Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Mudburra

Family
Pama-Nyungan
Region
Australia
ISO 639-3
mwd
Location
-17.37°, 132.05°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
none


Basic Vocabulary (372)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar juuda
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar ngayi parnalu inheritance
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar jibilyaku
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar ngayi parlaa semantic shift
1sg yo eu grammar ngayi inheritance
1sg yo eu grammar ngayi inheritance
2pl ustedes vocês grammar [missing] missing
2pl ustedes vocês grammar nyuntu tartu semantic shift
2sg xx xx grammar nyundu inheritance
2sg xx xx grammar nyundu inheritance
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar ngalinya-ngalinya
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar nyani tartu inheritance
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar [missing] missing
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar nyani inheritance
above encima, arriba acima location dimbu
above encima, arriba acima location kankulu inheritance
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar jandarni loan
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar jandarni loan
all todo todos other kuwanyja
all todo todos other burrb loan
and y e grammar [missing] missing
and y e grammar [missing] missing
ankle tobillo tornozelo body bardbala
ankle tobillo tornozelo body dangka unique
armpit axila, sobaco axila body ngabikilyi
armpit axila, sobaco axila body wanyku loan
ashamed xx xx mental mabu unique
ashamed xx xx mental mabu unique
ashes xx xx environment wubba
ashes xx xx environment puna loan
at en, a em, a location [missing] missing
at en, a em, a location ngka, la inheritance
back espalda costas body juurna
back espalda costas body ngakaj loan
bad mal mal quality wangi doubtful loan
bad mal mal quality wangi doubtful loan
be alive xx xx body wanka loan
be alive xx xx body wanka loan
belly barriga barriga body majula loan
belly barriga barriga body majula loan
below abajo, debajo abaixo location jadurr
below abajo, debajo abaixo location kanyju- inheritance
big grande grande quality dija
big grande grande quality dija unique
bite morder morder body bi-
bite morder morder body bi- inheritance
black negro preto colour mungarramungarra
black negro preto colour mungarra semantic shift
blood sangre sangue body kungulu (rl?)
blood sangre sangue body kungulu loan
blow soplar soprar body bub ma-rru
blow soplar soprar body puma- inheritance
blunt xx xx quality nyunyuja
blunt xx xx quality nyunyuja unique
bone hueso osso body kardakarda loan
bone hueso osso body kardakarda loan
boomerang xx xx manufacture warirtila
boomerang xx xx manufacture kurrubardu loan
breast pecho, seno peito body ngabulu
breast pecho, seno peito body ngapulu inheritance
breathe respirar respirar body ngayib (kurni)
breathe respirar respirar body ngayib inheritance
burn quemar queimar environment janki-; jangki-
burn quemar queimar environment kamba- inheritance
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body nyanyambi
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body jabardkarra inheritance
child niño, niña criança human 430
child niño, niña criança human karu doubtful loan
climb subir subir motion duwaj (karri-, ku-ya)
climb subir subir motion bardaj loan
cloud nube nuvem environment mardayi
cloud nube nuvem environment mardayi loan
cold frío frio quality makurru
cold frío frio quality makurru loan
come venir vir motion yan-durru
come venir vir motion kalama- unique
cook cocinar cozinhar impact kamb-u
cook cocinar cozinhar impact kamba- inheritance
count contar contar mental [missing] missing
count contar contar mental [missing] missing
cry llorar chorar mental lungka_x001E_ inheritance
cry llorar chorar mental lungkarra kayi- inheritance
cut xx xx impact buj barra
cut xx xx impact biya-ngku inheritance
die/be dead morir morrer state dikirrij
die/be dead morir morrer state dikirrij loan
dig cavar cavar impact jibij (ba-rru)
dig cavar cavar impact jibij ba- loan
dingo/wolf fauna wurrakina
