Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Ayoreo

Family
Zamucoan
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
ayo
Location
-19.22°, -60.22°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Briggs, Janet R. 2007. Ayoreo. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location gaa'tee; gaay See 01.510, 12.470. See Language page
and y e grammar See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment 'uučuk-u'ru-i u'ru-i is 'dust/particles' 01.213. Cf. 'flour' 05.550. See Language page
at en, a em, a location See Language page
back espalda costas body giido'booi See Language page
bad mal mal quality sii'n̥aa-i; siin̥aa-'ŋe See Language page
belly barriga barriga body a'hee-i Also a'heeodeʔ, lit. 'inside, insides, idea' 17.190. See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location 'udi; n̥u'mi See 'body' 04.110, which forms a minimal pair with the above. See Language page
big grande grande quality ke'ruu-i; ke'ruu-a See 03.760, 08.540. Also e'n̥umee-i; e'n̥umee, see 05.123. See Language page
black negro preto colour uta'ta-i; uta'ta See Language page
blood sangre sangue body i'yoi See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body duko'si See Language page
bone hueso osso body an̥okeei See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body i'n̥a See Language page
child niño, niña criança human diis-a'bi Male child. Also diis-a'bi-a, 'female'. See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment geei Also means 'rain' 01.750. See Language page
cold frío frio quality te'n̥uu-i; te'n̥uu-ŋe Very cold' is a'rere-daate-i; a'rere-daa'te. See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality ipee'sute a'rei See 16.710. Means well done. See Language page
day día dia time dii'ri See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality oo'poii; oo'poii-a Also topi'e-n̥a-i; topi'e-n̥a 15.630. See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality ka'n̥or-i; ka'n̥or-e See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality pa'kaa-i; pa'kaa See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment u'ru-i Also see 'ashes' 01.840; 'flour' 05.550. See Language page
ear oreja orelha body a'ŋorone Also a'ŋo-niŋini, lit. 'the ear's hole'. See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment n̥u'mi See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna kũ'reei Also 'kučaa kũ'reei 05.510. Egg shell is 'kučaa-kũ'reei a'ooi 04.120; egg white is uka'gooi. See Language page
eye ojo olho body e'do Also means 'grain' 08.420. See 'face' 04.204. See Language page
far lejos longe quality i'da-haʔ See 12.310. See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body ii; 'kučaa 'ii-odeʔ See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship daa-'ye A 'dead father' is daai. See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna ãra'ma See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment pii'o-i See Language page
flower flor flor environment a'sige A small f.; also 'kuča-a'sige; a large f. is po'n̥aa-ŋe, means 'blown up'. See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment hee'si See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora aa See Language page
good bueno bom quality a're-i; a're-ge Also ka'nii-raai; ka'nii-ree, lit. 'generous'; oo'm-i, oo'me 'good temperament'. See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body gaa'terero ãaka'rãai means 'long hair'; 'short hair' is gaa'tuui. See Language page
hand mano mão body m̥a'naay See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar uu'teʔ; uaa'teʔ See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body gaa'toi See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality 'peenu-i; 'peenu-a Also i'meenu-i; i'meenu-a; 'daača-n̥ai; 'daača-n̥a, with much mud. See Language page
how? como como grammar iiso'kaarike See 17.490. See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar yu; uu'yu For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
if si se grammar u'heeta; 'heeta; ee'ti See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location ihiʔ; tihiʔ; -ihiʔ; -hiʔ; a'heei Refer to position. See 04.331. Reference to motion, ahaʔ; tahaʔ; -ahaʔ; -jaʔ. See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body u'čaai Also u'čake-daatei, lit. 'big intestine'. See Language page
lake lago lago environment gaa'ɲ̥oo See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment poor-ãaka'raai Lit. the tree's hair (covering), 04.140. See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body ara'se-i; ara'se See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body oota'di See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment a'n̥oraa-pie Lit. 'container of the lightning bolt'. See Language page
