Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Ayoreo

Family: Zamucoan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: ayo
Location: -19.22°, -60.22°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary

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Data Sources: Briggs, Janet R. 2007. Ayoreo. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	--		See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	--	no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	yu; uu'yu	For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	'uakeʔ; uak		See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	ua		See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	o'reeʔ		See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	uu'teʔ; uaa'teʔ		See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	gaa'tee; gaay	See 01.510, 12.470.	See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	-apoo ...rĩ; -poo ... rĩ		See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	'n̥eeseʔ		See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	'giidogoro		See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	u'raya		See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	'uučuk-u'ru-i	u'ru-i is 'dust/particles' 01.213. Cf. 'flour' 05.550.	See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	giido'booi		See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	sii'n̥aa-i; siin̥aa-'ŋe		See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	poor-a'ooi	Lit. 'tree-skin (covering)' 04.120.	See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	a'hee-i	Also a'heeodeʔ, lit. 'inside, insides, idea' 17.190.	See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	'udi; n̥u'mi	See 'body' 04.110, which forms a minimal pair with the above.	See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	ke'ruu-i; ke'ruu-a	See 03.760, 08.540. Also e'n̥umee-i; e'n̥umee, see 05.123.	See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	i'gaaseʔ		See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	uta'ta-i; uta'ta		See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	i'yoi		See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	u'buču	See 09.791.	See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	duko'si		See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	an̥okeei		See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	i'n̥a		See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	uɲ̥a'ri	Also i'n̥ime uɲ̥a'ri.	See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	agu; akeʔ	Also means 'eat' 05.110. To chew for another is ũ'tirẽʔ; 'one who c. for another' is ũtira-'soorĩ; ũtira-'ŋoori; ũtira-'to.	See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	diis-a'bi	Male child. Also diis-a'bi-a, 'female'.	See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	ee'ru; oo'ru		See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	geei	Also means 'rain' 01.750.	See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	te'n̥uu-i; te'n̥uu-ŋe	Very cold' is a'rere-daate-i; a'rere-daa'te.	See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	i'bagi	See 10.470.	See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	ãa'reʔ	To c. corn, manioc, beans alone or with meat.	See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	ipee'sute a'rei	See 16.710. Means well done.	See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	ĩsee'karũ		See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	ii'boʔ		See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	akesuʔ		See Language page
day	día	dia	time	dii'ri		See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	tooi	Also too'ge; i'tooi. Cf. 'corpse' 04.770.	See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	i'hoočaʔ	Also i'hooča-gaay; d. to bury is ihoo'ča-meʔ.	See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	oo'poii; oo'poii-a	Also topi'e-n̥a-i; topi'e-n̥a 15.630.	See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	ĩĩ'karã		See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	'oohiʔ	See 'marry' 02.330.	See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	ka'n̥or-i; ka'n̥or-e		See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	pa'kaa-i; pa'kaa		See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	u'ru-i	Also see 'ashes' 01.840; 'flour' 05.550.	See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	a'ŋorone	Also a'ŋo-niŋini, lit. 'the ear's hole'.	See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	n̥u'mi		See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	a'gu; 'akeʔ	Also means 'chew' 05.180. To eat without leaving any for somebody else is i'ŋara-meʔ; iŋa'ra-meʔ. To eat something tabu is a'gu gaai.	See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	kũ'reei	Also 'kučaa kũ'reei 05.510. Egg shell is 'kučaa-kũ'reei a'ooi 04.120; egg white is uka'gooi.	See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	e'do	Also means 'grain' 08.420. See 'face' 04.204.	See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	u'čiʔ		See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	ĩi'koorãʔ	Means to stumble, fall. To fall inside is ĩi'koorã-haʔ. To fall from above is i'baaseʔ.	See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	i'da-haʔ	See 12.310.	See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	ii; 'kučaa 'ii-odeʔ		See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	daa-'ye	A 'dead father' is daai.	See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	isado'de-riŋai; itodoo-ti'gai		See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	ãra'ma		See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	'uusugurui		See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	pii'o-i		See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	čaa'yoʔ	Refers to river flowing 10.460.	