dingo/wolf fauna winkuwarnu unique
dirty sucio sujo quality jurdurdu
dirty sucio sujo quality jurdurrdu inheritance
dream soñar sonhar mental kurni
dream soñar sonhar mental bankaja unique
drink beber, tomar beber body bi-ya
drink beber, tomar beber body bi- inheritance
dry seco seco quality wurruja
dry seco seco quality larrwa unique
dust polvo poeira environment bunku
dust polvo poeira environment bunku unique
ear oreja orelha body langa
ear oreja orelha body langa inheritance
earth/soil tierra terra environment yulu
earth/soil tierra terra environment yulu inheritance
eat comer comer body nga-lu
eat comer comer body nga- inheritance
egg huevo ovo fauna kambij
egg huevo ovo fauna kidba loan
eye ojo olho body mila
eye ojo olho body ngabanyji loan
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body jirdi
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body jirit unique
fall caer cair motion jak
fall caer cair motion [missing] missing
far lejos longe quality yiikayiika
far lejos longe quality kari doubtful loan
fat/grease grasa gordura body dika
fat/grease grasa gordura body dika loan
father padre, papá pai kinship kirda
father padre, papá pai kinship kirda inheritance
fear miedo medo mental wilanykarra
fear miedo medo mental wilankarra unique
feather pluma pena fauna binkirr
feather pluma pena fauna limbu unique
fire fuego fogo environment buba
fire fuego fogo environment buba loan
fish xx xx fauna kakawi, kakuyu
fish xx xx fauna yawu loan
flow fluir fluir motion nga-lu
flow fluir fluir motion lurlurlarra unique
flower flor flor environment yina
flower flor flor environment yina unique
fly volar voar motion kunama
fly volar voar motion dim loan
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment [missing] missing
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment [missing] missing
foot pie pé body yili
foot pie pé body yunba inheritance
fruit fruta fruta flora yurrwalyi
fruit fruta fruta flora nanbari unique
good bueno bom quality bardawurru
good bueno bom quality bardakurru loan
grow crecer crescer state rawarra
grow crecer crescer state duma- inheritance
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body winyjalma
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body winyjalma unique
hand mano mão body nungkuru
hand mano mão body nungkuru loan
head cabeza cabeça body ngarla/uka
head cabeza cabeça body kurlaka unique
hear oír ouvir mental kurru karri-
hear oír ouvir mental lankaj loan
heavy pesado pesado quality birlbu
heavy pesado pesado quality birlbu loan
hide esconder esconder motion marruk
hide esconder esconder motion marruk doubtful loan
hit golpear, pegar bater impact luwa
hit golpear, pegar bater impact ba- inheritance
hit (with hand) xx xx impact dul
hit (with hand) xx xx impact darl ba- loan
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other durn
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other durd unique
how? como como grammar ngadarra
how? como como grammar ngadarra inheritance?
if si se grammar [missing] missing
if si se grammar abala unique
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location walyaka
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location bub inheritance
intestines intestinos intestinos body jirikulukula
intestines intestinos intestinos body jirdi unique
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body jikirdikirdi
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body [missing] missing
kill matar matar impact pa-rru
kill matar matar impact bak ba- loan
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental bina karri
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental bina inheritance
lake lago lago environment [missing] missing
lake lago lago environment kilkayi unique
laugh reír rir mental kinkilarra
laugh reír rir mental kinkilarra unique
leaf hoja folha environment yurrwalyi
leaf hoja folha environment yurrwalyi inheritance?
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body jambu
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body jambu loan
leg/foot pierna perna body birida
leg/foot pierna perna body yunba inheritance?
