Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

knife

Semantic Field
culture-material
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
cuchillo
Meaning Portuguese
faca

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Cahuilla pasivat knife, sword inheritance *sipaC Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 799 compound, other complex big-arrowhead Seiler & Hioki
Cupeño wah-ken-vish stone knife unknown maybe related to the spear word and the club word? other complex Merriam 48:501
Luiseño pikát stone knife inheritance *pikkaC Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1266 other complex Elliott 1999
Gabrielino pa:xo-t(H) stone knife semantic shift *paka Uto-Aztecan transcr Harrington Hill notes401, 581; Hill/Miller has this with paxa 'reed, arrow' words other complex Merriam 49:101
Serrano kavorç knife unknown Serran only; perhaps from ka-32 'cut' other complex K. Hill Dict.
Kitanemuk kavo-č knife, or any iron or tools (but it's 'stone knife' in M unknown Serran only other omplex Anderton 1988
Tübatulabal pikat knife inheritance *pikkaC Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1266 other complex K. Hill Tb>Eng
Bankalachi Toloim se'-băt knife inheritance *sippaC Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 799 other complex Merriam 49:187
Kawaiisu wihi-či knife inheritance *wikiC Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1267 other complex Zigmond et al. 1990
Chemehuevi wihI knife inheritance *wikiC Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1267 simplex Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Southern Paiute wiitstsI knife inheritance *wikiC Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1267 other complex Sapir
Southern Ute wii-cI knife inheritance *wikiC Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1267 other complex Givon
Tümpisa Shoshone wihin knife inheritance *wikiC Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1267 simplex Dayley 1989
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone wiin knife inheritance *wikiC Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1267 simplex Crapo 1976
Comanche nahuu7, nahhoo7 knife, drawing knife unique compound R
Western Mono wIhi knife inheritance *wikiC Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1267 simplex Loether & Bethel 1993
Northern Paiute wihi knife inheritance *wikiC Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1267 Liljeblad et al. 2012:667
Southern Sierra Miwok hope- knife inheritance %hop Proto-Miwok Callaghan 1970 Bodega hopa 'to stab' 'from Proto-Miwok' (no form given) p. 25 simplex nt Broadbent 1964
Central Sierra Miwok ku:či- knife loan Spanish WW %cuchillo simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
Northern Sierra Miwok kuc:i- knife loan Spanish WW %cuchillo simplex Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok kuc:i knife, pocket knife loan Spanish WW %cuchillo simplex Callaghan 1984
Lake Miwok kučíija knife loan Spanish WW %cuchillo simplex Callaghan 1965
Maidu c'ámmi knife inheritance Proto-Maiduan Konkow c'a/mmit Ultan 1967:38 simplex Shipley 1963
Nisenan boso knife, spear, spearhead inheritance *bosó Proto-Maiduan Ultan 1964:362 simplex Uldall & Shipley 1966
Yokuts Yawelmani no-kotch'-ă knife inheritance Proto-Yokutsan see 'obsidian' other complex k'ac' obsidian Merriam 44:185
Yokuts Yawdanchi no-koch''-o knife inheritance Proto-Yokutsan kā-tā' Merriam 44:343 derived from 'obsidian' Merriam 44:185
Yokuts Palewyami no-kuts'-so knife (any) inheritance Proto-Yokutsan see 'obsidian'; Yawelmani k'ac' 'obsidian', but chah'-sip 'obsidian knife' Merriam 44:481 (from UA with sip???) derived Berman 2002
