Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

above

Semantic Field
location
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
encima, arriba
Meaning Portuguese
acima

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Bankalachi Toloim pahng-ah “up” 217 inheritance Source: http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_49#page/n167/mode/2up, p. 167 ff, from Mrs. Louisa Francesco, June 9 and 10, 1932 of Upper Deer Creek, and Dan Williams of Poso Flat (Tule River Reservation) (Sep. 28 and 29, 1935, Oct. 13,
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pan, panai”, pa7ai inheritance Crapo 1976
Cahuilla 7awsun unknown S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok li/l:e-m:y7 inheritance Freeland & Broadbent 1960
Chemehuevi -va7a-na "on top of" (loc) inheritance Press 1979 unless otherwise noted
Chumash Barbareno 7alapaj inheritance Wash 2001:82, 188
Chumash Ineseno 7al-apaj “up, above, (in) the sky” inheritance A17
Chumash Obispeno ti-L-hisa unknown
Chumash Ventureno 7alalpay “arriba” unknown JPH
Cocopa ma:, ma:k, ma:Ly, ma:m, ma:y inheritance Crawford 1989
Comanche -pa7a "over, above, on" inheritance
Cupeño -ve'aw [vəɁaw] inheritance H&N*
Esselen ausai “over” unknown Shaul 1995, T&S 1981:121
Gabrielino hetko, hetek “arriba” unique Harrington Notes from KCH
Iipay 'Aa 'emaay [Ɂəˈ maˑi] inheritance C&H, and see notes
Kawaiisu tugu-baaya- inheritance ZBM1991
Kiliwa nat unknown Mixco 1996
Kitanemuk tukuhpavea inheritance Anderton 1988
Lake Miwok liile “high, on top” inheritance C1965 (unless noted otherwise)
Luiseño 7e/echi inheritance Elliott
Maidu 7epi/n inheritance Shipley 1963
Mojave 7amay inheritance Munro et al. 1992
Mutsun taprey 306; unknown Okrand 1977:306
Nisenan hipin “up” inheritance
Northern Paiute pa7a- “high, above” inheritance Thornes 03:241
Northern Sierra Miwok li”le-, lil:e- inheritance Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok newit:o- unknown Callaghan 1984
Salinan A le:mo/7 (A), unknown Mason 1918; see Turner 1980 for “reconstituted” forms
Salinan M leM unknown Mason 1918:153
Seri (Comcaac) cola See note below unknown DS2005
Serrano -kupia:-7, inheritance KCH2001
Southern Paiute pa7a-N “high, way up in air” (?) Note: The transcription is modified Sapir so “c” is “sh”, not ts. N means “nasalizing transition” inheritance Sapir 1931
Southern Sierra Miwok li:leH-to- (nt) inheritance Broadbent 1964
Southern Ute -gaava, -gwaava, -gyaava, -va7aag'A Caps are voiceless vowels inheritance Charney 1996 (all items from this source unless otherwise noted; see note below)
Tübatulabal paanga inheritance Hill 2009
Tümpisa Shoshone pa7an inheritance Dayley 1989
Wappo te/ymu “above, on top” loan Sawyer 1965 except where noted
Washo i/wi7 unknown Jacobsen 1964
Western Mono tu/gupa, tugupataa/ inheritance Bethel et al 1993
Wintu panti, inheritance P1985
Yavapai cha/:(v)-k unknown Shaterian 1983 (unless otherwise noted)
Yokuts Palewyami tullaw “up” unique Gamble 1991
Yokuts Yawdanchi ThipHin “top, up, on, sky” 237 H is aspiration inheritance K07:237, G64
Yokuts Yowlumne Tipin inheritance K 1963(p. 213)
Yuki mi:T inheritance S&S 1984
Yuma 7ama/yvi H2:148; 7ama/y H3:211 7 is glottal stop, / is acute accent on preceding vowel inheritance Halpern 1-6 in IJAL 1947, 48
Cubeo pʉenoi; ʉ̃mʉi pɨenoi; ɨ̃mɨi unique See Language page
Dâw pox pɔx inheritance high' in Hup See Language page
Desano weca weka unique See Language page
Eñepa yapaya; yapayaʔkə (IDS) japaja; japajaʔkə (IDS) inheritance shared Yukpa See Language page
Hodï bɨ̃ke; -bĩlẽ unique See Language page
Waorani æ̃-i-bæ unique See Language page
Hup buycóʔ buj-cóʔ loan from Tukanoan See Language page
Kakua ʧāʔ [be.above] doubtful loan Yucuna tʃa, Yagua ntʃa See Language page
Makushi yepoi; pairɨ (IDS) yepoi; pairɨ (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Nheengatu iwaté iwaté inheritance See Language page
Ninam heska (EM72) heska inheritance See Language page
Maihiki ɨmɨjai ja ɨmɨxai xa inheritance See Language page
Pemon katua (A1981); iiteepoi (E1977) katua (A1981); itɛpɔi (E1977) inheritance See Language page
Resígaro hiípó hiípó unique See Language page
Sanumá hɨsɨka (EM72) hɨsɨka inheritance See Language page
Sikuani atjübüyo (3) atjɨ́bɨyo unknown See Language page
Tukano buʔî buʔ î unique loan w/ Hup - Tukano source? See Language page
Kotiria be on top of: pisa pisa inheritance See Language page
Yanomam fesika fesika inheritance See Language page
Yanomami ɨsɨ ha(mɨ) ɨsɨ ha(mɨ) unique See Language page
Yukuna cha, richaya tʃa, ritʃaja unknown doubtful loan, direction unknown; Kakua ʧāʔ, Yagua ntʃa See Language page
Arabana arata doubtful loan
Bardi galbu kalbu inheritance
Bunuba rawurra
Burarra [missing] missing
Dhangu garrwar inheritance
Dhuwal garrwar inheritance
Dhuwala garrwar inheritance
Diyari miri inheritance?