liver hígado figado body abi'to See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality yo'iiko-i; yo'iiko See 11.880. Also yo'iiko-n̥a-i; yo'iiko-n̥a. See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna n̥a'rĩ; n̥are ke'de-n̥ai 'Head louse'. 'Body louse' is 'n̥are-n̥ai; da're-n̥aai. See Language page
man/male hombre homem human ayo're-i See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna a'ragaɲ̥ua Meat flour is ã'rii; m. roasted on the coals is ago'taa-i; m. that has little blood iboo'r-i; iboo'r-e. See Language page
moon luna lua environment geedo'si-deʔ Lit. 'father of the month'. See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship daa-'te An absent mother is daa'te-ka. See Language page
mouth boca boca body pin̥a'ni See Language page
name nombre nome human ii See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality i'dogosiʔ See 12.320. See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body eeta'bi-di See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body eeta'bi See Language page
new nuevo novo quality iiča-i; iiča; uri'ei; uri'eŋe See 05.124. See Language page
night noche noite time de'haai See Language page
no/not no não grammar See Language page
nose nariz nariz body kõra'čuui See Language page
old viejo velho quality čo'ki-n̥a-i; gaa'ta; u'ata Refer to a person. An 'old thing' is i'haroo-i; i'haroo; 'kučaa-i'haroo-i; 'kučaa-i'haroo. See Language page
one uno um number čõ'm̥ãrãʔ Also čo'm̥ara-i, indicated by the thumb on the right hand. See Language page
other otro outro grammar See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body een̥aa'retããi Also een̥aa'retẽẽ; de'keen̥arẽẽ. See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human ayo'r-e See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment geei Also means 'cloud' 01.730. See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour kara-'taai; kara-'tee Also koni'nii-n̥ai; koni'niin̥a. 'Bright red' is gaa'tii; ga'tii-a. See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body ãra'čuu-i; ãra'čuu-a See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture gaa'bi; pii'hooi The latter is an animal path. A 'cart trail' is yu'pidi. See Language page
root raíz raiz flora ta'posi A tap root is ee'ri-keruui, cf. 12.550. Other roots that entwine are ee'ri; r. of fallen tree is 'kuč-ee'ri. See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality tara'taa-i; tara'taa-ge 'It is r.' tara'taʔ. 'To be r.' pu'n̥ui; pu'n̥ua 04.441; verbal form is oo pu'n̥uik. See Language page
sand arena areia environment u'n̥a See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality aasii'ko-i; aasii'ko See Language page
short corto curto quality kata'de-i; kata'de See 07.250. Also pahoga-'di; pahoga'de; and 'short but strong' tu'nu-i; tunu-'ŋe. See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body orota'de See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental 'kučaaheegaa'tei; uraa'nei See Language page
skin piel pele body a'ooi Also 'kučaa-ooi, lit. 'the thing-skin'. See Language page
sky cielo céu environment gaa'teei Lit. 'up, above' 12.080. Also 'gee-ode 'ueečaai; gaa'tee-odeʔ. Lit 'the other side of the clouds'. See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality aa'tiami; aa'tiami-a Also a'haami; a'haami-a; and -pitai, 05.660, 08.470. See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment ii'oti See Language page
star estrella estrela environment 'geedo See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora eero-'godeʔ Also means 'firewood'. See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment kukara'ne Varies with kukara'ni, which is larger. See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body ka'ri See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar o'reeʔ See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality daɲoo'ree-i; daɲoo'ree Also naɲoo'raa-i; naɲoo'ree. 'Thick and round (like a squash or stick)', tutu'tude-i; tutu'tudi; tutu'tude 12.810. See Language page
thin delgado fino quality Refers to a person. Also ki'yigitaa-i; ki'yigitaa-ge 05.123 'ripe'. See Language page
this este/esta este grammar See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar ua See Language page
throat garganta garganta body puusu'guui Also poto'goro, 'inside of throat' and 'goiter' 04.842. See Language page
three tres tres number gadi'ok; gadi'o-i; gadi'o-ge Respectively: verb; adj.; adj. Also gadi'o-godeʔ; gadi'o-ge-dieʔ. See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment 'gee-ode uruu-'odeʔ Lit. 'clouds/rain's words'. Also kučaa ahaamo'mini. See Language page
bite morder morder body i'gaaseʔ See Language page
blow soplar soprar body u'buču See 09.791. See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body uɲ̥a'ri Also i'n̥ime uɲ̥a'ri. See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body agu; akeʔ Also means 'eat' 05.110. To chew for another is ũ'tirẽʔ; 'one who c. for another' is ũtira-'soorĩ; ũtira-'ŋoori; ũtira-'to. See Language page
