Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Chácobo

Family
Panoan
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
cao
Location
-12.13°, -66.72°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Oliveira, Sanderson Castro Soares de. 2014. Contribuições para a reconstrução de Protopáno. PhD dissertation: Universidade de Brasilia. Prost, Marian & Mary Ritchie Key. 2007. Chácobo. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/ Tallman, Adam. 2018. A Grammar of Chácobo, a southern Pano language of the northern Bolivian Amazon. PhD Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location mana; kača (mana also means "high") mana; kača (mana also means "high") inheritance See Language page
and y e grammar See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment čiʔi-mišpo (literally "fire-dust", čiʔi is "fire" and mišpo is "dust") čiʔi-mišpo (literally "fire-dust", čiʔi is "fire" and mišpo is "dust") inheritance See Language page
at en, a em, a location See Language page
back espalda costas body ka-tɨ ka-tɨ inheritance See Language page
bad mal mal quality kaṣ̌aṣ̌ɨni kaṣ̌aṣ̌ɨni unknown See Language page
belly barriga barriga body missing See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location nama nama inheritance See Language page
big grande grande quality čaʔita-ṣ̌ɨni; -wa čaʔita-ṣ̌ɨni; -wa unique See Language page
black negro preto colour čɨkɨ čɨkɨ inheritance See Language page
blood sangre sangue body himi himi inheritance/Tacanan Tacanan *ami, Mascoyan See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body βiši; toko βiši; toko inheritance See Language page
bone hueso osso body ṣ̌ao ṣ̌ao inheritance See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body ṣ̌oma (also means "milk") ṣ̌oma (also means "milk") inheritance See Language page
child niño, niña criança human ṣ̌oko-βo; βakɨ ṣ̌oko-βo; βakɨ inheritance/Tacanan Tacanan *baka See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment c̷ɨmo c̷ɨmo inheritance See Language page
cold frío frio quality mac̷i mac̷i loan, direction unknown mac̷i: Panoan, Wayampi, prob. Wayana, Enlhet See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality haʔano, haβiha (the former is listed under "correct, right", the latter under "true") haʔano, haβiha (the former is listed under "correct, right", the latter under "true") unknown See Language page
day día dia time βɨaʔaina βɨaʔaina inheritance See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality čɨkɨ čɨkɨ doubtful loan Tacanan See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality šina-; hano- šina-; hano- unique; inheritance? See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality či-; čipo; βara; rɨṣ̌to či-; čipo; βara; rɨṣ̌to See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment mišpo mišpo See Language page
ear oreja orelha body paʔoki paʔoki inheritance See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment mai mai inheritance See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna βači βači inheritance See Language page
eye ojo olho body βɨ-ro; wɨro (the former also means "seed") βɨ-ro; wɨro (the former also means "seed") inheritance See Language page
far lejos longe quality βasi; nɨama βasi; nɨama unique See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body ṣ̌ɨni ṣ̌ɨni inheritance See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship papa; ɨpa; ʔɨpa (the latter is used only in direct address) papa; ɨpa; ʔɨpa (the latter is used only in direct address) inheritance See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna pɨ-ʔi (also means "leaf") pɨ-ʔi (also means "leaf") inheritance See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment čiʔi čiʔi inheritance See Language page
flower flor flor environment hoa; niʔi hoa hoa; niʔi hoa inheritance See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment koro koro See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora βimi; kama mɨkɨnɨ; kɨo βimi; kama mɨkɨnɨ; kɨo inheritance See Language page
good bueno bom quality hia; hɨnima; hiaṣ̌ɨni hia; hɨnima; hiaṣ̌ɨni unique See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body βoo βoo inheritance See Language page
hand mano mão body mɨ; mɨ-kɨ-nɨ mɨ; mɨ-kɨ-nɨ inheritance See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar ha-a ha-a inheritance See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body ma-po ma-po inheritance See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality iwɨ; iwi-sɨni (the latter is "very heavy") iwɨ; iwi-sɨni (the latter is "very heavy") inheritance See Language page
how? como como grammar hɨ-nawa hɨ-nawa unknown See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar ɨ; ɨa ɨ; ɨa inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
if si se grammar roʔaṣ̌o roʔaṣ̌o See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location na-; no; ṣ̌a-; ha-ṣ̌ara na-; no; ṣ̌a-; ha-ṣ̌ara unknown See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body poko poko inheritance See Language page
lake lago lago environment ia-nɨ ia-nɨ inheritance See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment pɨ-ʔi; mani (the former also means "feather") pɨ-ʔi; mani (the former also means "feather") inheritance See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body mɨ-ṣ̌oho mɨ-ṣ̌oho unknown See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body wiko; wiko kiri wiko; wiko kiri inheritance See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment kanapa; βara- kanapa; βara- inheritance See Language page
liver hígado figado body taka taka inheritance/Tacanan See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality tɨtɨka tɨtɨka unique See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna ia ia inheritance order Phtiraptera See Language page
man/male hombre homem human honi honi inheritance See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna nami nami inheritance/Tacanan See Language page
