Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

root

Semantic Field
flora
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
raíz
Meaning Portuguese
raiz

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tyntana, tytana inheritance
Cahuilla -wala- (vb) inheritance S&H 1979
Chemehuevi tyryna-v(y) inheritance
Chumash Barbareno 7axpil'il inheritance Beeler 1978
Chumash Cruzeno ts'aqpilil “root, nerve, bowstring” inheritance JPH
Chumash Ineseno -7ax-pilil' “nerve, sinew; root; bowstring” inheritance A 50
Chumash Ventureno c'axpilil “root, sinew” inheritance Harrington 1974:3
Cocopa kwshama/, kwshma, shma inheritance
Comanche tyrana inheritance
Cupeño -wala [walə]~[wəˈla] inheritance
Gabrielino 7awi:win inheritance
Iipay 'Aa pehemaa [pəxəˈmaˑ] inheritance
Kawaiisu tyna= inheritance
Kiliwa 7uuw=smaa inheritance
Kitanemuk ngakawi inheritance
Lake Miwok Su/uli loan direction unknown
Luiseño -towla inheritance Elliott
Maidu pi\wi/ inheritance
Mojave sama inheritance
Mutsun hi:koT unknown O77:51
Nisenan pi:to7 “basket root” (Y. whipplei??) inheritance
Northern Paiute tyna/ “tree root” inheritance Thornes 03:27
Northern Sierra Miwok jo:meca- unknown
Plains Miwok sac:a- inheritance
Salinan A tepa/s (A), unknown
Salinan M tepa/so unknown Mason 1918:129
Seri (Comcaac) ixa/ai “root, base, foundation” unknown
Serrano -nga:qaw inheritance
Southern Paiute tyn:a-s “stump”, tyn:a: “bottom, base” inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok wi:meja- loan
Southern Ute tynaavI, tynapI inheritance
Tübatulabal wiishi-n inheritance
Tümpisa Shoshone tynyna(py), tytyna(py), inheritance
Wappo lu/k'i unknown
Washo i:/dew unknown J1958:203,J455
Western Mono ty/dy/na, ty/dy/na/pY/ inheritance
Wintu se:k inheritance
Yavapai ??i\:msma_:, msma/: inheritance
Yokuts Yawdanchi ho:pHut inheritance K07, G64
Yokuts Yowlumne ho:pHul inheritance Golla 1964:64
Yuki kutkin (K1911) inheritance S&S 1984
Yuma shama:/ H3:210 inheritance
Baniwa -pali -paɺi inheritance See Language page
Carijona imitɨ inheritance See Language page
Cubeo javabo; nʉo; nʉomu (all three generic terms) xavabo; nɨo; nɨomu inheritance See Language page
Dâw tiís [roots in/on ground], xom [roots extending from trunk to ground] tǐʃ, xɔm inheritance See Language page
Desano nugũ nugũ inheritance See Language page
Eñepa iye mi'; yïmun, -mun (tuber) (MM) ije miʔ; jïmun, -mun (tuber) (MM) inheritance See Language page
Hodï lahla (exterior root of a tree) unique See Language page
Waorani gæyæ̃-bẽ unique See Language page
Hup tǐh tǐh inheritance See Language page
Kakua mâ-nat inheritance See Language page
Makushi kara (IDS) kara (IDS) inheritance N Amaz subgroup See Language page
Nheengatu apu apu inheritance See Language page
Ninam nasilik, naskiri (EM72) nasilik, nasikiɾi inheritance See Language page
Nukak naʔ4 inheritance See Language page
Maihiki seu ja, bichibɨ ja seu xã, bitʃibɨ xã unknown See Language page
Pemon kara (A1981); yöikara (E1980); kara (M2000) kara (A1981); ʎöɪkara (E1980) inheritance N Amaz subgroup See Language page
Resígaro tébaké tébaké doubtful loan Boran, see also Zaparo See Language page
Sanumá našikili (EM72) naʃikili inheritance See Language page
Sikuani pe-tábu-topa: inheritance Sik-Cuiva-Playero group See Language page
Tariana háiku i-páɾi háiku i-páɾi inheritance See Language page
Tukano nʉ'kô (hr) nɨ'kô (hr) inheritance Andoke See Language page
Kotiria nʉhco (Waltz) nʉhko (Waltz) inheritance Andoke See Language page
Yanomam nasiki (EM72) nasiki inheritance See Language page
Yanomami pei nasikɨ, nasiki (EM72) pei nasikɨ, nasiki inheritance See Language page
Yukuna ji'ilaji hiʔilahi unique See Language page
Yuhup tîc tîc inheritance See Language page
Arabana winjiwinjiri unique
Bardi niimunggul(u) niimungkul(u) unknown
Bunuba wanamirndi unknown
Burarra rrepara unknown
Dhangu dhulpurru unknown
Dhuwal [missing] missing
Dhuwala [missing] missing
Diyari kapada inheritance
DiyariREU kantji inheritance
Djambarrpuyngu [missing] missing
Djapu [missing] missing