climb subir subir motion ee'ru; oo'ru See Language page
come venir vir motion i'bagi See 10.470. See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact ãa'reʔ To c. corn, manioc, beans alone or with meat. See Language page
count contar contar mental ĩsee'karũ See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental ii'boʔ See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact akesuʔ See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state tooi Also too'ge; i'tooi. Cf. 'corpse' 04.770. See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact i'hoočaʔ Also i'hooča-gaay; d. to bury is ihoo'ča-meʔ. See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental ĩĩ'karã See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body 'oohiʔ See 'marry' 02.330. See Language page
eat comer comer body a'gu; 'akeʔ Also means 'chew' 05.180. To eat without leaving any for somebody else is i'ŋara-meʔ; iŋa'ra-meʔ. To eat something tabu is a'gu gaai. See Language page
fall caer cair motion ĩi'koorãʔ Means to stumble, fall. To fall inside is ĩi'koorã-haʔ. To fall from above is i'baaseʔ. See Language page
fear miedo medo mental isado'de-riŋai; itodoo-ti'gai See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion čaa'yoʔ Refers to river flowing 10.460. See Language page
fly volar voar motion ii'yoʔ See Language page
grow crecer crescer state ĩ'keeraʔ See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental u'duteʔ See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion aa'goseʔ; i'poogu See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact u'heeʔ See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other i'saaʔ See 11.130. See Language page
kill matar matar impact u'heeʔ See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental i'moʔ See 15.510. See Language page
laugh reír rir mental da'goi See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion i'm̥ar-ahaʔ See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body ee'kai; ue'kai Cf. 'widow' 02.760. Also ee'ka; ue'ka; puk-u'e-kaariŋeei. See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other ge'saa-i; gesaa-'ge Also e'dogesaa-i; e'dogesaa-ge; verbal form is u'čere-ŋaay. See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact i'ŋira; u'heeʔ See Language page
say decir dizer mental ikate'karẽʔ; ikate'karĩ See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact See Language page
see ver ver mental i'moʔ See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact ii'čoʔ See 20.230. See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state 'akar-ihiʔ See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body i'moʔ See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body o'hareʔ primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body ũ'tira-haʔ See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact a'hukeʔ; ĩpoo'čereʔ Also adj. form ipõõ'čerããi; ipõõ'čerã. See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact ido'ta; ĩ'rie The latter is 'squeeze the body'. Also imi'neseʔ. 'To wring again' is ipaati'gaseʔ; 'to w. a hyssop of honey' is i'hoseʔ. See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state i'yageʔ See Language page
steal robar roubar other 'ooriʔ; 'ooriia See Language page
suck chupar chupar body u'kuʔ Lit. 'nurse (suck milk). To s. honey or a liquid is i'peseʔ; u'muna (05.480); 'one that sucks much' is are'ko-n̥ai; are'ko-n̥a. See 'sexual intercourse' 04.670; 'prostitute' 19.720. See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body geen̥aa-ri'ŋai Also geen̥aa-ri'ŋeei; 's. with much pain and itching' is 'ŋii-riŋai; 'ŋii-riŋeei. See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion i'hi tutu'ne See 05.560. Also ĩiri'gi-hi yoo'di gaay 10.470; the sound of one swimming is čo tũ tũ. See Language page
think pensar pensar mental oo 'yaayugu See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact a'tareʔ; ati'ŋaareʔ Also iiti'ŋaareʔ; to throw with force is een̥a-'pusu. See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact iga'ru 'To tie up an animal' is a'di-haʔ. See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other aa'n̥iʔ; aa'n̥i-hiʔ may be transitive or intransitive See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body 'ipogaai See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion ĩi'rikeʔ; i'ka-iʔ; i'ka-hiʔ The latter two mean 'to walk to'. 'To walk in' is ĩiri'gi-hiʔ 10.660; to walk with shoes on, is uu'čie 'yiriidaa-deʔ 06.510, 10.431; to walk barefoot is uu'čie n̥u'mi 01.212, 10.431. See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other i'saa ye'ho-deʔ Means 'grasp my surroundings'; cf. 15.710, 11.140. 'Hard work' is un̥u'si yu 'omeʔ, means 'feel very comfortable with'; 'to w. with eagerness' is oo yuhu'ɲa-meʔ, means 'to punish myself' 21.370. See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body itiboo'ha? See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body a'reei See Language page