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion manyan
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion mukuna loan
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment 379
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment janginyina loan
liver hígado figado body jabarrka
liver hígado figado body jabarrka loan
long largo comprido, longo quality wilirla
long largo comprido, longo quality wilirla unique
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna juda loan
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna juuda loan
lung pulmón pulmão body jaalyakbalyaku
lung pulmón pulmão body yaya unique
man/male hombre homem human ngarrka
man/male hombre homem human ngarrka semantic shift
meat/flesh carne carne fauna jiya
meat/flesh carne carne fauna jiya inheritance
moon luna lua environment bardangarra
moon luna lua environment bardangkarra loan
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship [missing] missing
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship jakardi loan
mouth boca boca body barrarrk
mouth boca boca body kangarnda unique
name nombre nome human yini
name nombre nome human yini inheritance
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body jikirdikirdi
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body jikrdikirdi loan
near/close cerca de perto quality kajubari
near/close cerca de perto quality kajubari loan
neck cuello pescoço body ngujbi
neck cuello pescoço body ngilkirri loan
new nuevo novo quality jalirla
new nuevo novo quality jalirla semantic shift
night noche noite time kurulala
night noche noite time kurulala unique
no/not no não grammar kula(anya)
no/not no não grammar kula inheritance
nose nariz nariz body jirrji
nose nariz nariz body kilimi loan
old viejo velho quality kamparra
old viejo velho quality larrba loan
one uno um number jindaku
one uno um number jindaku inheritance
open/uncover abrir abrir other warlk (warnd-u)
open/uncover abrir abrir other warlk unique
other otro outro grammar jindaba
other otro outro grammar jindara inheritance
person/human being persona pessoa human -nganyju
person/human being persona pessoa human ngarrka semantic shift
pimple xx xx body karlaba
pimple xx xx body karlapa loan
rain lluvia chuva environment yibu
rain lluvia chuva environment yibu inheritance
red rojo vermelho colour pilyingpilyinga
red rojo vermelho colour bilyingbilyinga loan
right/right hand derecha direita location/body [missing] missing
right/right hand derecha direita location/body [missing] missing
road/path camino caminho manufacture wurrumu
road/path camino caminho manufacture wurrumu inheritance
roof xx xx manufacture [missing] missing
roof xx xx manufacture [missing] missing
root raíz raiz flora winduru
root raíz raiz flora kinyjaka unique
rotten podrido podre quality buka inheritance
rotten podrido podre quality nungulyu unique
sand arena areia environment buyuda
sand arena areia environment buyuda loan
say decir dizer mental yurr (ku-ya)
say decir dizer mental ma- inheritance
scratch rascar rasgar impact warra
scratch rascar rasgar impact karal loan
see ver ver mental nyang-ku
see ver ver mental nya- inheritance
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality ngarrangarrarra
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality ngarrangarrarra inheritance?
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact dulk
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact la- inheritance
short corto curto quality dungkuja
short corto curto quality dardarra unique
shoulder hombro ombro body ngabarnda
shoulder hombro ombro body laban loan
sick xx xx body warlard
sick xx xx body janga inheritance
sit sentar(se) sentar state dinkija
sit sentar(se) sentar state dak karri- semantic shift
skin piel pele body kurrnyu ?