Djinang gurrkarr unknown
Gajirrabeng lengkaleng loan Ngarinyin
Gooniyandi yirrali unique
Gupapuyngu [missing] missing
Gurindji wirnturru inheritance
Jaru wanamindi doubtful loan
Karajarri wanal inheritance
Kija lengkal- loan Ngarinyin
Malyangapa Mal: palkarra loan direction unknown
Mangala wanal unknown
Miriwung bandhang unique NJ
Mithaka [missing] missing
Mudburra winduru
Mudburra kinyjaka unique
Ngamini kapara inheritance
Ngandi warndal' unique
Ngarluma nhayi unique
Ngumbarl nimmarunga <nimmarunga> inheritance
Nhirrpi kaparri inheritance
Nimanburru nimijilaburdany nimijilaburdany unknown
Northern Mangarla wanal
Northern Nyangumarta wanal pukurl inheritance
Nyangumarta karlka unknown
Nyikina ninyji ninyji unknown
Nyulnyul garrinygam; nimal, nirlbun XXngl last one of these is 'bush onion' in Bardi karrinykam; nimal, nirlbun XXngl lasd one of dhese is 'bush onion' in Bardi inheritance
Paakantyi baḷgara loan direction unknown
Pirriya [missing] missing
Pitta-Pitta [missing] missing
Rirratjingu ḏulpurru, gurrka
Ritharrngu warndal' loan
Walmajarri warnamirnti doubtful loan
Wangkayutyuru karurra unique
Warrwa jiilawa jiilawa unknown
Wubuy jang inheritance?
Yan-nhangu guṉinyi unknown
Yandruwandha kaparri inheritance
Yarluyandi [missing] missing
Yawarrawarrka kanpa unique
Yawuru biṛ biṛ unknown
Achagua -hítʃu -hítʃu inheritance See Language page
Piapoco ipìchu ipìtʃu See Language page
Kabiyari apáre apáɾe See Language page
Yavitero iwinaha iwinaha See Language page
Wapishana ištʰaˀbaʔɨ iʃtʰaˀbaʔɨ inheritance Proto North Arawak? See Language page
Wayuu hu-r̃aľa See Language page
Yine ko-c̷a; c̷ki *Piro-Apuriná form is *koc̷a. See Language page
Paresi ityahare ityahare inheritance See Language page
Ignaciano tapare See Language page
Trinitario #NAME? See Language page
Baure ṛ̌eki'ton ṛ̌eki'ton unique See Language page
Waurá tjmã:tiʔ (Postigo11) tsmã:tiʔ (Postigo11) unique See Language page
Arutani aša aʃa See Language page
Sape tu tu See Language page
Cha'palaa 'te'lele *South Barbacoan form is *teleNle. See Language page
Bora páxkʰyeé páxkʰjɛέ inheritance See Language page
Muinane bakó-ʔoko {yajé root}, -tano bakó-ʔoko {jajέ root}, -tano See Language page
Akawaio yöi miik jöɪ mik inheritance See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect kara kara See Language page
Apalai imity, mity imitɨ, mitɨ inheritance See Language page
Wayana umït umɨt inheritance See Language page
Tiriyó mu(nu) (tuberous root) mu(nu) inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo yëhE miti'-bë jɛhə miti'-bɛ See Language page
Wai Wai yi-miči-n yi-miči-n inheritance See Language page
Yabarana miti See Language page
Yukpa isírapre, uéichit dʒi:ʂe See Language page
Kalapalo iñuŋu iñuŋu inheritance See Language page
Muisca chihiza ʂihitʂa See Language page
Barí ašišĩĩ Colombia: ʔayširə. See Language page
Northern Emberá nékarra nékarra See Language page
Epena 'kʰar̃a Also means 'plant'. See Language page
Guayabero tatín-t, ne-tatín-t unique See Language page
Macaguan petakomét petakomét unique See Language page
Cofán setsa´fa sɛtsaʔɸa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra xixpori tʂĩtʂpoɾĩ unique See Language page
Taushiro o´tintih oʔtintih See Language page
Páez taxs taʃ See Language page
Tikuna tʃumãʔa tʃumãʔa unique See Language page
Urarina haisi haisi unique See Language page
Camsa tbɨtí-xa tbɨtí-xa See Language page
Andoke #NAME? #NAME? doubtful loan Tukanoan See Language page
Pumé to tãkü See Language page
Puinave #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page
Máku lemekeči lemeketʃi See Language page
Ashuar kangkáp kaŋkap See Language page
Huambisa kagkap kaŋgkap See Language page
Aguaruna kagkáp kangkáp inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect kɔm inheritance cognate Dâw See Language page
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect kɔm See Language page
Matses tapun tapun inheritance See Language page
Kakataibo ta'põ ta'βuṣ̌ 'fiberous roots'. *Panoan *tapono with related meanings 'tendon, foot'. See Language page