Washo tá7wi7 knife unknown simplex Washo Project Dictionary
Wintu k'elek'ele knife unknown reduplicated Schlichter 1981
Yuki kuči knife loan Spanish WW %cuchillo also lil-mapin Elmendorf 1993:229 simplex Schlichter 1985
Wappo kuči:ya knife loan Spanish WW %cuchillo simplex Elmendorf 1993
Mutsun Tippe knife inheritance *Tip-a Proto-Costanoan Callaghan 2001:322 simplex Okrand 1977
Esselen kum-mal knife unknown HenshawPinart has xelusep Heizer 1952:76 other complex ncs suffix -l Kroeber 1902
Salinan A (T)cik< (T)cek in turner p 24 knife unknown Proto-Salinan other complex Mason 1918
Salinan M tca:k knife unknown Proto-Salinan simplex Mason 1918
Chumash Obispeno jatqa7minë, jamq'aminë el cuchillo, mi cuchillo (0107) unknown derived Harrington
Chumash Ineseno 7ïw knife inheritance *7iw Proto-Chumashan simplex from 'cut'? Klar 1977
Chumash Barbareno 7ïwï knife inheritance *7iw Proto-Chumashan simplex Klar 1977
Chumash Ventureno 7ïw (Mamet's 7ïwï p. 55) knife inheritance *7iw Proto-Chumashan simplex Klar 1977
Iipay 'Aa kuchii knife loan Spanish WW %cuchillo CHM mo-roo simplex Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Cocopa wi: metal, knife, rock, mountain inheritance Proto-Yuman Mo 7avii 'mountain' simplex Crawford 1989
Mojave 7ahkwe knife unknown simplex Munro et al. 1992
Yavapai čkYáti knife, ax inheritance Proto-Yuman Cocopa ch7ka:t 'axe"; also (7)kHwá'metal, iron, knife' 398, 403 simplex vb is čkYāti 'cut w/ knife' Shaterian 1983
Kiliwa nay=c+ruuw knife, sword, clubs (in cards; Sp. Espadas) unknown compound ruuw wrap, bind up Mixco 1985
Seri (Comcaac) eenim metal, iron, knife loan O'odham simplex Moser & Marlett 2005
Kakua ʔĩbat-dubʔ ʔĩbat-dup [metal-cl.long.thin.pointed] unknown calque Nukak? Derived metal-cl.long.thin.pointed See Language page
Nheengatu kicé; kicemiri (kise = knife, miri = small) kisé, kisemiri (kise = knife, miri = small) inheritance kise' part is inherited Phrase kise=knife; miri=small See Language page
Waorani bæ̃yetæ̃ unknown Spanish See Language page
Hodï maye loan - WW %marije, prob. via Carib, e.g. Tiriyo maja Simplex See Language page
Yanomami akuri, thõmɨna (EM72) akuɾi (shamanic), tʰõmɨna unknown; inheritance Proto-Yanomamo Alternate: sipaɾa si, akuɾi (shamanic) Simplex See Language page
Yanomam thõmɨna (EM72) tʰõmɨna knife (tooth of agouti) inheritance Proto-Yanomamo Simplex See Language page
Ninam thomu-na, thõmɨna (EM72) tʰomu-na, tʰõmɨna knife (tooth of agouti) inheritance Proto-Yanomamo Simplex See Language page
Kotiria sίórί pʰί (stenz) sίórί pʰί (stenz) unique Derived sió+rí-~phí; be.sharp+NOM-CLS:bladelike See Language page
Cubeo tãujive, tãuve tãuhivɛ, tãuvɛ unique tãu 'metal' Also: tãuvɛ Derived metal/glass + DIM + Classifier See Language page
Tukano di'pĩhí diʔpĩhí inheritance shared Piratapuyo Likely inherited with loss of first syllable Simplex See Language page
Desano wíririmiji wíririmihi inheritance Proto-East Tukanoan Inherited complex form or calque Compound wíriri-mihi; cut-? See Language page
Maihiki quiudɨ ja kiudɨ xã knife, machete unknown Simplex See Language page
Hup wan=tæ̃h (knife=small) wan=tæ̃h (knife=small) unique see 'machete' Phrase knife small See Language page
Dâw wãàn pis wã̂n piʃ unique see 'machete' Phrase machete (wãn)-small (píʃ) See Language page
Sikuani kusiupa (21), kusiupae (1), kusuipa (21) (all three are Spanish borrowings) kusiupa loan - WW? %kɨtʃe (or Span cuchillo?) WW Spanish source; Arawak, e.g. Warekena kotsiyo See Language page