See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	a'sige	A small f.; also 'kuča-a'sige; a large f. is po'n̥aa-ŋe, means 'blown up'.	See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	ii'yoʔ		See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	hee'si		See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	'giidaai		See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	aa		See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	a're-i; a're-ge	Also ka'nii-raai; ka'nii-ree, lit. 'generous'; oo'm-i, oo'me 'good temperament'.	See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	'sarẽ-i; 'sarẽ	See 08.470, 15.690.	See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	ĩ'keeraʔ		See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	gaa'terero	ãaka'rãai means 'long hair'; 'short hair' is gaa'tuui.	See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	m̥a'naay		See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	gaa'toi		See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	u'duteʔ		See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	i'yo-bie	Lit. 'blood-container' 04.150.	See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	'peenu-i; 'peenu-a	Also i'meenu-i; i'meenu-a; 'daača-n̥ai; 'daača-n̥a, with much mud.	See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	aa'goseʔ; i'poogu		See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	u'heeʔ		See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	i'saaʔ	See 11.130.	See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	no'tar-i; no'tar-e	Also hurũa'ču-i; hurũaču-'ge.	See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	iiso'kaarike	See 17.490.	See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	u'heeta; 'heeta; ee'ti		See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	ihiʔ; tihiʔ; -ihiʔ; -hiʔ; a'heei	Refer to position. See 04.331. Reference to motion, ahaʔ; tahaʔ; -ahaʔ; -jaʔ.	See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	u'čaai	Also u'čake-daatei, lit. 'big intestine'.	See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	do'riteʔ	Also čoo 'tidi 'tidi; čoo 'tigi 'tigi. First form also means 'throb'.	See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	u'heeʔ		See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	i'moʔ	See 15.510.	See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	gaa'ɲ̥oo		See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	da'goi		See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	poor-ãaka'raai	Lit. the tree's hair (covering), 04.140.	See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	ara'se-i; ara'se		See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	oota'di		See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	i'm̥ar-ahaʔ		See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	a'n̥oraa-pie	Lit. 'container of the lightning bolt'.	See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	ee'kai; ue'kai	Cf. 'widow' 02.760. Also ee'ka; ue'ka; puk-u'e-kaariŋeei.	See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	abi'to		See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	yo'iiko-i; yo'iiko	See 11.880. Also yo'iiko-n̥a-i; yo'iiko-n̥a.	See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	n̥a'rĩ; n̥are ke'de-n̥ai	'Head louse'. 'Body louse' is 'n̥are-n̥ai; da're-n̥aai.	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	pu'n̥ui	Cf. 15.820.	See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	ayo're-i		See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	a'ragaɲ̥ua	Meat flour is ã'rii; m. roasted on the coals is ago'taa-i; m. that has little blood iboo'r-i; iboo'r-e.	See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	geedo'si-deʔ	Lit. 'father of the month'.	See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	daa-'te	An absent mother is daa'te-ka.	See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	oro'ko-daa'te	daa'te is 'mother', with the meaning of 'big'. Also oro'ko.	See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	pin̥a'ni		See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	ii		See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	eeta'bi-di		See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	i'dogosiʔ	See 12.320.	See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	eeta'bi		See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	iiča-i; iiča; uri'ei; uri'eŋe	See 05.124.	See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	de'haai		See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	kõra'čuui		See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	čo'ki-n̥a-i; gaa'ta; u'ata	Refer to a person. An 'old thing' is i'haroo-i; i'haroo; 'kučaa-i'haroo-i; 'kučaa-i'haroo.	See Language page
one	uno	um	number	čõ'm̥ãrãʔ	Also čo'm̥ara-i, indicated by the thumb on the right hand.	See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	ge'saa-i; gesaa-'ge	Also e'dogesaa-i; e'dogesaa-ge; verbal form is u'čere-ŋaay.	See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	een̥aa'retããi	Also een̥aa'retẽẽ; de'keen̥arẽẽ.	See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	ayo'r-e		See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	i'ŋira; u'heeʔ		See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	geei	Also means 'cloud' 01.730.	See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	kara-'taai; kara-'tee	Also koni'nii-n̥ai; koni'niin̥a. 'Bright red' is gaa'tii; ga'tii-a.	See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	ãra'čuu-i; ãra'čuu-a		See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	gaa'bi; pii'hooi	The latter is an animal path. A 'cart trail' is yu'pidi.	See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	ta'posi	A tap root is ee'ri-keruui, cf. 12.550. Other roots that entwine are ee'ri; r. of fallen tree is 'kuč-ee'ri.	See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	tara'taa-i; tara'taa-ge	'It is r.' tara'taʔ. 