moon luna lua environment oṣ̌ɨ (also means "month") oṣ̌ɨ (also means "month") inheritance See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship haʔiwa; kai (the latter is used in direct address) haʔiwa; kai (the latter is used in direct address) inheritance See Language page
mouth boca boca body ha-na ha-na inheritance See Language page
name nombre nome human hanɨ hanɨ inheritance See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality βasi-ma; βɨka-; ṣ̌oʔama (the first example is literally "far-negative", βasi is "far", -ma is a negation) βasi-ma; βɨka-; ṣ̌oʔama (the first example is literally "far-negative", βasi is "far", -ma is a negation) unique See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body tɨ-pata; tɨṣ̌o tɨ-pata; tɨṣ̌o See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body tɨ-poko tɨ-poko inheritance See Language page
new nuevo novo quality paṣ̌a (also means "raw") paṣ̌a (also means "raw") unique See Language page
night noche noite time βakiča βakiča unique See Language page
no/not no não grammar -ma; -yama -ma; -yama loan, direction unknown Cavineña See Language page
nose nariz nariz body rɨ-ṣ̌aki rɨ-ṣ̌aki inheritance See Language page
old viejo velho quality yosi yosi inheritance See Language page
one uno um number wɨsti-ta wɨsti-ta inheritance See Language page
other otro outro grammar missing See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body anoma anoma unique See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human noʔiria; karayana (the latter refers to outsiders who are not indigenous) noʔiria; karayana (the latter refers to outsiders who are not indigenous) unknown See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment oi oi inheritance See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour piši; šini; či-'šini piši; šini; či-'šini inheritance See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body mɨ-nɨkaya mɨ-nɨkaya inheritance See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture βaʔi βaʔi inheritance See Language page
root raíz raiz flora tapono; kano tapono; kano inheritance See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality βoaṣ̌a; pisi βoaṣ̌a; pisi doubtful loan; inheritance S. Arawak, cf. Baure poshe See Language page
sand arena areia environment maṣ̌ɨnɨ; mišpo maṣ̌ɨnɨ; mišpo inheritance/Tacanan See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality kɨno; kɨno-sɨni (latter is "very sharp") kɨno; kɨno-sɨni (latter is "very sharp") inheritance See Language page
short corto curto quality namano; čitɨ-pistia namano; čitɨ-pistia inheritance See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body pipati; βac̷isto pipati; βac̷isto inheritance See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental missing See Language page
skin piel pele body βiči (also means "bark") βiči (also means "bark") inheritance/Tacanan See Language page
sky cielo céu environment nai-pa nai-pa inheritance See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality mišni; pistia; yamaria (the latter is "very small") mišni; pistia; yamaria (the latter is "very small") inheritance See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment koʔini (also means "air" and "vapor") koʔini (also means "air" and "vapor") inheritance See Language page
star estrella estrela environment wištima (also means "many") wištima (also means "many") inheritance See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora hiwi hiwi inheritance See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment missing See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body hina (also means "penis") hina (also means "penis") inheritance See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar missing See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar ka-; hato ka-; hato unknown; inheritance See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality oti oti unique See Language page
thin delgado fino quality siwiki siwiki unknown See Language page
this este/esta este grammar missing See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar mi-a mi-a inheritance/Panoan See Language page
throat garganta garganta body tɨ-poko tɨ-poko inheritance See Language page
three tres tres number missing See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment tɨrɨ-ʔaina (intransitive form) tɨrɨ-ʔaina (intransitive form) inheritance/Panoan See Language page
bite morder morder body tɨṣ̌a- tɨṣ̌a- inheritance See Language page
blow soplar soprar body ṣ̌ooʔa; ṣ̌oʔakana ṣ̌ooʔa; ṣ̌oʔakana inheritance See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body ṣ̌aka-; ṣ̌ɨo- (also means "breath") ṣ̌aka-; ṣ̌ɨo- (also means "breath") unique See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment mɨṣ̌a-; pɨrɨʔa; pɨrɨ-; mɨṣ̌o- (the first three are transitive verbs, the last is intransitive) mɨṣ̌a-; pɨrɨʔa; pɨrɨ-; mɨṣ̌o- (the first three are transitive verbs, the last is intransitive) unknown See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body naka-; tao- naka-; tao- inheritance See Language page
climb subir subir motion ina- ina- inheritance See Language page
come venir vir motion ho-; βɨka- (latter form is plural) ho-; βɨka- (latter form is plural) inheritance See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact hoosi- hoosi- unique See Language page
count contar contar mental missing See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental ara- ara- unique See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact pɨrɨṣ̌a-; c̷ɨiʔawɨ pɨrɨṣ̌a-; c̷ɨiʔawɨ unknown See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state na-; rɨ-so- na-; rɨ-so- unknown See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact wɨyo- wɨyo- unique See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental nama- nama- inheritance See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body a- a- unknown See Language page
eat comer comer body pi- pi- inheritance See Language page