tooth diente dente body pã'tarãai Also means 'beak' 04. 241. See Language page
two dos dois number 'gareʔ Verb form. Also adj.: 'gare-i; 'gare-o'de; 'gare-dieʔ. See Language page
water agua agua environment yoo'di See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar -- no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar -- See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality te'taa-i; te'taa-ge See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar goo'tike e; goo'tora'kee See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar gee'de 'dee-hi rike e Means 'Where was the sun?' See Language page
where? donde onde grammar 'dee-hi 'rike e; 'tia The latter refers to 'a little farther'. See Language page
white blanco branco colour 'pororo-i; 'pororo See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar goo'si te e; goo'to te e See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship ako'te See Language page
wind viento vento environment ee'mi See Language page
wing ala asa body u'n̥ooi Of a bird. Wing of insect is ãra'ma. See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human ayo're See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour 'sarẽ-i; 'sarẽ See 08.470, 15.680, 05.971. Also ka'ŋu-rãai; ka'ŋu-rãa 05.123, 03.592. See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar 'uakeʔ; uak See Language page
foot pie pé body 'giidaai See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar -apoo ...rĩ; -poo ... rĩ See Language page
all todo todos other 'n̥eeseʔ See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body 'giidogoro See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body u'raya See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body u'čiʔ See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body pu'n̥ui Cf. 15.820. See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body oo 'm̥ara 'm̥ara To perspire from a fever is hũ'rua gaay; see 'body' 04.110. See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body do'riteʔ Also čoo 'tidi 'tidi; čoo 'tigi 'tigi. First form also means 'throb'. See Language page
bark corteza casca environment poor-a'ooi Lit. 'tree-skin (covering)' 04.120. See Language page
fingernail uña unha body 'uusugurui See Language page
heart corazón coração body i'yo-bie Lit. 'blood-container' 04.150. See Language page
sun sol sol time gee-'deʔ Lit. 'father of the cloud'. See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment oro'ko-daa'te daa'te is 'mother', with the meaning of 'big'. Also oro'ko. See Language page
green verde verde quality 'sarẽ-i; 'sarẽ See 08.470, 15.690. See Language page
hot caliente quente quality no'tar-i; no'tar-e Also hurũa'ču-i; hurũaču-'ge. See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. čaabo'to See Language page
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna ču'ŋuperẽ See Language page A small bird. A large bird is ču'ŋuperĩ.
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes digoro'koi See Language page Widespread Also digoro'ko-n̥ai; digoroko ke'de-n̥a-i; huusi'ei; uusi'ei.
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica suaria See Language page Widespread Small green, yellow, red parrot. Small blue p. with yellow beak is sirooga-'bi-a; small red p. is tiiya-'bi, čii'ya-'bi; cf. 03.831; small green p. is suaka'ra; small yellow p. is suakara ke'de-n̥a; small green p. with blue tail, yellow beak and wings is
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae kuuku'huui See Language page Also giidobooi; kuuku'huu-daa'te, augmentative -daa'te. Also kuuku'huu-dai-'n̥a-i.
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae See Language page
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae ãra'potorĩ See Language page Widespread South America Lives in the rocks. Also 'koboto. See 03.832.
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family n̥aa'ko-n̥a-i See Language page Also n̥aa'ko-n̥a, domestic duck. A water duck is n̥aa'ko-yike; a small water duck is kučibohaa-i. kučaa is 'thing'.
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris tamo'koi See Language page Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna o'yidi See Language page
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata nee'nei See Language page Also o'gobee-daay; u'gobee-daay.
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. dikaa're See Language page An edible stingray. Nonedible is 'dika-če'ke; cf. 03.130.
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna u'gaai See Language page A poisonous s. is nasaa'miroi. Tobité dialect is asaa'rio. A black s. is u'gaa-gadooi, lit. 's. that goes'.