DiyariREU mirimiri inheritance?
Djambarrpuyngu 2195 inheritance
Djapu garrwar inheritance
Djinang ṉami unique
Gajirrabeng gendeng loan Ngarinyin
Gooniyandi laandi
Gupapuyngu garrwar inheritance
Gurindji kankula inheritance
Jabirr-Jabirr galb kalb inheritance
Jaru gan.gula inheritance
Jawi kandee kandi inheritance
Karajarri kantingka unknown
Kija laarn loan
Malyangapa [missing] missing
Mangala kankarni inheritance
Miriwung gandu- loan Ngarinyin
Mithaka [missing] missing
Mudburra dimbu
Mudburra kankulu inheritance
Ngamini kurumu inheritance
Ngandi garrkala- inheritance
Ngarluma gankara-nguru inheritance
Ngumbarl kalboo baaloo goon <kalboo baaloo goon> inheritance
Nhirrpi [missing] missing
Nimanburru galb kalb inheritance
Northern Mangarla kankarningu
Northern Nyangumarta kanka inheritance
Nyangumarta kankarni inheritance
Nyikina kalbu kalbu inheritance
Nyulnyul galb kalb inheritance
Paakantyi [missing] missing
Pirriya [missing] missing
Pitta-Pitta yakirli ngalpa unique
Rirratjingu garramat
Ritharrngu garrwar loan
Walmajarri kankarra inheritance
Wangkayutyuru [missing] missing
Warrwa y kaalbu inheritance
Wubuy arrwar inheritance
Yan-nhangu [missing] missing
Yandruwandha "thalka, kanrra (top)" unique
Yarluyandi kuru-mu inheritance
Yawarrawarrka datja unique
Yawuru kalbu kalbu inheritance
Achagua áakai áakai unique See Language page
Piapoco chènuníise tʃènuníise See Language page
Yavitero a'niye; hutaye aʔnije; hutaje See Language page
Wapishana dukʰu ii dukʰu ii unique See Language page
Wayuu hau; ipɨna See Language page
Paresi heno heno inheritance See Language page
Ignaciano anukeʔe See Language page
Trinitario ʔnuɣʔe; 'inaʔu; -muiɣʔe See Language page
Baure a'ni-ye a'ni-je inheritance See Language page
Waurá enu; -penu enu; -penu inheritance See Language page
Cha'palaa 'kaiʔ-ša; 'kaiʔ-'tala Also 'han-'dala 'on top of' 12.330. See Language page
Bora caáme (T98) kʰaáme inheritance See Language page
Muinane cáamo (W97) káamo See Language page
Akawaio iideeboi, diieeboi i'debɔɪ, 'diebɔɪ inheritance See Language page
Apalai epoe epoe inheritance See Language page
Wayana kawë kawǝ inheritance shared Makiritare See Language page
Tiriyó epoe epoe inheritance See Language page
Makiritare kawə̄ (IDS) kawə̄ (IDS) inheritance shared Wayana See Language page
Wai Wai eΦoyi; kahsɨ en-ko eΦoyi; kahsɨ en-ko inheritance See Language page
Waimiri Atroari tyhnaka tɨnaka See Language page
Yabarana tɜppo See Language page
Yukpa otanasa´yapo, e´payo, epayi, yona, yopaí, yopaye, kitkayuna See Language page
Kalapalo ugupo ugupo unknown See Language page
Barí baaduu Colombia: ʔorokdakaynə. See Language page
Northern Emberá nrɨ̃́ nrɨ̃́ See Language page
Epena 'ɨ̃rɨ To 'go up' is ɨ'tʰaa. See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra iváaziriita iwáasiɾiita unique See Language page
Taushiro {-cane} kanɨ See Language page
Páez cácuete kakuete See Language page
Tikuna dauxü [3, 5] dauʔɨ unique See Language page
Urarina ʨoae tʃoae unique See Language page
Camsa tsxuan-óka, tsbanán-oka tsxuan-óka, tsbanán-oka See Language page
Andoke -dai, '-sí -dai, '-sí unique See Language page
Pumé uɛ See Language page
Puinave sənə- sənə- unique See Language page
Ashuar yakí jakĩ See Language page
Huambisa paatatek pa:tatɨk See Language page
Aguaruna awántak, tuntupén awantak, tuntupɨn unique See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect poŋ inheritance high' in Hup See Language page
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect poŋ jé See Language page
Matses abuc abuk unique See Language page
Kakataibo ma'nã ka'kɨ-ti 'to be above, over'. See Language page
Katukina mana-ʔori; maṣ̌i See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo βočiki; manaõ; ma-; -õ; -ki See Language page
Yaminahua βo-mã-kia; a mãnã-ori Respectively: 'up; above'. See Language page
Chácobo mana; kača (mana also means "high") mana; kača (mana also means "high") inheritance See Language page