'To be r.' pu'n̥ui; pu'n̥ua 04.441; verbal form is oo pu'n̥uik.	See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	u'n̥a		See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	ikate'karẽʔ; ikate'karĩ		See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	i'moʔ		See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	aasii'ko-i; aasii'ko		See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	ii'čoʔ	See 20.230.	See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	kata'de-i; kata'de	See 07.250. Also pahoga-'di; pahoga'de; and 'short but strong' tu'nu-i; tunu-'ŋe.	See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	orota'de		See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	'kučaaheegaa'tei; uraa'nei		See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	'akar-ihiʔ		See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	a'ooi	Also 'kučaa-ooi, lit. 'the thing-skin'.	See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	gaa'teei	Lit. 'up, above' 12.080. Also 'gee-ode 'ueečaai; gaa'tee-odeʔ. Lit 'the other side of the clouds'.	See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	i'moʔ		See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	aa'tiami; aa'tiami-a	Also a'haami; a'haami-a; and -pitai, 05.660, 08.470.	See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	ii'oti		See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	o'hareʔ	primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	ũ'tira-haʔ		See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	a'hukeʔ; ĩpoo'čereʔ	Also adj. form ipõõ'čerããi; ipõõ'čerã.	See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	ido'ta; ĩ'rie	The latter is 'squeeze the body'. Also imi'neseʔ. 'To wring again' is ipaati'gaseʔ; 'to w. a hyssop of honey' is i'hoseʔ.	See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	i'yageʔ		See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	'geedo		See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	'ooriʔ; 'ooriia		See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	eero-'godeʔ	Also means 'firewood'.	See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	kukara'ne	Varies with kukara'ni, which is larger.	See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	u'kuʔ	Lit. 'nurse (suck milk). To s. honey or a liquid is i'peseʔ; u'muna (05.480); 'one that sucks much' is are'ko-n̥ai; are'ko-n̥a. See 'sexual intercourse' 04.670; 'prostitute' 19.720.	See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	gee-'deʔ	Lit. 'father of the cloud'.	See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	oo 'm̥ara 'm̥ara	To perspire from a fever is hũ'rua gaay; see 'body' 04.110.	See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	geen̥aa-ri'ŋai	Also geen̥aa-ri'ŋeei; 's. with much pain and itching' is 'ŋii-riŋai; 'ŋii-riŋeei.	See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	i'hi tutu'ne	See 05.560. Also ĩiri'gi-hi yoo'di gaay 10.470; the sound of one swimming is čo tũ tũ.	See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	ka'ri		See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	daɲoo'ree-i; daɲoo'ree	Also naɲoo'raa-i; naɲoo'ree. 'Thick and round (like a squash or stick)', tutu'tude-i; tutu'tudi; tutu'tude 12.810.	See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality		Refers to a person. Also ki'yigitaa-i; ki'yigitaa-ge 05.123 'ripe'.	See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	oo 'yaayugu		See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	gadi'ok; gadi'o-i; gadi'o-ge	Respectively: verb; adj.; adj. Also gadi'o-godeʔ; gadi'o-ge-dieʔ.	See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	puusu'guui	Also poto'goro, 'inside of throat' and 'goiter' 04.842.	See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	a'tareʔ; ati'ŋaareʔ	Also iiti'ŋaareʔ; to throw with force is een̥a-'pusu.	See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	'gee-ode uruu-'odeʔ	Lit. 'clouds/rain's words'. Also kučaa ahaamo'mini.	See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	iga'ru	'To tie up an animal' is a'di-haʔ.	See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	a'reei		See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	pã'tarãai	Also means 'beak' 04. 241.	See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	aa'n̥iʔ; aa'n̥i-hiʔ	may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	'gareʔ	Verb form. Also adj.: 'gare-i; 'gare-o'de; 'gare-dieʔ.	See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	'ipogaai		See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	ĩi'rikeʔ; i'ka-iʔ; i'ka-hiʔ	The latter two mean 'to walk to'. 'To walk in' is ĩiri'gi-hiʔ 10.660; to walk with shoes on, is uu'čie 'yiriidaa-deʔ 06.510, 10.431; to walk barefoot is uu'čie n̥u'mi 01.212, 10.431.	See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	yoo'di		See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	te'taa-i; te'taa-ge		See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	goo'tike e; goo'tora'kee		See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	gee'de 'dee-hi rike e	Means 'Where was the sun?'	See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	'dee-hi 'rike e; 'tia	The latter refers to 'a little farther'.	See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	'pororo-i; 'pororo		See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	goo'si te e; goo'to te e		See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	ako'te		See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	ee'mi		See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	u'n̥ooi	Of a bird. Wing of insect is ãra'ma.	See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	ayo're		See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	i'saa ye'ho-deʔ	Means 'grasp my surroundings'; cf. 15.710, 11.140. 'Hard work' is un̥u'si yu 'omeʔ, means 'feel very comfortable with'; 'to w. with eagerness' is oo yuhu'ɲa-meʔ, means 'to punish myself' 21.370.	See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	itiboo'ha?		See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	'sarẽ-i; 'sarẽ	See 08.470, 15.680, 05.971. Also ka'ŋu-rãai; ka'ŋu-rãa 05.123, 03.592.	See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 191 of 191 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Phonemicized Form	Source	Distribution	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.		See Language page