fall caer cair motion pakɨ-; poṣ̌o- pakɨ-; poṣ̌o- inheritance See Language page
fear miedo medo mental rakɨ-; ratɨ- rakɨ-; ratɨ- inheritance See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion wawa- wawa- inheritance See Language page
fly volar voar motion noya- noya- inheritance See Language page
grow crecer crescer state hakɨ-; šinaʔa-; ani- hakɨ-; šinaʔa-; ani- unknown; inheritance See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental nika- nika- inheritance See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion honɨ (intransitive form) honɨ (intransitive form) inheritance See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact čaka-; pɨc̷a-; tooṣ̌-; raši čaka-; pɨc̷a-; tooṣ̌-; raši unknown; inheritance See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other ača-; iko- (the latter refers to specifically holding in one's arms) ača-; iko- (the latter refers to specifically holding in one's arms) unique See Language page
kill matar matar impact kaka-; tɨpas-; a- kaka-; tɨpas-; a- unique See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental kaʔɨ- (also means "arrive") kaʔɨ- (also means "arrive") unique See Language page
laugh reír rir mental osa-; c̷iri- osa-; c̷iri- inheritance See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion raka- raka- inheritance See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body βɨso βɨso unique See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other hapɨkɨ-; hapɨka- (the former is intransitive, the latter is transitive) hapɨkɨ-; hapɨka- (the former is intransitive, the latter is transitive) inheritance See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact čaka-; pɨc̷a-; tooṣ̌-; raši; čoša-; sɨtia- (the latter two are listed under "pound with fist") čaka-; pɨc̷a-; tooṣ̌-; raši; čoša-; sɨtia- (the latter two are listed under "pound with fist") See Language page
say decir dizer mental i-; i-kina i-; i-kina inheritance See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact missing See Language page
see ver ver mental his- his- inheritance See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact čoiša; onɨ- (transitive verbs) čoiša; onɨ- (transitive verbs) unknown See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state c̷aʔo- c̷aʔo- inheritance See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body oṣ̌a- oṣ̌a- inheritance See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body čopiši (intransitive "smell"); ṣ̌ɨtɨ- (transitive "smell"); ṣ̌ɨta- ("sniff") čopiši (intransitive "smell"); ṣ̌ɨtɨ- (transitive "smell"); ṣ̌ɨta- ("sniff") inheritance primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body kɨyono kɨyono unique See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact matoṣ̌- matoṣ̌- unique shared Pacahuara See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact nɨc̷i-; c̷iakana nɨc̷i-; c̷iakana inheritance See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact c̷aka- c̷aka- doubtful loan Tacanan See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state nii-; ni- nii-; ni- inheritance See Language page
steal robar roubar other rohi-; yoma- (the former is from a house, the latter from a person) rohi-; yoma- (the former is from a house, the latter from a person) unknown; inheritance See Language page
suck chupar chupar body c̷opaʔa- c̷opaʔa- loan Span/Port See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body missing See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion aši-; nono- aši-; nono- inheritance See Language page
think pensar pensar mental šina- ("to reflect"); haskawa- ("to be of the opinion") šina- ("to reflect"); haskawa- ("to be of the opinion") inheritance See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact nia- nia- inheritance? See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact nɨa-; nɨʔa-; po-nɨa- nɨa-; nɨʔa-; po-nɨa- inheritance See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other pɨyɨ- pɨyɨ- unknown may be transitive or intransitive See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body hana- hana- inheritance See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion βoʔona-; ko-; koko- βoʔona-; ko-; koko- unknown See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other yonoko- yonoko- inheritance See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body hao- hao- unique See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body ha-; ha-na ha-; ha-na inheritance See Language page
tooth diente dente body ṣ̌ɨ-ta (also means "beak") ṣ̌ɨ-ta (also means "beak") inheritance See Language page
two dos dois number raβɨta raβɨta inheritance See Language page
water agua agua environment hɨ-nɨ hɨ-nɨ inheritance See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar missing no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar missing See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality čaaṣ̌-a; moosa- čaaṣ̌-a; moosa- unknown; inheritance See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar hawɨ; hawɨ-ni hawɨ; hawɨ-ni inheritance See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar hɨ-nino hɨ-nino unknown See Language page
where? donde onde grammar hawɨnia; haʔa; haʔɨniani hawɨnia; haʔa; haʔɨniani unknown See Language page
white blanco branco colour hoṣ̌o hoṣ̌o inheritance See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar c̷owɨ-ni; c̷oʔo c̷owɨ-ni; c̷oʔo inheritance See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship awi-ni awi-ni inheritance/Tacanan See Language page
wind viento vento environment yošini yošini unknown See Language page
wing ala asa body pɨ-ʔi (also means "feather" and "leaf") pɨ-ʔi (also means "feather" and "leaf") inheritance See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human yoṣ̌a yoṣ̌a inheritance See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour šini šini inheritance See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar ka- ka- unknown See Language page