skin piel pele body kurrnyu loan
sky cielo céu environment kulumarra
sky cielo céu environment kulumarra loan
sleep dormir dormir body makina
sleep dormir dormir body mukuna loan
small pequeño pequeno quality wunyu
small pequeño pequeno quality wunyu unique
smell (tr/intr) xx xx body ngabu
smell (tr/intr) xx xx body ngabu nya- loan
smoke humo fumaça environment jungkarna
smoke humo fumaça environment jungkarna inheritance
spit escupir cuspir body jalkirra
spit escupir cuspir body banga loan
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact dil
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact dil ba- loan
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact bijarrk warnda
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact bijarrk warnda- loan
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact [missing] missing
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact durrb la- loan
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state kutij
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state kudi karri- loan
star estrella estrela environment jinkiji
star estrella estrela environment jinkiji loan
steal robar roubar other yurrub
steal robar roubar other jawurra warnda- loan
stone piedra pedra environment puyuka
stone piedra pedra environment wumara loan
suck chupar chupar body mukbiji
suck chupar chupar body muk warnda unique
sun sol sol time wangku
sun sol sol time wangku doubtful loan
sweat sudar suor, suar body jilngirda
sweat sudar suor, suar body jilngida inheritance
swell hincharse inchar body [missing] missing
swell hincharse inchar body [missing] missing
swim nadar nadar motion lilaj (yan-durru)
swim nadar nadar motion lilaj ya- loan
tail cola, rabo rabo body jawurd
tail cola, rabo rabo body jawurd unique
that ese/esa esse grammar yali
that ese/esa esse grammar yali inheritance
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality [missing] missing
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality [missing] missing
thin delgado fino quality larrkaja
thin delgado fino quality larrkaja loan
think pensar pensar mental ngardjanirrama
think pensar pensar mental kunguyarra karri- unique
this este/esta este grammar nyama
this este/esta este grammar nginya inheritance
three tres tres number murrkuna
three tres tres number murrkuna inheritance
throat garganta garganta body ngilkirri
throat garganta garganta body ngujbi loan
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact warn
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact warn ku- unique
thunder truenos trovão environment durdurdarra
thunder truenos trovão environment dududarra loan
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact dirrk
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact dibid ma- loan
tongue lengua lingua body jalanya
tongue lengua lingua body jalanya inheritance
tooth diente dente body kanganda
tooth diente dente body kangarnda unique
true xx xx quality kurlbari
true xx xx quality yijani loan
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other wirrmin
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other wirrminy loan
two dos dois number kujarra
two dos dois number kujarra inheritance
vomit vomitar vomitar body baku
vomit vomitar vomitar body bagu ku- unique
walk caminar, andar andar motion kija
walk caminar, andar andar motion kija ya- unique
water agua agua environment nguku
water agua agua environment nguku loan Alawa
wet mojado molhado quality ngukunginyi
wet mojado molhado quality bandij loan
what? que, qué que grammar ngadarra
what? que, qué que grammar ngadarra inheritance
when? cuando quando grammar nyangu(r)la
when? cuando quando grammar nyangula inheritance
where? donde onde grammar nganangka
where? donde onde grammar wanyjiwarra inheritance
white blanco branco colour liwakarra
white blanco branco colour liwakbari unique
who? quien, quién quem grammar ngana
who? quien, quién quem grammar ngana inheritance
wife esposa esposa kinship mungkaja
wife esposa esposa kinship mungkaja inheritance?
wind viento vento environment burriyib
wind viento vento environment malywa unique
wing ala asa body marramarra
wing ala asa body marramarra unique
woman/female mujer mulher human kirri
woman/female mujer mulher human kirri doubtful loan
work trabajar trabalhar other warungali
work trabajar trabalhar other warak loan
yawn bostezar bocejar body waburr
yawn bostezar bocejar body ngangbarra
yellow amarillo amarelo colour ngunyjungunyju
yellow amarillo amarelo colour dankura loan


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (18)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna burnu
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna karndi inheritance?