Katukina tapõ See Language page
Pacahuara ta'pono See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo ta-põ See Language page
Yaminahua tapo Cf. 'foot' 04.370. See Language page
Chácobo tapono; kano tapono; kano inheritance See Language page
Yagua jntiy xntij unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua angu angu See Language page
Ingá angu angu See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua angu angu See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano sapi sapi See Language page
Piaroa dau uwäyupjä dau uwæjuphæ unique See Language page
Sáliva illellaixu iʤeʤaixu unique See Language page
Bará dɨ̃'kõ See Language page
Barasano ~je-ba ~je-ba See Language page
Carapana nʉcõ nɨkɔ̃ See Language page
Makuna ~je-ba ~je-ba inheritance See Language page
Yuruti dɨ̃́ɨ̃kõ dɨ̃́ɨ̃kõ See Language page
Waikhana dɨ̃ʔ'kõ dɨ̃ʔ'kõ See Language page
Siriano nuugṹ nuugṹ See Language page
Tanimuca riʔkoa riʔkoa inheritance See Language page
Tatuyo dɨ̃'kõ dɨ̃'kõ See Language page
Tuyuka dɨ̃'kõ dɨ̃ʔkõ See Language page
Waimaja nɨ̃́kʰṍnĩ́ nɨ̃́kʰṍnĩ́ See Language page
Koreguaje saivʉ saibʉ inheritance See Language page
Siona sita; sita-mo sita; sita-mo inheritance See Language page
Secoya sitamo sitamõ See Language page
Karitiana epkyjymy epkɨjɨmɨ unknown See Language page
Wayampi #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
Aché apo inheritance See Language page
Chiriguano h-'apo; r-'apo inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní h-apo; t-apo See Language page
Sirionó erao erao inheritance See Language page
Kamayurá ɨwɑpo, apo ɨwɑpo, apo inheritance See Language page
Ocaina tsiñ̵íínhonfe, tsiñ̵ííhonco tsiɲ̵ĩ́ĩ́ʔõɸɛ, tsiɲ̵ĩ́ĩ́ʔõko unique See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto háinao háinao See Language page
Minica Witoto háina.o háina.o See Language page
Murui Witoto haina.o haina.o inheritance/Witoto See Language page
Iquito ánija ániha unique See Language page
Záparo tapuka (of a tree) tapuka See Language page
Wari kašimain kaʃimain Means 'foot' 04.370. See Language page
Araona akʷi-c̷aha; c̷aha *Tacn form is *c̷axa. See Language page
Ese Ejja e-saxa; ɓisiʔikʷi inheritance See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo akwi saxa; e-saxa (Girard 1971) akwi saxa; e-saxa See Language page
Tacana eď̶ao See Language page
Cavineña e-tiri e-tiri unique See Language page
Central Aymara saphi sapʰi See Language page
Itonama ahmi-mus See Language page
Kwazá -tswe, -jã, -kãjã, -koke -tswe, -jã, -kãjã, -koke See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané iri'bin See Language page
Movima ɗuɗuɬ-kʷa ɗuɗuɬ-kʷa See Language page
Trumai oke; ɨuɨr maksi oke; ɨuɨr maksi unique See Language page
Kaingang jãre -yãre See Language page
Djeoromitxi rari rari See Language page
Chipaya šepˀa; lxomi The latter is a small edible tuberous root. A thick root is pira. See Language page
Mocoví l-paʔaʔ See Language page
Pilagá le-pataʔ Lit. '3pp-root'. See Language page
Toba l-paʔaʔ See Language page
Lengua #NAME? Lit. '?-foot' 04.370. See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité apkapminaok See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet awhak; aykepmenek See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay -la-hʷec̷iʔ Singular form. Plural is -la-hʷec̷i-l. See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja fʷetis See Language page
Maca ɬefitec̷ (m.) See Language page
Nivaclé ɬ-fetas root https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo ta'posi A tap root is ee'ri-keruui, cf. 12.550. Other roots that entwine are ee'ri; r. of fallen tree is 'kuč-ee'ri. See Language page
Mapudungun folil Ranquel form is volil. See Language page
Qawasqar wes-pel wes is 'earth'. Also Ag records kskareks; alo. Bo records wes-epel for Central QWS. See Language page
Selknam hari See Language page
Tehuelche 'tˀapr Refers to root used for coloring. See Language page
Lokono kyra kɨɾa root Pet 1987:369
Kariña mity mitɨ root Yamada 2010:772