Macaguan kochípa kotʃípa loan - WW? %kɨtʃe (or Span cuchillo?) WW %kotʃi Spanish origin; Arawak, e.g. Warekena kotsiyo; found Macaguan kotʃípa, Sikuani, Candoshi, Camsa, Jivaroan, etc. Simplex See Language page
Pemon tavara, maria (means small knife, pocket knife) (A1981); maraiia, tawara (E1980) tavaɾa, maɾia (A1981); ma'ria, 'tawara (E1980) inheritance; loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW Pemongan subgroup %marije Alternate: maɾia (small knife, pocket knife) See Language page
Akawaio mariiba mariba loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW %marije WW %mariye Arawak: Wapishana, Baniwa, Tariana; Carib: Trio, Akawaio, Mapoyo, Yabarana, Pemon, Wai Wai, Waimiri-Atroari; Nadëb; possibly Ocaina See Language page
Makushi tawará tawará unique Pemongan subgroup shared Pemon See Language page
Eñepa parae parae unique See Language page
Yukuna irajú iɾahú unique Tanimuca Simplex See Language page
Tariana maliyé malijé loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW %marije WW %mariye Probably Carib > Baniwa-Tariana subgroup. Arawak: Wapishana, Baniwa, Tariana; Carib: Trio, Akawaio, Mapoyo, Yabarana, Pemon, Wai Wai, Waimiri-Atroari; Nadëb; possibly Ocaina Simplex See Language page
Wapishana marii marii loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW %marije WW %mariye Probably Carib > Baniwa-Tariana (+ Wapishana?) subgroup. Arawak: Wapishana, Baniwa, Tariana; Carib: Trio, Akawaio, Mapoyo, Yabarana, Pemon, Wai Wai, Waimiri-Atroari; Nadëb; possibly Ocaina Simplex See Language page
Baniwa malíye maɺíje loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW %marije WW %mariye Probably Carib > Baniwa-Tariana subgroup. Arawak: Wapishana, Baniwa, Tariana; Carib: Trio, Akawaio, Mapoyo, Yabarana, Pemon, Wai Wai, Waimiri-Atroari; Nadëb; possibly Ocaina Simplex See Language page
Resígaro va?agajá? vaʔagad͡ʒáʔ unique see 'machete' Derived see 'machete' See Language page
Yir-Yoront ngart+yenn knife calque Local To KKaper (pa-) koy+yakéñ 'knife' (fish+cutter, with special reference to grass-culm sliver used to cut stingray liver, but extended to any knife); not clear which language originated. Also /nayp/ < English.
Burarra an-gudyarrtya unique
Yawuru jajad unique
Jawi jimborrayirrye loan Malay
Nimanburru jombarere, jomborere loan Malay
Warrwa jumbararri loan Malay
Mangala kuwipinti unique
Dhuwal mandyawak doubtful loan
Dhay’yi mandyawak doubtful loan
Gumatj nayip loan English
Ngarluma nhayipa (<Eŋlish.) loan English
Yan-nhangu ŋambi inheritance also in Ritharngu as stone spear
Ritharrngu ŋambi inheritance
Gupapuyngu ŋambi inheritance
Rembarrnga tapkan semantic shift
Ngumbarl <tchindibal> unique
Yulparija tyalinykarti unique
Nyangumarta tyimputarri loan Malay
Karajarri tyinputarri loan Malay
Bardi tyoomparrarti loan Malay
Nyikina tyumparrarra loan Malay
Djinang yiki inheritance
Dhangu yiki(') inheritance
Walmajarri tyumpalatyarra loan direction unknown
Mudburra pinymala loan direction unknown tyalanya not in dict tyalanya not in dict
Jaru pinymala loan direction unknown also kiyirru stone implement, circumcision knife, age mate
Gurindji pinymala loan direction unknown Jingulu
Gooniyandi nayu unknown
Gajirrabeng tyimirnti loan direction unknown Wardaman WW %tyiminti
Djapu mandyawak doubtful loan
Jingulu kiyirru unknown also pinymala
Kija parratykatyi inheritance <parraj 'cut' ; als kerrpithkatyi from kerrpity 'cut' complex
Miriwung katamang inheritance kat 'cut' {NOT English loan) SUFF complex
Wardaman tyimirnti unknown
Achagua wisúwiʃi wisúwiʃi unique cf. Piapoco See Language page
Piapoco wisùanási wisùanási See Language page
Yavitero ku'c̷iyu (Spanish loan) ku'tsiju (Spanish loan) See Language page