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna kumbari
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna kindijku unique
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna julaka
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna jurlaka loan
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna kungurlurla
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna kunama unique
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna warlaku
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna warlaku loan
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna 548
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna bigira loan
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna wankurra
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna junumburrgu unique
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna wari
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna wari doubtful loan
spider araña aranha flora-fauna daru
spider araña aranha flora-fauna tarru unique


Cultural Vocabulary (119)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology missing
armband dress missing not in M or Jingulu dicts not in M or Jingulu dicts
awl subsistence tool missing
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool mayingka loan Jingulu WW %mayingka mayingkini 'tomahawk;bag
bag (string) culture-material missing
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool missing
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material missing
body feather decorations culture-mythology tiyatiya loan Jingulu WW %tiyatiya down; painted on body with blood or honey
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool kurrupartu loan Gajirrabeng WW %kurrupartu killer boomerang' killer boomerang'
boomerang (number 7) subsistence tool wartatilya loan Jingulu WW %warrirtila also warrirtlila; jing. Warrirtili ,?Arrernte urrartelye 'type of boomerang' not id'sd as No, 7 also warrirtlila;
boomerang (small) subsistence tool missing
bowl (coolamon) culture-material piyartu loan Jingulu WW %piyati
broom escoba vassoura culture-material likinimi loan Jingulu broom bush used for making brooms; Ji 'shellbush' broom bush used for making brooms; Ji 'shellbush'
canoe canoa canoa transport kartiyi inheritance large coolamon; kuntu 'log boat' -single log, not dugout large coolamon; kuntu 'log boat' -single log, not dugout
cicatrice culture-mythology kurnparra unknown
clapsticks culture-mythology kurntarnnga loan Jingulu Ji kurntalnga Ji kurntalnga
club (nulla-nulla) subsistence tool parrku loan Jingulu also kurturu
cook food food kampa- inheritance
cook in earth oven food julpun kuya- unique
damper food kantirri loan Jingulu
dance (generic) culture-mythology parntini loan direction unknown WW %parntimi women's dance = parntimi women's dance = parntimi
digging stick subsistence tool kapili loan Jingulu Ji. Kapila Ji. Kapila
dipper (small coolamon) subsistence tool piyartu loan Jingulu WW %piyati short flat coolamon, spoon short flat coolamon, spoon
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology kuni loan Miriwung WW %kuning cf. Gajirrabeng kuning father;s dreaming cf. Gajirrabeng kuning father;s dreaming
dreaming culture-mythology puwarraja loan direction unknown WW %puwarraty Jing…etc ??? Puwarraja dreaming design dyullu…etc ??? Puwarraja dreaming design
drone pipe culture-mythology pampu loan English WW %pampu <bamboo, also kulumpung<Gajirrabeng <bamboo, also kulumpung<Gajirrabeng
fire drill subsistence tool wulmana unknown bama?? Wulmana <plant species used bama?? Wulmana <plant species used
fire-saw other missing wulmana - fire drill wulmana - fire drill
fireplace hogar lareira other linyarta inheritance WW %linyart charcoal, battery, beetle charcoal, battery, beetle
firewood leña lenha other warlu inheritance
fish poison barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó subsistence tool jilaminya unknown for barramundi for barramundi
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food missing
fish (with spear) food missing
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool missing
fishtrap (permanent) subsistence tool missing
fishtrap (woven) subsistence tool missing
flour (European) food punku unique
flour (bush) food mangurlu loan direction unknown WW %ngurlu NPN prefix + ngurlu NPN prefix + ngurlu
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food tyiya unknown also ngarina; W.dial tyIya 'kangaroo' also ngarina; W.dial tyoya 'kangaroo'
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology kaya inheritance
glue subsistence tool tyikala loan direction unknown WW %tyikala wax used as glue; in Jingulu but id'd as Kuwarrangu (Mudburra) wax used as glue; in Jingulu but id'd as Kuwarrangu (Mudburra)
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology tarlukurru loan direction unknown also hole also hole
grog food nguku semantic shift WW %makiti < water, loan < water, loan
hair belt dress tyartukurru loan Jingulu
headband dress missing
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology missing from Western Desert? from Western Desert?