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.		See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis		See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia		See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	uhu'ri	See Language page
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	kaase'kaai	See Language page		Large black ant (with painful bite)' [isula(?)] is dii'ti. 'Small brown ant (with painful bite)' is diiti ke'de-n̥ai. 'Umbrella ant' is ga'n̥oo.
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)		See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri		See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum		See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.		See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	'unoro-ke'den̥a	See Language page		'unoro is a water plant with leaves like the banana leaves.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	čaabo'to	See Language page
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	ku'gee-i	See Language page		Also ku'gee ča'ki-peei; white b. is kugee ke'de-n̥ai; short b. is ku'gee-pitai, lit. a small bean; lima b. 'koyabe-n̥ai; vine b. is ku'gee-i ba'haai, lit. first b.; ku'gee-i ne'haai; ku'gee-i du'guu-taai 10.472, a climbing vine.
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		ču'ŋuperẽ	See Language page		A small bird. A large bird is ču'ŋuperĩ.
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala		See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba		See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	huu'bi	See Language page		'Horsefly' is huu'to-n̥ai, also means 'bumblebee'.
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae		See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)		See Language page	indigenous gardens	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']		See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha		See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	dii'ti	See Language page
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	kan̥ooi	See Language page		Also gan̥ooi. There are many kinds.
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris		See Language page
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	poo'raai	See Language page
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea		See Language page
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	ere'n̥a toto'toi	See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	Also bahu'tasi; baru'tasi, latter used for houses. A vine used for killing fish is ere'nai.
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria		See Language page
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	ɲaako're-ke'de-n̥a-i	See Language page		Lit. 'strange/different wild pig'.
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua		See Language page
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	n̥a'tua	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	See 06.380 'thread'.
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura		See Language page
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae		See Language page
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.		See Language page	Amazonia
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	a'ramoro	See Language page		Also e'ramoro; a'ramoro-n̥a; e'ramoro-n̥a.
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	tamo'koi	See Language page	Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	kuuku'huui	See Language page		Also giidobooi; kuuku'huu-daa'te, augmentative -daa'te. Also kuuku'huu-dai-'n̥a-i.
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	n̥aa'ko-n̥a-i	See Language page		Also n̥aa'ko-n̥a, domestic duck. A water duck is n̥aa'ko-yike; a small water duck is kučibohaa-i. kučaa is 'thing'.
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.		See Language page
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus		See Language page
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	bee'bu-i	See Language page		Also bee'bu-n̥ai.
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		o'yidi	See Language page
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	ere-'n̥ai bisi-'di	See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	Also ere-'n̥ai. Cf. 'poison' 04.890.
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	'kuča-akaya-'to	See Language page		Lit. 'the thing, she who bites'.
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana		See Language page	widespread lowland SA	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis		See Language page
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	n̥aaka'raai	See Language page		Cf. 08.430, 08.480, 08.520, 08.941.
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans		See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba		See Language page	Widespread South America
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti		See Language page
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.		See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola		See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi		See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae		See Language page
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	ahi'di	See Language page		Also kũ'terĩ; cf. 05.840.