foot pie pé body ta-ʔɨ ta-ʔɨ inheritance See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar missing See Language page
all todo todos other hatita; tɨkɨta; yo-; -haka hatita; tɨkɨta; yo-; -haka unknown See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body ho-poto ho-poto inheritance See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body piškini piškini inheritance See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body missing See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body taša taša inheritance See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body missing See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body ṣ̌oa; ṣ̌oa-ṣ̌ɨni ṣ̌oa; ṣ̌oa-ṣ̌ɨni See Language page
bark corteza casca environment ṣ̌a'kata; βiči (the latter also means "skin" or "hide") ṣ̌a'kata; βiči (the latter also means "skin" or "hide") inheritance See Language page
fingernail uña unha body mɨ-c̷isi mɨ-c̷isi inheritance See Language page
heart corazón coração body ho[w]iti ho[w]iti inheritance See Language page
sun sol sol time βari βari inheritance See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment mai-tɨmači; tɨmači; makana mai-tɨmači; tɨmači; makana inheritance; inheritance See Language page
green verde verde quality niaβa niaβa unique See Language page
hot caliente quente quality ic̷isa; wao ic̷isa; wao inheritance; unknown See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. kaši kaši inheritance cf. Paez khĩtse See Language page
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna isa-ka isa-ka inheritance See Language page
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. missing See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans missing See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. missing See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae missing See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes popo; nawa kano (generic owl) popo; nawa kano (generic owl) loan into protolg, direction unknown - WW; onomatopoeic? %pupu; shared Tacanan See Language page Widespread
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica βawa βawa inheritance See Language page Widespread
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae βotoko βotoko loan - WW %motkuku See Language page
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae tɨtɨ-pa tɨtɨ-pa inheritance See Language page
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae poʔi-ko (poʔi is "dung") poʔi-ko (poʔi is "dung") unique See Language page Widespread South America
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family araro araro unknown See Language page
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba missing See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris ina; ina-ka ina; ina-ka ina; ina-ka ina; ina-ka (generic dog) ina; ina-ka ina; ina-ka ina; ina-ka ina; ina-ka (generic dog) unknown See Language page Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis ina; ina-ka ina; ina-ka ina; ina-ka ina; ina-ka (generic dog) ina; ina-ka ina; ina-ka ina; ina-ka ina; ina-ka (generic dog) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) missing See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri missing See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. kapɨ-; kapɨ-tɨ (generic alligator) kapɨ-; kapɨ-tɨ (generic alligator) inheritance See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus missing See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna ṣ̌aɨ; sani-no ṣ̌aɨ; sani-no doubtful loan Tacanan sa(ʔ)e (Girard) See Language page
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. missing See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae makɨ makɨ inheritance See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura missing See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. missing See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata missing See Language page
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. iwi iwi inheritance See Language page
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura missing See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae hɨnɨ-rono (specifically a water boa) hɨnɨ-rono (specifically a water boa) unknown See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna rono rono inheritance See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria missing See Language page Widespread
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis hɨnɨno (generic porpoise/dolphin) hɨnɨno (generic porpoise/dolphin) unknown See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) kono kono inheritance See Language page prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. missing See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa missing See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana missing See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes mako, wani(ma) wani; wani(ma), mako (Tallman) chima, chonta fina, chonta de loro; peach palm Oliveira 2014: 483; Tallman 2018: 178, 490
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua missing See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca missing See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) waṣ̌mɨ-nɨ waṣ̌mɨ-nɨ inheritance See Language page secondary scrub vegetation plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens yoči (listed under "chili pepper") yoči (listed under "chili pepper") inheritance See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus missing See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. karapɨ karapɨ unknown See Language page Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. missing See Language page plant
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) wasi; niʔi ṣ̌oko wasi; niʔi ṣ̌oko inheritance See Language page
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays ṣ̌ɨki ṣ̌ɨki loan into protolanguage Arawak/Tacanan See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum romɨ romɨ inheritance See Language page plant