honey miel mel food ngarlu inheritance WW %ngare early loan from Jarragan ngare; kuntarri yellow sweet pollen powder in sugarbag, loan from Jingulu kuntirrimi early loan from Jarragan ngare; kuntarri yellow sweet pollen powder in sugarbag, loan from Jingulu kuntirrimi
house (European) other marru loan direction unknown WW %marru
hunt cazar caçar food ngunyi unique wutyuk pa- chase away wutyuk pa- chase away
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology marntiwa loan direction unknown WW %marntiwa ?Alawa ?Alawa
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology para loan direction unknown WW %para
knife cuchillo faca culture-material pinymala loan direction unknown tyalanya not in dict tyalanya not in dict
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress missing WW %pinymala
love song culture-mythology tyarrarta loan direction unknown WW %tyarrarta run away, elope run away, elope
mangrove raft transport missing
message stick culture-mythology missing
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool lartaranga loan Jingulu
nosepeg other missing
paddle/oar remo remo transport missing
ochre culture-mythology nguytyungunytyu loan Jingulu WW %nguntyu yellow o. ngunytyu tobacco yellow o. ngunytyu tobacco
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology tyinim piya- unique tyungun 'smoke' painting to make body 'smoke' tyungun 'smoke' painting to make body 'smoke'
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool pinytyawunytya unknown WW %pintyawintya cf.piyawutya same<Jing, related cf,. Also pinytayinytya shell ornament, prob. Unrelated
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other missing
public song cycle culture-mythology watyarra unknown WW %watyarra
red paint culture-mythology kalnga unknown WW %kalnga
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool tyikala loan Jingulu
salt sal sal food missing
shelter (native) other purtun loan Ngaliwurru WW %purtun or opposite direction; also nantyi or opposite direction;
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology wangka loan Murrinh Patha
song (for entertainment) culture-mythology wangka loan Murrinh Patha
spear lanza lança subsistence tool pankili loan direction unknown
spear (fighting) subsistence tool missing
spear (fishing) subsistence tool missing
spearthrower subsistence tool tyalkatyi inheritance tyal 'hook up spear' - katyi nomic complex tyal 'hook up spear' +katyi nomic
speartip subsistence tool tyimpilang loan Gajirrabeng WW %tyimpila
string (from hair) culture-material tyartukurru loan Jingulu
string (from vine) culture-material tyartukurru loan Jingulu hair or miyaka (kurrajong) string hair or miyaka (kurrajong) string
sugar acculturation wangkurra semantic shift from honey
tea food laalitya semantic shift WW %nalitya Kuwarrangu, lalitya in Jingulu; also nalitya; from nality tree? Kuwarrangu, lalitya in Jingulu
tobacco (European) narcotics walayarra loan direction unknown WW %walayarra
tobacco (native) narcotics ngunungunu unknown
spirit child culture-mythology missing
wax cera cera other tyikala loan direction unknown WW %tyikala
white paint culture-mythology yatu inheritance
windbreak other tumuru loan Jingulu
yandy (n) culture-material missing
school escuela escola acculturation missing
net subsistence tool missing
bottle botella garrafa acculturation missing
paper papel papel acculturation missing
corpse food missing
chicken gallina galinha acculturation missing
tree coffin culture-mythology missing
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology apaapa loan Jingulu WW %wapawapa Wambaya waba 'skin'
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material palatya loan direction unknown also pulwa for men
shoes zapatos sapatos dress missing yunpa 'foot'> horseshoe, not shoe
medicine narcotics missing CF. Jing. Lungkaarru
earth oven food missing
policeman polícia policía acculturation tyikalawurru derived tyikala chain <spinifex wax HAVING derived
cat gato gato acculturation putyikat loan Kriol old name nyurna,
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation missing
hat sombero chapéu dress missing WW %murrkarti
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture mundiri
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture muntiri unique
bottom grinding stone manufacture kumurru
bottom grinding stone manufacture jungari inheritance
digging stick subsistence tool kabili
digging stick subsistence tool kabili loan
winnow aventar, tirar (sementes) joeirar manufacture barak (ma-rru)
winnow aventar, tirar (sementes) joeirar manufacture barak ma- unique
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture binyjawunyja
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture binyjawinyja inheritance
spearthrower subsistence tool jalkaji
spearthrower subsistence tool jalkaji loan
spear lanza lança subsistence tool bankili
spear lanza lança subsistence tool milarrang loan
house other marru
house other marru loan


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
medium HG low mobile