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus		See Language page
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	'n̥uui	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]		See Language page
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae		See Language page	Widespread
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.		See Language page		iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.		See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic		See Language page
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca		See Language page
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura		See Language page		large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra		See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.		See Language page
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	edo ee'toi; edo ua'ha-di	See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	Refers to hard c., 15.740. Sweet c. is edo pa'rataai, 15.750; yellow sweet c. is edo 'sarẽ-i 15.690; popcorn is 'geen̥a-pitai 12.560; blue c. is ugare-'tei; c. on the cob is 'geen̥a u'po-i, 15.680; shelled c. is geen̥a'ɲ̥u-nieʔ; 'geen̥a-pina'su-i; sparce
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.		See Language page
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	pe'heei	See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta		See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa		See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	'koboto	See Language page		Black m. that flies night and day; cf. 03.586. Small m. that flies by night is i'n̥aro; large m. that flies at night is suede'hai; side-'n̥ai; a big m. is i'n̥aro ke'den̥a; m. that flies at dawn and at dusk is se'da-bia; sue'da-bia.
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera		See Language page
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	puuku'to	See Language page		Also ho'ɲokoi 'rat'.
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	puu	See Language page		Edible m. is hupa-'ŋoori, in the N̥upedo Goosodeʔ dialect.
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis		See Language page
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae		See Language page
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	digoro'koi	See Language page	Widespread	Also digoro'ko-n̥ai; digoroko ke'de-n̥a-i; huusi'ei; uusi'ei.
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)		See Language page
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.		See Language page
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana		See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	suaria	See Language page	Widespread	Small green, yellow, red parrot. Small blue p. with yellow beak is sirooga-'bi-a; small red p. is tiiya-'bi, čii'ya-'bi; cf. 03.831; small green p. is suaka'ra; small yellow p. is suakara ke'de-n̥a; small green p. with blue tail, yellow beak and wings is
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes		See Language page
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea		See Language page		plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus		See Language page		plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae		See Language page
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas		See Language page		plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae		See Language page
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	sua're-čee'ke	See Language page		See 03.592; suffix is 'female'.
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua		See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	nee'nei	See Language page		Also o'gobee-daay; u'gobee-daay.
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	'haro	See Language page
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		u'gaai	See Language page		A poisonous s. is nasaa'miroi. Tobité dialect is asaa'rio. A black s. is u'gaa-gadooi, lit. 's. that goes'.
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox		See Language page	Widespread South America
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	'heesabe	See Language page		'Black widow s. is i'moi-n̥a; s. that spins webs in trails is ke'nee-ŋe'tee.
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	pu'ruua	See Language page		plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae		See Language page
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	dikaa're	See Language page		An edible stingray. Nonedible is 'dika-če'ke; cf. 03.130.
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	--	See Language page
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris		See Language page
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera		See Language page
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea		See Language page
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura		See Language page
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	si-'di	See Language page		plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	'yokai	See Language page	Widespread
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		poo'ri-a; poo'ri	See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella		See Language page
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui		See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	ãra'potorĩ	See Language page	Widespread South America	Lives in the rocks. Also 'koboto. See 03.832.
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita		See Language page		No generic name.