Bare titéhe titéhe See Language page
Wayuu r̃ɨi; ta-r̃ɨľia See Language page
Yine wa-ta Refers to a bamboo knife. *Piro-Apurina form is *yo-'wa-ta. See Language page
Paresi ˈketse ˈketsɛ loan - WW %kɨtʃe See Language page
Ignaciano tumare; -tumara See Language page
Trinitario -tumra; ʔčatrope See Language page
Baure hikoč hikotʃ doubtful loan - WW? %kɨtʃe (or Span cuchillo?) See Language page
Waurá tʸehɨ̃-tãi ('machete-small') tʸehɨ̃-tãi ('machete-small') unique small machete' See Language page
Cha'palaa ['ku'čilʸu] From Span. 'cuchillo'. See Language page
Bora nɨɨtsʰḯkwa-(kwï) {machete-(small)} nɨɨtsʰɯ́kwa-(kwɯ) {machete-(small)} unique machete-small' See Language page
Muinane mééyuʔu mέέjuʔu See Language page
Apalai rato rato unique See Language page
Wayana malija malija loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW %marije See Language page
Carijona chano (small knife) unique See Language page
Tiriyó maja maja loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW %marije See Language page
Makiritare kɨmɨʔkə (IDS); kümü'kö (KH) kɨmɨʔkə unique See Language page
Mapoyo marya marya See Language page
Wai Wai mariya marija loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW %marije See Language page
Waimiri Atroari maja maja See Language page
Yabarana ma'ria See Language page
Yukpa panaku (SM) panaku (SM) See Language page
Barí baktrusā Colombia: baturəbisanə. See Language page
Northern Emberá néko néko See Language page
Epena [lo'wero] See Language page
Cofán chhichhi´cco tʃhitʃhiʔkho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra kuchiro kutʃiɾo loan - WW? %kɨtʃe (or Span cuchillo?) See Language page
Taushiro jo´jua´ca xoʔxuaʔka See Language page
Páez [kčilʸ] [kčilʸ] See Language page
Tikuna cüxchi kɨʔtʃi loan - WW %kɨtʃe See Language page
Urarina anofwa anofwa unique See Language page
Camsa kuchillitém (Sp.) kutʃiʎitem See Language page
Andoke fǝ́ʌ́-sé (scrape-NMZ) ɸǝ́ʌ́-sé (scrape-NMZ) unique See Language page
Pumé koanã-reã See Language page
Puinave wiu-yu-tɨi wiu-yu-tɨi unique See Language page
Ashuar kuchí kuʧi See Language page
Huambisa kuchii (Spanish loan) kutʃi: See Language page
Aguaruna cuchí (Spanish loan) kutʃí loan Spanish cuchillo See Language page
Nukak iibmatdaʔ unknown calque Kakua? See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect katawet (type of knife; Martins 1999) unknown See Language page
Matses chështempi tʃɨʃtempi unique see 'machete' See Language page
Kakataibo či'čika See Language page
Katukina roɨ šɨta See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo čičika See Language page
Yaminahua nami sɨno-ti Lit. 'meat cut-nominalizer'. See Language page
Chácobo manɨ manɨ doubtful loan - WW %marije; cf. Shell 1975 on occurrence in other Panoan lgs See Language page
Yagua casetuñu kãsetuñu loan - WW?; unknown %kɨtʃe (or Span cuchillo?) See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua cuchillu (Spanish loan) kutʃiʎu See Language page
Ingá kuchillu (Spanish loan) kutʃiʎu (Spanish loan) See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano kuchillu (Spanish loan) kutʃiʎu See Language page
Piaroa na'wo'da' naɁwoɁdaɁ unknown See Language page
Sáliva willaide wiʤaide unknown See Language page
Bará wide-ríca-pĩ See Language page
Barasano kṍbẽ́-hãĩ-ãkã kṍbẽ́-hãĩ-ãkã See Language page
Carapana casaa; ji-sé-rí-ka-pãĩ (H&R) kasaa; ji-sé-rí-ka-pãĩ (H&R) See Language page
Makuna wajara jãi waxaɾa xãi unique See Language page
Yuruti wi-'de-ria-pĩ-gã wi-'de-ria-pĩ-gã See Language page
Waikhana diʔ'ipʰĩgã diʔ'ipʰĩgã See Language page