Yagua ncha ("encima de"); vata- (adv) ntʃa; vata- doubtful loan Yucuna tʃa, Kakua tʃãʔ See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua awa awa See Language page
Ingá awama awama See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua ahua awa See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano hanan (CP94) hanan See Language page
Piaroa wE'mena' (K76) wæʔmenaʔ unknown See Language page
Sáliva otoona otoːna unknown See Language page
Barasano See Language page
Carapana bia(pᵾ) bia(pɨ) See Language page
Makuna jesa-re 'to be above sth' xesa-ɾe inheritance See Language page
Yuruti See Language page
Waikhana See Language page
Siriano See Language page
Tanimuca pẽ'bã rõ'õ 'pi pẽ'bã rõ'õ 'pi unknown See Language page
Tatuyo See Language page
Koreguaje sẽ'sevʉ sẽʔsebʉ inheritance? See Language page
Siona ëmëje'en ɨmɨheʔen inheritance See Language page
Secoya mëiñe mɨ̃ĩ̃ñɛ̃ See Language page
Kokama arɨwa arɨwa loan Spanish See Language page
Wayampi alu alu unknown See Language page
Aché yabu unknown See Language page
Chiriguano ɨwate; 'aramo inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní ɨvate; 'ari See Language page
Sirionó ibate ibate inheritance See Language page
Kamayurá wɨrip wɨrip unknown See Language page
Ocaina am̈ijón, aam̈i; bum̈oon, bum̈oónh am:ijó, aam:i; bɯm:õõ, bɯm:õṍʔ unknown See Language page
Murui Witoto a a (B83) unknown See Language page
Iquito isácuma, iícumaji isákuma, iíkumahi unknown See Language page
Záparo wakamiryaha wakamiɾjaha See Language page
Wari quimaxi' (lit. chest; E&K97) kimaʃiʔ (lit. chest; E&K97) See Language page
Araona bakʷeo; mawa Also bi-, bia-, bi(y)o, -toho. See 'top' 12.330. *Tacn form is *biaka-. See Language page
Ese Ejja ɓiakʷa; eyaho inheritance See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo bia-kwa; eya-wasi-xe; biaxe (Girard 1971); e-hama-koʔoho (Girard 1971) bia-kwa; eya-wasi-xe; biaxe; e-hama-koʔoho See Language page
Tacana e-ba-ke-so See Language page
Cavineña e-baro-kʷe e-baro-kʷe unknown See Language page
Central Aymara patana amta; araχa; alaya See Language page
Cayuvava #NAME? See Language page
Itonama nadɨlɨ(ʔte); načaʔu(ʔte) Respectively: belongs to class 2; class 3. Also class 10: manobo. Also uhnano. See Language page
Kwazá ũcwa- ũcwa- See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané čeʔe'we See Language page
Movima ariwa ariwa See Language page
Kaingang kri kri; kɨɲmə̃ See Language page
Canela prɔ *Jê form is *mrɔ; *mrɔc̷; *prə. Related meaning is 'charcoal' 01.890. See Language page
Djeoromitxi benĩ benĩ See Language page
Chipaya c̷eeku; xuntuɲ To put up or on top of is tewš. See Language page
Mocoví wee-ta-šigim Lit. '(zero)3p actor-free position-continuative-up'. See Language page
Pilagá ∅-'we-ta-segem; ∅-we-ta-'lege Lit. '3pa(zero)-free position-cont.-up'; '3pa(zero)-free position-cont.-upon'. See Language page
Toba we-ta-šigem; paʔa-šigem The latter is 'located-up'. See Language page
Lengua netin Also means 'sky' 01.510. See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité nitin; nitiŋ See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet neeten See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay ik-'phoʔ Also iʔ'peʔ, 'above something'. See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja fʷom See Language page
Maca -toχ-pham Intrans., cf. 'high' 12.310; 'top' 12.330. Also -xi-pham 'to be above something'. See Language page
Nivaclé čišam; -apeʔ up, above; up, above https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo gaa'tee; gaay See 01.510, 12.470. See Language page
Mapudungun wente Same form in Ranquel. See Language page
Qawasqar arka See Language page
Selknam ax; at; ʔè See Language page
Tehuelche 'anwe-n; 'eʔwk Respectively: up; in the heights. See Language page
Lokono adi adi greater than, above Pet 1987:82
Kariña epo epo above, near (without touching) Courtz 2007:264