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons		See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus		See Language page
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari		See Language page
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia

Showing 1 to 133 of 133 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology	gaa'tee-i; gaa'tee-odeʔ	Respectively: 12.080, 01.510, 12.470; plural form. Also gaa'tan̥o-keei; and 'gee-ode 'ueečaai, means 'the other side of the clouds'.	See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	dak-a'n̥aa	hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	ahi'neree; ge'bee'kahi'de	See 09.670.	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool		can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	aga'pii; geedo'si	See note under 'dish' 05.310.	See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	'enuei gii'pee	Means b. of rope; a b. of palm fronds is o'rai in̥aak o'ho.	See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material			See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	'araguu-a	Refers to big, black seed-beads; small black seed-beads is pu'ru-i.	See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	mo'čaa-pii	To make the b. is ĩ'tereʔ. To make his own bed or position of sleeping is oo y-ihoga-'di, cf. 07.210.	See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	čaari-'pii		See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool			See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation			See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture		if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	'dok-oo'hi; oo'hi	See 07.580.	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	aho-'soorĩ; aho-'to		See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	kuu'koi		See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	kaari-'n̥ai		See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	'kooča'gaa-n̥a-mi	Also kooča'gaa-n̥a-mi-a. Diminutives.	See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	dai'n̥ai; dai'n̥ee	See 04.870.	See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	bo'raa; bo'raai-dieʔ	Same as 'cloth' 06.210. See 06.950. Also igi'de 06.420, 06.440.	See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	o'ge	Non-possessed form is gan̥i'meei.	See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology		malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool		hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	Du'paa-deʔ	Also oo du'paa-de ihiʔ, means 'to make yourself a god'.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool			See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	ĩĩ'karã		See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	ibee'uua		See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture		Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	pee'ye	esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology			See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other		may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	yoote-pii'oi	Lit. 'water-fire' 01.310+01.810.	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology			See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other			See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	eero-'godeʔ		See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool			See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	'čimeno; i'čimeno		See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	u'ru-i	Also means 'dust' 01.213; also rice hull, 05.810. 'Palm nut flour' is nami-'ni; wheat or manioc f. is 'kučaa u'rui; fine corn f. is ti'ki-n̥ai.	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	ubu'čui	multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	kučii'sooi	Refers to a wild animal.	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	oo're gaa'tee		See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool			See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	du'k-oode	Also 'oode.	See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	--		See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	--	agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	po'kaa	A 'pistol' is po'kaa kata'de 12.590; 'rifle' is po'kaa; po'kaa garahaa-'dieʔ 02.458; 'shot-gun' is po'kaa ke'ruu-a 12.550.	See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	gaa'tohee		See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology		Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics			See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	kũ'terĩ	Domestic bee h. is a'ka 08.530; a cell of wild h. is du'kuu-pie; abundance of h. is ku'terĩ-'pepie; h. brought to camp is i'saa-i 11.140; h. guarded is hoo'yaa-i; wasp h. is 'asago; tree in which they hope will yield h. is 'tode; h. water kũ'ter-ota'di, l	See Language page
house			other	i'gi-n̥aai	Possessive form.	See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	nii'so-rãai; ni'sorẽe	A one-day hunt, is baai; 'baage; an overnight hunt is moo-i; moo-'ŋe 04.610.	See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	kee'seei	A k. in a sheath is ka'ričaai; kee'seei ka'ričaai 03.655.	See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress			See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	uguu'ta-di		See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	orota'de	See 04.300.	See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology			See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology			See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	daru-'n̥aa-ooi	Means 'skin of a cactus' 11.690, 18.520.	See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	ãra'ŋe		See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	boi-'n̥aai		See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	aga'pii; geedo'si	See note under 'dish' 05.310.	See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation			See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	pĩra'kã		See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	paraka'rã		See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology			See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	'enuei; ča'ge-n̥ai	The latter is 'braided rope'. 'Lasso' is 'enuhe-n̥ai; 'feather rope' is ibota'ye.	See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	e'čo-i	Ground s. is e'čo u'rui, lit. salt dust; cf. 'flour' 05.550. A chunk of s. is e'čo-i i'ribi-di; to sprinkle s. on the food u'n̥ute-gaay; s. crystals ũri'arõi ga'n̥ui, lit. a picture of molartooth 04.272.	See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation			See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	n̥aani 'kučaa iraha-'soorĩ	Lit. 'man thing knower'.	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	'giidaai; uči'e-di	Also 'giidaai u'čiedi, lit. 'stepped on'.	See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	ori-'di	See 22.180.	See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	hõkara'tai; hõkara'tee		See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	iɲ̥e'kãreʔ		See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	ã'sore		See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool			See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material			See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	'geen̥a-ke'de-n̥ai	Means 'different corn plant'; sugar cane plant is n̥aaka'raai, cf. 08. 510.	See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology			See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material			See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture		use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool		agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	e'nočaai	The b. prepared for use in a ball is di'rin̥e; b. from the hive and chewed is du'kuudaai; black b. of the 'golden bee' is ii'beye; black edible b. of the 'suro bee' is kũtere ke'de-n̥a-i. Black or red b. that is sticky is čaake'do; čaae'do. In the N̥upedo	See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology		a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

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