỹ- See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané karih'taki; karihtakiʔ Respectively: masc.; fem. See Language page
Movima tih-ka-rim tih-ka-rim See Language page
Kaingang rãnhrãj rãɲrãy See Language page
Canela -yõʔtɔ *Jê form is *ɲõ-tɔ. Maxacalí form is -ɲõɲc̷õŋ. See Language page
Suyá ywét jwét See Language page
Karajá aõmɨsɨ̃dəɨ̃ See Language page
Djeoromitxi nĩhõnõnõda nĩhõnõnõda See Language page
Chipaya laŋš See Language page
Mocoví r-oʔweenat-aʁan Intrans. form. See Language page
Pilagá d-ʔonat-aʁan Lit. '3pa-do/make-intrans.'. See Language page
Toba do-ʔonat-aʁan See Language page
Lengua #NAME? See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité nintaikamaha See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet nentamhaykamˀ See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay tačem-'ɬi See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -kixmen ~ -sixmen See Language page
Maca #NAME? See Language page
Nivaclé -kum; -kumxat; kumxayaš work; work; work https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo i'saa ye'ho-deʔ Means 'grasp my surroundings'; cf. 15.710, 11.140. 'Hard work' is un̥u'si yu 'omeʔ, means 'feel very comfortable with'; 'to w. with eagerness' is oo yuhu'ɲa-meʔ, means 'to punish myself' 21.370. See Language page
Mapudungun kɨṭ͡ʀawa From Augusta 1915. See Language page
Qawasqar arḳyawe Also Ag records antˀeleke. Bo records kartola for Central QWS. See Language page
Selknam tehr; wòh; pòʔtàn; k-yohkenn See Language page
Lokono nekhebo nekʰebo work Pet 1987:377
Kariña emamin emamin work Yamada 2010:728