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria 'yokai See Language page Widespread
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) puu See Language page Edible m. is hupa-'ŋoori, in the N̥upedo Goosodeʔ dialect.
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes See Language page
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) n̥a'tua See Language page secondary scrub vegetation See 06.380 'thread'.
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens 'n̥uui See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. 'unoro-ke'den̥a See Language page 'unoro is a water plant with leaves like the banana leaves.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. ku'gee-i See Language page Also ku'gee ča'ki-peei; white b. is kugee ke'de-n̥ai; short b. is ku'gee-pitai, lit. a small bean; lima b. 'koyabe-n̥ai; vine b. is ku'gee-i ba'haai, lit. first b.; ku'gee-i ne'haai; ku'gee-i du'guu-taai 10.472, a climbing vine.
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) n̥aaka'raai See Language page Cf. 08.430, 08.480, 08.520, 08.941.
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays edo ee'toi; edo ua'ha-di See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains Refers to hard c., 15.740. Sweet c. is edo pa'rataai, 15.750; yellow sweet c. is edo 'sarẽ-i 15.690; popcorn is 'geen̥a-pitai 12.560; blue c. is ugare-'tei; c. on the cob is 'geen̥a u'po-i, 15.680; shelled c. is geen̥a'ɲ̥u-nieʔ; 'geen̥a-pina'su-i; sparce
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum si-'di See Language page plant
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna poo'ri-a; poo'ri See Language page
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta pe'heei See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas See Language page plant
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. -- See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) See Language page indigenous gardens plant; tree
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. pu'ruua See Language page plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. ere'n̥a toto'toi See Language page secondary forest, floodplain Also bahu'tasi; baru'tasi, latter used for houses. A vine used for killing fish is ere'nai.
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. ere-'n̥ai bisi-'di See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation Also ere-'n̥ai. Cf. 'poison' 04.890.
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae kaase'kaai See Language page Large black ant (with painful bite)' [isula(?)] is dii'ti. 'Small brown ant (with painful bite)' is diiti ke'de-n̥ai. 'Umbrella ant' is ga'n̥oo.
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata dii'ti See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis ahi'di See Language page Also kũ'terĩ; cf. 05.840.
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae bee'bu-i See Language page Also bee'bu-n̥ai.
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera kan̥ooi See Language page Also gan̥ooi. There are many kinds.
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora uhu'ri See Language page
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda poo'raai See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones sua're-čee'ke See Language page See 03.592; suffix is 'female'.
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera 'kuča-akaya-'to See Language page Lit. 'the thing, she who bites'.
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera huu'bi See Language page 'Horsefly' is huu'to-n̥ai, also means 'bumblebee'.
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. 'koboto See Language page Black m. that flies night and day; cf. 03.586. Small m. that flies by night is i'n̥aro; large m. that flies at night is suede'hai; side-'n̥ai; a big m. is i'n̥aro ke'den̥a; m. that flies at dawn and at dusk is se'da-bia; sue'da-bia.
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita See Language page No generic name.
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda 'haro See Language page
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae 'heesabe See Language page 'Black widow s. is i'moi-n̥a; s. that spins webs in trails is ke'nee-ŋe'tee.
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu ɲaako're-ke'de-n̥a-i See Language page Lit. 'strange/different wild pig'.
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus puuku'to See Language page Also ho'ɲokoi 'rat'.
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus a'ramoro See Language page Also e'ramoro; a'ramoro-n̥a; e'ramoro-n̥a.