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna hiwi hiwi inheritance See Language page
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana missing See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. missing See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum missing See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana missing See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia missing See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta ac̷a; kanaki; nasisi; tokio (generic manioc) ac̷a; kanaki; nasisi; tokio (generic manioc) inheritance See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta missing See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas loan into protolanguage Arawak: Kampan *koriti; cf. likely Panoan *kari, Tacanan *xariri See Language page plant
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. poa (listed as a "potato-like tuber") poa (listed as a "potato-like tuber") See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. poa (listed as a "potato-like tuber") poa (listed as a "potato-like tuber") See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) See Language page indigenous gardens plant; tree
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. missing See Language page plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. missing See Language page secondary forest, floodplain vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. aṣ̌a-; sɨmɨ aṣ̌a-; sɨmɨ inheritance (or loan proto-Tacanan?) cf. Tacanan *aça, Panoan *ʔaṣ̌ã- See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi missing See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae hiʔi-ma hiʔi-ma See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata missing See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. maišišo maišišo inheritance? See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis šara; βina šara; βina inheritance See Language page
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria missing See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae koki koki doubtful loan into protolanguage - WW %kukuj; Shell: *koki See Language page
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera hotoro hotoro unknown See Language page
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora inheritance See Language page
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda mapai mapai See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones niβo niβo inheritance See Language page
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea missing See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera kayaya; mapɨṣ̌pɨ kayaya; mapɨṣ̌pɨ unknown See Language page
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera ṣ̌aβina; naka ṣ̌aβina; naka inheritance See Language page
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae missing See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. missing See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. βii βii inheritance See Language page
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera missing See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea missing See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita βina βina inheritance (or loan protolg?) cf. Tacanan bira See Language page
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda kosɨ kosɨ unknown See Language page
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae šino šino inheritance See Language page
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca kama-no (also means "cat") kama-no (also means "cat") unknown See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha missing See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] roʔo roʔo unknown See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella šino; šino-hoṣ̌o (generic capuchin) šino; šino-hoṣ̌o (generic capuchin) inheritance See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons missing See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus missing See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae missing See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis missing See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis missing See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu missing See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari missing See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae missing See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua missing See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. missing See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris missing See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti missing See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) missing See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus ṣ̌oya; ṣ̌ɨya ṣ̌oya; ṣ̌ɨya inheritance See Language page
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae missing See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris missing See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus čaṣ̌oa čaṣ̌oa inheritance See Language page