Siriano wiirimágĩgã wiiɾimágĩgã See Language page
Tanimuca wiʔ'ru pã'ĩã wiʔ'ru pã'ĩã inheritance See Language page
Tatuyo ji'hé-'ri-ka-'pã'ĩ ji'hé-'ri-ka-'pã'ĩ See Language page
Tuyuka wide-'ri-pĩ wide-ʔri-pĩ See Language page
Waimaja wídɛ́řikʰaᵽĩ̀ wídɛ́rikʰaɸĩ̀ See Language page
Koreguaje va'ti baʔti inheritance See Language page
Siona hua'ti waʔti inheritance See Language page
Secoya a'ri hua'ti, hua'ti aʔri waʔti, waʔti See Language page
Karitiana tãnh tãɲ unknown See Language page
Kokama quɨchi kɨtʃi inheritance See Language page
Wayampi kɨsɛ; [maliya] (Wayana 'malija') kɨsɛ; [malija] (Wayana 'malija') inheritance; loan - WW %marije See Language page
Aché kɨči inheritance See Language page
Chiriguano kɨse inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní kɨse See Language page
Sirionó tikise tikise inheritance See Language page
Kamayurá kɨeˀi kɨeˀi inheritance See Language page
Ocaina murááboya mɯrááboja doubtful loan - WW %marije See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto čoβéɗïrï tʃoβέɗɯrɯ See Language page
Minica Witoto ǰo.étïrï dʒo.έtɯrɯ See Language page
Murui Witoto ǰo.etïraï dʒo.ɛtɯraɯ inheritance/Witoto See Language page
Sanumá boa (large cutting tool, esp. for meat), thomɨnakɨ(EM72) boa, tʰomɨnakɨ semantic shift (axe?); inheritance See Language page
Iquito paniíhu+ paniíwɨ unique See Language page
Záparo sapuka sapuka See Language page
Wari kit (Sousa2009) kit (Sousa2009) See Language page
Araona [kʷišilo] From Span. 'cuchillo'. See Language page
Ese Ejja ehewixi unknown See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e-hewi-xi e-hewi-xi See Language page
Tacana [kočiro] From Span. 'cuchillo'. See Language page
Cavineña kočiro-kaka; kočiro ebari (Former is "small knife", latter is "large knife"; from Spanish "cuchillo") kočiro-kaka; kočiro ebari loan Spanish cuchillo See Language page
Central Aymara tumi See Language page
Cayuvava dɨβɨrɨ; ra'dɨβɨrɨ An 'old knife' is 'kaame. See Language page
Kwazá koreja, korejatxuhũi, wesi, winite koreja, korejatxuhũi, wesi, winite See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané [kučiɲo ~ kučino] From Span. 'cuchillo'. See Language page
Movima kači-ra katʃi-ra See Language page
Trumai taxu taxu unique cf. Waura tʸehɨ̃ See Language page
Kaingang kyfè, rògro kɨΦɛ; rɔŋro See Language page
Djeoromitxi hakutä hakutǝ See Language page
Mocoví le-kat See Language page
Pilagá le-'leg-aʁan-aʁat Also 09.230; and 'sword' 20.270. See Language page
Toba l-ailon-ek; l-ainon-ek; l-ain-ek See Language page
Lengua sowu See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité pilitao See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet sowow; sawow See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay lačinah Means 'iron/metal' 09.670, indicating an older form. Also to-kat'hnat 09.230. See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja safʷeʔ ~ -syefʷeʔ (m.) See Language page
Maca -ḳac̷xikinetkiʔ (f.) See Language page
Nivaclé #NAME? See Language page
Ayoreo kee'seei A k. in a sheath is ka'ričaai; kee'seei ka'ričaai 03.655. See Language page
Mapudungun [kučilʸu] From Spanish 'cuchillo'. Ranquel form is kučilʸo. See Language page
Qawasqar afsasḳe Also c̷eraske, cf. 'cut' 09.220. ClC, AgC, Sk, Bo, Cy record aftaske for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record aftayla for South QWS. See Language page
Selknam pˀiyi See Language page
Tehuelche 'hen; 'pˀayxn For first form, cf. 04.492. Also, knife handle (cabo de cuchillo) is 'tˀe; 'corta-pluma' is 'āmčˀel. See Language page
Lokono jadoala jadoala knife Pet 1987:362
Kariña marija marija knife Yamada 2010:769