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material 'enuei gii'pee Means b. of rope; a b. of palm fronds is o'rai in̥aak o'ho. See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material 'araguu-a Refers to big, black seed-beads; small black seed-beads is pu'ru-i. See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material mo'čaa-pii To make the b. is ĩ'tereʔ. To make his own bed or position of sleeping is oo y-ihoga-'di, cf. 07.210. See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material čaari-'pii See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport kuu'koi See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology ibee'uua See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology n̥aani 'kučaa iraha-'soorĩ Lit. 'man thing knower'. See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material aho-'soorĩ; aho-'to See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology bo'raa; bo'raai-dieʔ Same as 'cloth' 06.210. See 06.950. Also igi'de 06.420, 06.440. See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other eero-'godeʔ See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology oo're gaa'tee See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology Du'paa-deʔ Also oo du'paa-de ihiʔ, means 'to make yourself a god'. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology ubu'čui multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material kee'seei A k. in a sheath is ka'ričaai; kee'seei ka'ričaai 03.655. See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool ahi'neree; ge'bee'kahi'de See 09.670. See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool dak-a'n̥aa hunting, warfare See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool ã'sore See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool 'dok-oo'hi; oo'hi See 07.580. See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport orota'de See 04.300. See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material aga'pii; geedo'si See note under 'dish' 05.310. See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool pĩra'kã See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material aga'pii; geedo'si See note under 'dish' 05.310. See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool -- agriculture? See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology paraka'rã See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool See Language page
wax cera cera other e'nočaai The b. prepared for use in a ball is di'rin̥e; b. from the hive and chewed is du'kuudaai; black b. of the 'golden bee' is ii'beye; black edible b. of the 'suro bee' is kũtere ke'de-n̥a-i. Black or red b. that is sticky is čaake'do; čaae'do. In the N̥upedo See Language page
honey miel mel food kũ'terĩ Domestic bee h. is a'ka 08.530; a cell of wild h. is du'kuu-pie; abundance of h. is ku'terĩ-'pepie; h. brought to camp is i'saa-i 11.140; h. guarded is hoo'yaa-i; wasp h. is 'asago; tree in which they hope will yield h. is 'tode; h. water kũ'ter-ota'di, l See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture 'enuei; ča'ge-n̥ai The latter is 'braided rope'. 'Lasso' is 'enuhe-n̥ai; 'feather rope' is ibota'ye. See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology gaa'tee-i; gaa'tee-odeʔ Respectively: 12.080, 01.510, 12.470; plural form. Also gaa'tan̥o-keei; and 'gee-ode 'ueečaai, means 'the other side of the clouds'. See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation daru-'n̥aa-ooi Means 'skin of a cactus' 11.690, 18.520. See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology ĩĩ'karã See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation 'kooča'gaa-n̥a-mi Also kooča'gaa-n̥a-mi-a. Diminutives. See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology du'k-oode Also 'oode. See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other boi-'n̥aai See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation 'geen̥a-ke'de-n̥ai Means 'different corn plant'; sugar cane plant is n̥aaka'raai, cf. 08. 510. See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material ori-'di See 22.180. See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress 'giidaai; uči'e-di Also 'giidaai u'čiedi, lit. 'stepped on'. See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation hõkara'tai; hõkara'tee See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation kaari-'n̥ai See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation po'kaa A 'pistol' is po'kaa kata'de 12.590; 'rifle' is po'kaa; po'kaa garahaa-'dieʔ 02.458; 'shot-gun' is po'kaa ke'ruu-a 12.550. See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress gaa'tohee See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology dai'n̥ai; dai'n̥ee See 04.870. See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool o'ge Non-possessed form is gan̥i'meei. See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool See Language page
salt sal sal food e'čo-i Ground s. is e'čo u'rui, lit. salt dust; cf. 'flour' 05.550. A chunk of s. is e'čo-i i'ribi-di; to sprinkle s. on the food u'n̥ute-gaay; s. crystals ũri'arõi ga'n̥ui, lit. a picture of molartooth 04.272. See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology iɲ̥e'kãreʔ See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool pee'ye esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food nii'so-rãai; ni'sorẽe A one-day hunt, is baai; 'baage; an overnight hunt is moo-i; moo-'ŋe 04.610. See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food kučii'sooi Refers to a wild animal. See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool -- See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool uguu'ta-di See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool ãra'ŋe See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture yoote-pii'oi Lit. 'water-fire' 01.310+01.810. See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food u'ru-i Also means 'dust' 01.213; also rice hull, 05.810. 'Palm nut flour' is nami-'ni; wheat or manioc f. is 'kučaa u'rui; fine corn f. is ti'ki-n̥ai. See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool 'čimeno; i'čimeno See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other i'gi-n̥aai Possessive form. See Language page