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material kaka; kakano kaka; kakano inheritance See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material kokita (defined as a "small basket") kokita (defined as a "small basket") See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material amɨ-čirotamɨšti amɨ-čirotamɨšti unknown See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material rakati; oṣ̌ati rakati; oṣ̌ati inheritance See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material niši niši inheritance See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material kɨnanɨ (listed under "chair") kɨnanɨ (listed under "chair") inheritance See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport noti; kora noti noti; kora noti inheritance See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture missing Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology komɨ; komɨ-no (generic drum) komɨ; komɨ-no (generic drum) loan - WW %kumu See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology missing In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material mac̷o-ti mac̷o-ti inheritance See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology sawɨ-ti sawɨ-ti inheritance See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other panɨwa- panɨwa- doubtful loan TG pari may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other karo karo inheritance See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology yošini (also means "wind") yošini (also means "wind") inheritance See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology missing In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology pakawa pakawa unknown multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology βisto βisto See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material manɨ manɨ doubtful loan - WW %marije; cf. Shell 1975 on occurrence in other Panoan lgs See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material saipi saipi loan - WW %sipara/sapere See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool poro-ma poro-ma unique especially for clearing fields See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool pia; kɨrɨkɨ, tɨopi, and βikoβi pia; kɨrɨkɨ, tɨopi, and βikoβi inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool yɨkati yɨkati unique See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool kanati kanati inheritance arco See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport witi witi inheritance See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material rata rata loan Spanish See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool paiti; oria paiti; oria loan Spanish pote/olla? See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material pitɨṣ̌ti pitɨṣ̌ti unknown See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool missing agriculture? See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology iʔimaʔana iʔimaʔana unknown See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool missing See Language page
wax cera cera other missing See Language page
honey miel mel food βata βata loan Tacanan only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture niši niši inheritance/loan into protolg Tacanan řisi 'tie' (Girard71) See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material ṣ̌ɨpamɨ ("roof") ṣ̌ɨpamɨ ("roof") inheritance See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology čaʔa (generic headdress) čaʔa (generic headdress) See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology maṣ̌ɨ maṣ̌ɨ See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology nai-pa (listed under "heaven") nai-pa (listed under "heaven") See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation papi (Spanish "papel") papi (Spanish "papel") loan Span/Port 'papel' See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology nama- nama- See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation patiari patiari unknown See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology hawɨ-mai (literally "his earth", hawe means "his", mai means "earth") hawɨ-mai (literally "his earth", hawe means "his", mai means "earth") See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation šita šita See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material missing See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation missing See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation kama-no kama-no unknown See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation tooti tooti doubtful loan cf. Suya tute, Sanapana tooati See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress missing See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology taita taita unknown See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool hiwi čipo; hiwi ṣ̌atɨ (hiwi means "wood") hiwi čipo; hiwi ṣ̌atɨ (hiwi means "wood") See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool hɨtiniši hɨtiniši See Language page
salt sal sal food čopara čopara loan Cayuvava (direction unknown), prob. originally Arawak, cf. Baure tʃobi See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology missing See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool missing currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool wɨkɨ-ti wɨkɨ-ti inheritance esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food missing See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food paso- paso- See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food yo'ʔina (defined as "edible animal") yo'ʔina (defined as "edible animal") inheritance Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool ṣ̌atarɨ ṣ̌atarɨ inheritance See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool missing esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool missing See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool missing See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture hɨnɨ (generic chicha) hɨnɨ (generic chicha) unknown prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food ac̷a moto; ac̷a yɨnɨ ac̷a moto; ac̷a yɨnɨ semantic shift dust' agriculture See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food mapari mapari unknown usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food missing See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food missing agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food missing word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool kapi 'poison' (IDS) kapi 'poison' (IDS) unknown compare ayahuasca WW? hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool toa-ti (generic sieve/strainer) toa-ti (generic sieve/strainer) unknown agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other ṣ̌oβo ṣ̌oβo inheritance See Language page